CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction to Programming

Computer programming is the process of writing code to facilitate specific actions in

a computer, application or software program, and instructs them on how to perform.
Computer programmers are professionals that create instructions for a computer to
execute by writing and testing code that enables applications and software programs
to operate successfully.

Computer programmers create instructions for a computer to execute by writing and

testing code that enables applications and software programs to operate successfully.
Computer programmers use specialized languages to communicate with computers,
applications and other systems to get computers and computer networks to perform a
set of specific tasks. Languages like C++, Java, Python and more allow programmers
– often working closely with software developers and engineers to build programs
that allow “search, surfing and selfies,”

Programmers routinely use hundreds of coding languages for a wide variety of

applications. Web and software developers use popular programming languages like
JavaScript, C#, and Python as full-stack development tools. Additionally, fields
including electronics, social media marketing, automotive engineering, and healthcare
also rely on computer code.

2.2 Self-employment Skills

Skill is the ability to perform an act proficiently. Skill therefore, is the ability and
capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and
adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving ideas (cognitive
skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills). In the opinion of
Okorie (2017), skills are well established habits of performing tasks in a manner
acceptable by workers in the profession. Obi (2015) posits that skill is the ability to
use one’s knowledge effectively and readily in performing an act, or habit in doing a
particular thing completely without much supervision. According to Bolt-Lee and
Foster (2018), skill is the art of possessing the ability, power, authority, or
competency to do the task required of an individual on the job. Osinem and Nwoji
(2017) also posited that skill varies with the nature, complexity and the type of
activity to be carried out. People who opt for skill training should among other things,
possess qualities such as interest, ability, aptitude, patience, personality characteristics
and other human or physical qualities that will enable them succeed in it. It therefore
means that skills acquisition require intelligent humans who will intelligently
integrate practical and theoretical fields in order to achieve proficiency.

Skill acquisition is the process of obtaining knowledge of technical and practical

nature from an individual, group or institutions that can impart such knowledge
(Rogers, 2019). Skill acquisition process in a developing country like Nigeria should
be in three stages: theoretical, practical and exposure to challenges (Peace, 2019).
Also, it is well known that class activities are theoretical in nature and most times, are
general principles which apply to more than one situation. Practical class work on the
other hand, may be by trial and error method. It involves doing something that is more
physical applied to more specific situation. The combination of theoretical and
practical skills in solving problems depends on the level achieved in both types of
skills. According to ILO (International Labour Organization 2004), Skill level is
defined as a function of the complexity and range of tasks and duties to be performed
in an occupation. The theory and practical skills must be acquired to certain minimum
level to facilitate the possession of appreciable relevant production skills.

Digital skills are driving force for innovative, inclusive and sustainable growth
through innovation and digitalization which in turn stimulate job creation, alleviate
poverty, reducing inequality, facilitating the delivery of goods and services (ILO,
2021).

To possess is to have as an attribute, knowledge or power to acquaint or inform at any

point in time. The attitude or quality possessed by an individual is the key factor to
the realization of the potentials within the individual. Knowledge possession only, is
not enough for individual to be self sufficient’ as is the case in Federal and state
universities in Lagos state which emphasizes knowledge acquisition to practical
dexterity of the individual. Therefore, the individual has to possess skills in creativity,
attitude as well as general knowledge. In order to remain in a self employed business,
the individual must possess certain level of the following self-employment skills:
creative and divergent problem solving skills, communication skills, management
skills, Digital marketing skills, record and accounting skills (Osuala, 2014).

A man who is self employed is that person who owns, controls and takes
responsibilities for those actions concerning the business. While a man who is self-
reliant, according to Bassey (2019), is that which presupposes the attainment and
autonomy without necessarily resorting to begging. Ogbonna (2015) posited that self
reliance refers to dependence on one’s own abilities, judgments, or resources or
independence. It thus means the ability to rely on oneself to do whatever should be
done. It entails the development of local markets, local production, local processing of
previously imported goods, and greater cooperation amongst local economic entities.
Self reliant becomes feasible when one is selfemployed. Abdulkarim (2022) explain
self-employment as working for oneself. The implication is that one becomes his own
boss; every decision involving the business is taken by him. Self-employment
according to Abdulkarim (2022) is broadly divided into two categories- the self
employed without employees and self employed with employees. The self employed
without employees is termed a one man business. On the other hand, self employed
with employees own small and medium sized companies. They contribute immensely
toward the reduction of employment.

