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Chapter 7

Chapter 7 covers Python functions, including their types (built-in, user-defined, recursive) and how to define and call them with various argument types (positional, default, keyword, variable-length). It also discusses variable scope (local and global), file handling operations (read, write, append), and methods for file manipulation, as well as exception handling to manage file-related errors. The chapter emphasizes the importance of functions and file handling in Python programming.

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8 views5 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7 covers Python functions, including their types (built-in, user-defined, recursive) and how to define and call them with various argument types (positional, default, keyword, variable-length). It also discusses variable scope (local and global), file handling operations (read, write, append), and methods for file manipulation, as well as exception handling to manage file-related errors. The chapter emphasizes the importance of functions and file handling in Python programming.

Uploaded by

ashim05birbhum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7: Python – Functions & File

Handling
7.1 Functions in Python
A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task.

7.1.1 Types of Functions

1. Built-in Functions → Predefined functions (e.g., len(), print(), max()).


2. User-Defined Functions → Functions created by the programmer.

7.1.2 Defining a Function

Syntax:

python
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def function_name(parameters):
# function body
return value # (optional)

Example:

python
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def greet(name):
return "Hello, " + name

print(greet("Alice")) # Output: Hello, Alice

7.1.3 Calling a Function

A function is called using its name followed by parentheses:

python
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greet("Bob")

7.2 Function Parameters & Arguments


7.2.1 Types of Arguments

Type Description Example


Positional Arguments Values passed in order. greet("Alice")
Assigns a default value if not def
Default Arguments greet(name="Guest")
provided.
Type Description Example
Keyword Arguments Specifies parameters by name. greet(name="Charlie")
Variable-Length def sum(*numbers):
Allows multiple arguments.
Arguments

Example:

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def add(a, b=5): # Default argument
return a + b

print(add(3)) # Output: 8
print(add(3, 7)) # Output: 10

7.3 Types of Functions


7.3.1 Functions without Return Value
python
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def greet():
print("Hello, World!")

7.3.2 Functions with Return Value


python
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def square(num):
return num * num

print(square(4)) # Output: 16

7.3.3 Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself.

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def factorial(n):
if n == 0:
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

7.4 Scope & Lifetime of Variables


7.4.1 Local & Global Variables
Variable Type Scope Example
Local Variable Exists inside a function only. def func(): x = 10
Global Variable Available throughout the program. x = 100

Example:

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x = 50 # Global Variable

def func():
x = 10 # Local Variable
print(x) # Output: 10

func()
print(x) # Output: 50

7.5 File Handling in Python


7.5.1 Introduction to File Handling

Python can read and write files using file handling operations.

7.5.2 File Operations

Mode Symbol Description


Read r Opens file for reading (default mode).
Write w Opens file for writing (erases existing content).
Append a Opens file for appending (adds to the end).
Read & Write r+ Reads and writes to a file.
Binary rb, wb, ab Reads/writes in binary mode.

Example (Opening a file in read mode):

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file = open("example.txt", "r")
content = file.read()
print(content)
file.close()

7.6 Reading & Writing Files


7.6.1 Writing to a File
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file = open("example.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello, Python!")
file.close()

 If the file doesn’t exist, it will be created.


 If the file exists, old content is deleted.

7.6.2 Reading from a File


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file = open("example.txt", "r")
print(file.read()) # Reads entire file content
file.close()

7.6.3 Appending to a File


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file = open("example.txt", "a")
file.write("\nNew line added.")
file.close()

 Appends data instead of overwriting existing content.

7.7 Working with File Methods


Method Description
read() Reads the entire file.
readline() Reads a single line from the file.
readlines() Reads all lines into a list.
write() Writes data to the file.
writelines() Writes multiple lines from a list.

Example (readlines() method):

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file = open("example.txt", "r")
lines = file.readlines()
for line in lines:
print(line.strip()) # Removes extra newline
file.close()

7.8 Using with Statement for File Handling


The with statement automatically closes the file after use.

Example:
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with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)
# No need for file.close()

7.9 Handling Exceptions in File Operations


If a file does not exist, attempting to read it will cause an error.

7.9.1 Handling Errors Using try-except


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try:
file = open("nonexistent.txt", "r")
print(file.read())
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found!")

 Prevents the program from crashing if the file is missing.

Summary of Chapter 7
 Functions → Reusable blocks of code.
 Types of Functions → Built-in, User-defined, Recursive.
 Arguments → Positional, Default, Keyword, Variable-length.
 Scope → Local and Global variables.
 File Handling → Read, Write, Append modes.
 File Methods → read(), write(), readlines().
 Exception Handling → Prevents file-related errors.

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