Self-employment presents so many benefits such as the ability to work at home, have
more flexible working hours, or create profitable ventures from different activities,
reaping the rewards of one’s efforts with the potential to earn more in the long term,
independence and freedom in operations, improved quality of life, and increased job
satisfaction. According to European Employment Observatory Review (2010), self-
employment provides the following occupational opportunities: sales occupations;
executive, administrative and managerial occupations; production, craft, and repair
occupations; professional specialty occupations; farming, forestry, and fishing
occupations; service occupations; and technicians and related support occupations.
Osuala (2014) noted that Computer science programme is robust enough to equip
individuals with skills and knowledge for employment, thereby combating
unemployment and poverty, and enhancing self-employment.

Self-employment according to Lemchi (2020) is that development which meets the

needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs. Anyakoha (2018) rightly stated that self-employment is a holistic
approach to improving the quality of human life. According to Muganda (2017) in
Lemchi (2020), at the practical level, self-employment aims among others at: ensuring
self-sustaining improvement in productivity and quality of life of individuals,
communities and societies, including access to basic needs of education, health,
food, shelter and self-sufficiency; and ensuring that the production process do over
exploit the productive capacities of the natural resources, thus limiting the option of
the poor, the present and the future generation. It is therefore obvious that meeting
human needs for present and future generation stands out as the bedrock of self-
employment. Thus, Computer science programme certainly has a role to play in
ensuring self-employment. This role would require the Computer science education
graduate to possess divergent thinking and problem solving skills, and innovative
strategies in creating and sustaining jobs. Lemchi (2020) identified certain tools that
the Computer science graduate should possess for effective realization of self-
employment to include entrepreneurship education, creativity, Information and
Communication Technologies amongst others.

2.3 Creative Skills Required for Self-employment

The high rate of unemployment in Lagos State requires creative and critical thinking
ability to meet the challenges of unemployment. Creativity is very important because
it is inevitable for success in job creation. Oziko (2016) stated that creativity is a
mental process that involves the application of divergent thinking, critical thinking,
and other problem solving skills in order to provide solution to problems. Creativity
according to Onu (2018) is a mental process undertaken by an individual or group to
solve specific problems resulting in the production of statistically infrequent solutions
which are useful to the society and the creator. Balzac (2016) started that creativity is
the ability to bring into existence new ideas, be it an artistic object or form, a solution
to a problem, or a method, or a device. According to Chewits (2016), creativity is an
action and a result of imagination and ingenuity, which is the ability to relate
previously unrestricted ideas or things. Lemchi (2020) asserted that possession of
creative skill gives rise to self-employment. Creativity obviously involves some form
of display of ability to do something and most often in a new way. It involves
developing problem solving skills, evolving new technologies and ways of solving
problem.

Entrepreneurship and innovative business behaviour have long been associated with

creativity; and the two are often used interchangeably (Walton, 2019). Creativity and

innovation are considered to be inseparable from entrepreneurship, which in turn,

manifested in the act of starting up and running enterprise. (Pretorios, Millard and

Kruger, 2018). Creativity and entrepreneurship have also been identified by Lemchi

(2020) as veritable tools that drives advancement and progress in whatever aspect of
life they are applied. The whole idea about entrepreneurship is about creativity which

will generate employment opportunities to others. Creativity is the most effective

method for bridging the gap between science and the market place, creating new

enterprises, and bringing new products and services to the market. These

entrepreneurial activities significantly affect the economy of an area by building the

economic base and providing jobs. To be enterprising is to keep your eyes open and

your mind active. It is to be skilled enough, confident enough, creative enough, and

disciplined enough to seize opportunities that present themselves regardless of the

economy (Nwafor, 2017). To succeed in today’s competitive market as an

entrepreneur; one needs a broad array of creative skills. Terry (2018) argued that

business owner needs to possess basic skills necessary to start, develop, finance and

market own business.

Entrepreneurship on the other hand is the process of learning the skills needed to

assume the risk of establishing a business. Entrepreneurship is a process of bringing

together creative and innovative ideas, combining them with management and

organization skills in order to combine people, money and resources to meet an

identified need and thereby create wealth (Agomuo, 2022). Entrepreneurship as a

concept evolved many centuries ago and it has formed the basis for economic growth

and development. It has been defined in different ways by various people.

Entrepreneurship according to Kanothi, (2019) is the instigator of entrepreneurial

events for so long as they occur.

According to Akpotowoh and Amahi (2016), the skills acquired in any of the area of
business related progamme promotes training in creativity as well as equip graduates

with requisite skills to establish and run small businesses of their own. According to

Ademiluyi (2017) and Folahan and Omoriyi, (2018) creative skills are simply

business skills which individuals acquire to enable them effectively function in the

turbulent business environment as an entrepreneur or self-employed. Agbonifoh

(2018) defined creative skills as skills relating to identifying business opportunities

and receiving a sustainable income from these opportunities. The acquisition of

creative skills means combining personal characteristics, financial resources within

one’s environment and taking advantage of them for rewarding outcome. Furthering

this, Akande, (2018) described creative skills as qualities or attributes required by an

entrepreneur to start and successfully manage a business in a competitive

environment. Erhurum (2017) also noted that most creative skills come by learning

and practicing. Nevertheless, the various skills embedded in business related

programmes need to be explored and learn by it prospective graduates for them to

succeed as later entrepreneurs.

Creative skills compares favourably with the basic skills required for starting,

developing, financing and marketing business enterprise as opined by Lyve (2018).

Many people wrongly assume that anyone who manages a large company is an

entrepreneur. It should be noted that many managers of big companies carry out

decisions made by higher –ranking executives. These managers are not entrepreneurs

because they do not have final control over the company and they do not make

decisions that involve risking the company’s resources. Entrepreneurship is not just
about establishing a business or doing business; it is not just about making money; it

is not just about profiting from making contracts; it is not just about buying and

selling; it is not just about short-changing others to make money; it is not just about

portfolio carrying businessmen looking for contracts. It is about having the ability and

willingness to take risks and to combine factors of production in order to produce

goods and services that can satisfy human wants and create wealth (Akande, 2018).

Furthermore, Acs & Szerb (2017) noted that entrepreneurship revolves around the

realization of existing opportunities in combination with decision to commercialize

them by starting a new firm. Evans and Leighton (2021) found that unemployment is

positively associated with greater propensity to start a new firm. Many other studies

establish that greater unemployment serves as a catalyst for startup activity (Reynolds,

Miller & Makai, 1995; Reynolds, Storey & Westhead, 2014). Garofoli (2018) and

Audretsch & Fritsch (2020) in the authors separate studies, it was found that

unemployment is negatively related to new-firm startups, that is, as new businesses

are established employability is stimulated and unemployment reduces substantially.

In the same vein, Lucas (2018) and Jovanovic (2022) noted that high unemployment

in the society is associated with a low degree of entrepreneurial activities, that is,

where propensity to set up enterprises is low; the rate of unemployment would be very

high.

The implication of the above assertions is that those who are unemployed tend to

remain so because they possess lower endowments of human capital and

entrepreneurial talents required to start and sustain new firms to keep them going. A
low rate of entrepreneurship culture and skills in any society may be a consequence of

the low economic growth, which also reflects higher levels of unemployment

(Audretsch, 2021, Oladele, Akeke, & Oladunjoye, 2021). This reasoning is what

Thornton (2009) call demand and supply perspectives of entrepreneurship discourse.

However, Shepherd & Douglas (2017) observed that the essence of entrepreneurship

development is the ability to envision and chart a course for a new business venture

by combining information from the functional disciplines and from the external

environment in the context of the extraordinary uncertainty and ambiguity which

faces a new business venture. It then manifests itself in creative strategies, innovative

tactics, uncanny perception of trends and market mood changes and courageous

leadership. More importantly, Schnurr & Newing (2017) justify the need for

promoting entrepreneurship culture on the ground that youth in all societies have

sterling qualities such as resourcefulness, initiative, drive, imagination, enthusiasm,

zest, dash, ambition energy, boldness, audacity and courage which are all valuable

traits for entrepreneurship development. Sporting this assertion was Bennell (2020)

who maintains that governments, NGOs and international bodies seeking to improve

youth livelihoods could best pursue their empowerment objective by tapping into the

dynamism of young entrepreneurs and build on their strong spirit of risk-taking

through entrepreneurship development. Entrepreneurship development has also led to

employment generation, growth of the economy and self-employment.

An entrepreneur is someone who engages in business enterprise, often with some

personal financial risk. Entrepreneur can be defined as a person who always searches
for change, response to it and exploits it as an opportunity. Grey (2018) also opined

that entrepreneurs are people who have the ability to see and evaluate business

opportunities, to gather the necessary resources, to take advantage of them; and to

initiate appropriate action for success. An entrepreneur is a person who operates a

new enterprise or venture and assumes some accountability for the inherent risks. The

entrepreneur is also anybody who organizes, manages a business undertaking, and

assumes a risk for the sake of profit (Guffey, 2016). It is the willingness and ability of

an individual to seek out investment opportunities, establish and run an enterprise

successfully.

For a computer science graduate to be self-employed, they must possess the following

programs and they must be good with them:

Database Programs

Database programs are applications that store and organize information. They are like

filing cabinets, but with much greater flexibility. Database programs allow users to

sort, find, choose (or filter), and organize information. A single database can hold

information about the products a company sells, the orders the company has received,

shipments of those products, and its customers. The power of a database is its ability

to link that information together. According to Clarke III & Flaherty (2015),

Marketers use database programs to

 Maintain customer lists for automated mass mailings

 Keep information about guests and vendors for parties and events

 Catalog furniture and assets for insurance records

 Manage time and track billable hours

 Catalog personnel records

 Scan the Internet to find suppliers and customers

 Track the searches and purchases of clients visiting Web sites.

Spreadsheet Programs

Spreadsheet programs are used to organize, calculate, and analyze numerical data.

With spreadsheets, you can perform financial and scientific calculations, organize

numeric information, illustrate data with charts and graphs, and create professional

looking reports. Spreadsheets also graphically display the relationship of data in the

form of charts and graphs that are often easier for people to understand than tables of

raw data. Microsoft Excel is one of the most popular spreadsheet programs. Others

include Quattro Pro and XESS. According to Hooley, Piercy, & Nicoulad (2018),

business people use spreadsheets for many purposes:

 Develop a budget

 Analyze financial performance

 Track loans or mortgages

 Track stock and bond performance

 Schedule projects

 Manage business assets Produce profit and loss statements

 Calculate and produce a payroll

 Track client/customer responses to marketing promotions

 Build relationship marketing based on customer value profiles

 Track sales and service • Conduct marketing research.

A spreadsheet consists of a grid of rows and columns. Users enter data and formulas

into cells on the grid, and the program performs calculations with speed and accuracy

not possible by hand or with a calculator.

Desktop Publishing Programs

The invention and rapid development of desktop publishing programs illustrate both

the computer’s creative potential and its usefulness for business. Part word processor

and part graphics application, desktop publishing programs enable users to edit and

manipulate both text and graphics in one document. This is how books, magazines,

and flyers are designed and produced (Farese et al, 2016). Desktop publishing

software can produce documents that are creative, eye-catching, attractive,

professional, and easy to read. The two most popular commercial desktop publishing

programs are Adobe In Design and QuarkXPress. According to Nykiel (2019),

Marketing uses desktop publishing to

 Create layouts for newsletters, books, brochures, and advertisements

 Create professional-looking forms, such as invoices and project planning sheets.

 Businesses can save money by using desktop publishing programs in-house to

produce printed materials.

Graphics and Design Programs

Graphics and design programs are software applications for creating and modifying

images, including drawings, designs, and photographs. Designers can create all

graphic elements themselves with the drawing tools provided by the software, or they

can use photos and ready-made artwork, often called clip art. These images are
usually grouped together in categories like business, food, sports, people, places,

animals, cartoons, and holidays. Graphics programs can be used by marketers and

businesses to

 Design marketing promotion materials

 Create logos and letterheads

 Illustrate floor plans and furniture arrangements

 Create professional-looking illustrations and photographic prints

 Create images for presentations or for Web pages and Internet ads, (Farese et al,

2016).

Presentation Software

Presentation software produces slide shows or multimedia presentations. This

software helps users organize ideas and concepts to be presented in a meeting.

According to Clarke III & Flaherty (2015), Presentation software can be used by

businesses and marketers to:

 Prepare verbal and visual copy for Meetings

 Present and discuss ideas interactively via the Internet with clients in other cities

or countries

 Create slide shows using pictures or Web pages

 Add voice narration to accompany visual Material

Web Page Editors

The Web has become an integral part of our world. Many businesses use their Web

sites to promote their companies and products and to stay connected to their

customers. Web sites generally contain an initial home page which is the entry point
for a Web site. It gives general information to introduce the company, person, or

product. The home page has links to other pages containing additional information,

such as product details and contact information (Nykiel, 2019).

In a study carried out by McEuen (2001) on the computer literacy of students

majoring in computer information systems (CIS) at Georgia State University in the

USA, the results of the two-month pilot showed that 28.4% of graduate students failed

to pass all six exams. For undergraduate students, the results were much worse with

over 50% of CIS undergraduate majors not being successful. This researcher has been

involved for several years in supporting final year undergraduate and graduate

research students at the University of Botswana and has noticed, in particular, a lack

of basic ICT knowledge as students struggle with most computer applications. Most

of the students spend a lot of time on simple ICT tasks, which indicate lack of

adequate Programming skills. Sometimes, due to lack of skills, students use some of

the ICT tools in most inefficient ways. A student for example can type the table of

contents for a document separately and keep changing the pagination in the table each

time corrections are made.

Indeed, education and skills training increase the ability of women and men to apply

new techniques, thus enhancing their employability as well as the productivity and

competitiveness of enterprises. Effective skills development systems – connecting

education to technical training, technical training to labour market entry and labour

market entry to workplace and lifelong learning – can help women and men benefit

from existing and emerging opportunities.

2.4 Digital marketing skills Required for Self-employment

Digital marketing skills is another important and essential skill which depends on the

very success or failure of a business. Marketing is a common phenomenon but it is a

very complex and elusive subject matter. The activities of marketing are so diverse

that it is difficult to say exactly what marketing is. Osuala (2014) defined marketing

as the process by which the productive potentials of the company is used to satisfy

individual and social needs of all kinds. Farese, Kimbrell and Woloszyk (2016)

defined marketing as the process of planning, pricing, promoting, selling, and

distributing ideas, goods, or services to create exchanges that satisfy customers. The

UK’s Chartered Institute of Marketing says that marketing is the management process

for identifying, anticipating and satisfying consumer requirements profitably (Russell,

2020). Kotler and Keller (2018) defined marketing as the art and science of choosing

target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating,

delivering, and communicating superior customer value. AMA (2007) in Nykiel

(2019) defined Marketing as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for

creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for

customers, clients, partners, and society at large. This means that marketing is

ongoing and it changes. Argument among Nigerian traders is that successful

entrepreneurship in trading occupation simply depends on talent and luck. They

believe that programmed training in marketing skilled is irrelevant for success in

trading activities. This view is rooted in ignorance because education and training can

promote individual initiative and marketing competencies. Digital marketing skills is

another important and essential skill which depends on the very success or failure of a

business. As a marketer, one needs to keep up with trends and consumer attitudes.

The products, ideas, or services you develop and the way you price, promote, and

distribute them should reflect these trends and attitudes. Business related graduates

require these Digital marketing skills in order to enable them identify their potential

customers; persuade them to buy their product or services and by so doing also

maintains good accounting practice and efficient keeping of records of the activities

of the business as mishandling or negligence can lead to failure.

 A constant flow of relevant information is more important than any campaign.

It’s the only thing a marketer has to guarantee that every marketing asset and

employee communicates the optimal messages and delivers the optimal benefits to

drive sales and profits higher. Sales and Digital marketing skills will enable one to

make such vital business decisions as “getting the price right” which is an important

factors in retail marketing. Stanton (2018) stated that sales and Digital marketing

skills will keep the entrepreneur informed, knowledgeable and confident as to

determine the most efficient method of physical distribution of goods and services.

Ademiluyi (2017) opined that the acquisition of Digital marketing skills offers the

entrepreneur the unique strategy for succeeding in business. The entrepreneur is able

to offer the right product to his targeted customers. He is able to cost and determine

his product price and which will be acceptable to the customers, based on their

perception of the value and a cost that allows for profit making. Business related

graduates require these Digital marketing skills in order to enable them identify their
potential customers; persuade them to buy their product or services. Ademiluyi (2017)

also identified the following Digital marketing skills and competencies, which are

needed for effective entrepreneurship by business related graduates:

 Salesmanship;

 Negotiation

 Sales record keeping;

 Sales promotion;

 Stock record keeping

 Pricing

 Advertising channels;

 Advertising media;

 Consumer behaviour appreciation; and

Transportation

2.5 Theoretical Framework

A theory is set of principles which form the basis of a subject. In the view of Hornby

(2013), a theory is a statement of principles on which the subject of a study is based.

This shows that a theory provides needed data about a given subject matter of a

research problem. In the context of this study, a theory can be interpreted to mean an

integrated set of ideas, assumptions or principles guiding the acquisition of skills for

effective entrepreneurial venture by business students for self-employment. Therefore,

the theory of skill acquisition, entrepreneurial event theory and the psychological
theories of the Refugee and Schumpeter effects will be important for the study.

Theory of Skill Acquisition by Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus (1986)

Dreyfus Hubert and Dreyfus Stuart in 1986 propounded the theory of skill acquisition

which states that formal system of deduction is a gradual process that involves being

embodied in different ways and developing skills that would make it possible for

people to deal with the world. The main idea behind Dreyfus and Dreyfus’s skill

development theories is the distinction they made between “knowing that” and

“knowing how.” The knowing-how and knowing-that is considered one concept,

which is acquired through a formal system of deduction.

Entrepreneurial Events Theory

Shapero & Sokol (1982) advanced a process model of new venture formation which

included what they called a displacement event. They argued that inertia guided

human action and as a result there needed to be a displacing event to push or pull an

individual to change course, and in this case to found a business. This displacement

has also been called the 'trigger' or 'precipitating' event. This model is more dynamic

and suggests that entrepreneurial intention is based on the interaction between

personal characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, background and environment

(situational context).

Psychological Theories of the Refugee and Schumpeter Effects

Unemployment (or joblessness), as defined by the International Labour

Organization, occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively sought
work within the past four weeks. As a result of this unemployment, Schumpeter

(1954) posits that financial stimuli, public job creation and expansionist monetary

policies are what will enable entrepreneurship to create jobs and help quell

unemployment crisis in any economy. Therefore, Schumpeter (1954) propounded the

psychological theories of the Refugee and Schumpeter effects which states that the

ability to make good judgment about the future leads an individual to become a

successful entrepreneur.

2.6 Related Empirical Studies

Andrews & Higson (2018) carried out a study to conceptualise and identify key

individual- and business related skills and competencies required by employers of

business graduates and holders of other higher level qualifications, and to discover

whether higher education business programmes are meeting the needs of the

European marketplace. Utilising semi-structured interview techniques, a total of fifty

people were interviewed across all four countries, thirty business graduates and

twenty employers.

In the study carried out by Ezeani, Ifeonyemetalu & Ezemoyih (2022) to examine

the entrepreneurial skills required by business related graduates for successful

operation of a business enterprise in Enugu Commercial Centre and Environs.

Specifically, the study examined the management skills, Digital marketing skills, and

accounting skills required by business related graduates for successful operation of a

business enterprise. Three research questions were answered. Related literature and

some empirical studies were reviewed. The study employed a survey research design
and the population consisted of 300 respondents (managers). A modified 4 – point

Likert rating scale made up of 29 structure questionnaire items was used in generating

data for the study, while the instrument was face validated by some experts. Data

collections were analyzed using the statistical mean and standard deviation. The study

revealed 9 management skills, 9 Digital marketing skills and 8 accounting skills

required by business related graduates for successful operation of a business

enterprise. It was found that the capital based of the managers are not source of

significant difference regarding the management, marketing and accounting skills

required for successful operation of a business enterprise. It was recommended among

others that the Business related curriculum should be reviewed with a view of

dropping old courses that are no longer relevant, while new courses which have

relevancy with the demands of the present day society be introduced to ensure the

production of Business graduates that can face the challenges emanating from

employment opportunities and being able to establish, manage and operate business

enterprisers of their own. This study is related to the present study in that the reviewed

study examine the entrepreneurial skills required by business related graduates for

successful operation of a business enterprise in Enugu Commercial Centre and

Environs, while the present study determines the self-employment skills possessed by

computer science education in Federal and state universities in Anambra students for

self-employment. Therefore, both studies differ significantly.