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relation and function

The document explains the concepts of relations and functions, including ordered pairs, Cartesian products, and the properties of relations. It defines functions, specifically real-valued functions, and outlines various types such as identity, constant, polynomial, and rational functions. Additionally, it discusses the algebra of real functions, including operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

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saleemafahida
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5 views

relation and function

The document explains the concepts of relations and functions, including ordered pairs, Cartesian products, and the properties of relations. It defines functions, specifically real-valued functions, and outlines various types such as identity, constant, polynomial, and rational functions. Additionally, it discusses the algebra of real functions, including operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Uploaded by

saleemafahida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Relations and Functions

Ordered Pair
An ordered pair consists of two objects or elements in a given fixed order .

Equality of Two Ordered Pairs


Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are equal if a = c and b = d.

Cartesian Product of Two Sets


For any two non-empty sets A and B, the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B
is called the cartesian product of sets A and B and is denoted by A × B.

Thus, A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}


If A = Φ or B = Φ, then we define A × B = Φ

Note:
 A× B ≠ B ×A
 If n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then n(A × B) = mn and n(B × A) = mn
 If at least one of A and B is infinite, then (A × B) is infinite and (B × A) is infinite.

Relations
 A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian
product set A × B.
 The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and the
second element of the ordered pairs in A × B.
 The set of all first elements in a relation R is called the domain of the relation B,
and the set of all second elements called images is called the range of R.

 A relation may be represented either by the Roster form or by the set of builder form,
or by an arrow diagram which is a visual representation of relation.

If n(A) = m, n(B) = n, then n(A × B) = mn and the total number of possible relations from
set A to set B = 2mn

Inverse of Relation
For any two non-empty sets A and B. Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then, the
inverse of relation R, denoted by R-1 is a relation from B to A and it is defined by
R-1 ={(b, a) : (a, b) ∈ R}
Domain of R = Range of R-1 and
Range of R = Domain of R-1.
Functions
A relation f from a set A to set B is said to be function, if every element of set A has one and
only image in set B.
In other words, a function f is a relation such that no two pairs in the relation have the first
element.

Real-Valued Function
A function f : A → B is called a real-valued function if B is a subset of R (set of all real
numbers). If A and B both are subsets of R, then f is called a real function.

Some Specific Types of Functions

1. Identity function:

The function f : R → R defined by f(x) = x for each x ∈ R is called identity function.


Domain of f = R; Range of f = R

2. Constant function:

The function f : R → R defined by f(x) = C, x ∈ R, where C is a constant and each x ∈ R, is


called a constant function.
Domain of f = R; Range of f = C

3. Polynomial function:

A real valued function f : R → R defined by f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2+…+ anxn, where n ∈ N and
a0, a1, a2,…….. an ∈ R for each x ∈ R, is called polynomial function.

4. Rational function:

These are the real function of type f(x)g(x), where f(x)and g(x)are polynomial. Functions of x
defined in a domain, where g(x) ≠ 0.

5. The modulus function:

The real function f : R → R defined by f(x) = |x|


or

for all values of x ∈ R is called the modulus function.


Domain of f = R
Range of f = R+ U {0} i.e. [0, ∞)
6. Signum function:

The real function f : R → R defined by f(x) = |x|x, x ≠ 0 and 0, if x = 0


or

is called the signum function.


Domain of f = R; Range of f = {-1, 0, 1}

7. Greatest integer function:


The real function f : R → R defined by f (x) = {x}, x ∈ R assumes that the values of the
greatest integer less than or equal to x, is called the greatest integer function.
Domain of f = R; Range of f = Integer

8. Fractional part function:

The real function f : R → R defined by f(x) = {x}, x ∈ R is called the fractional part function.
f(x) = {x} = x – [x] for all x ∈R
Domain of f = R; Range of f = [0, 1)

Algebra of Real Functions


Addition of two real functions: Let f : X → R and g : X → R be any two real functions,
where X ∈ R. Then, we define

(f + g) : X → R by {f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x), for all x ∈ X.

Subtraction of a real function from another :

Let f : X → R and g : X → R be any two real functions, where X ⊆ R. Then, we define

(f – g) : X → R by (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g(x), for all x ∈ X.


Multiplication by a scalar:
Let f : X → R be a real function and K be any scalar belonging to R. Then, the product of Kf
is function from X to R defined by

(Kf)(x) = Kf(x) for all x ∈ X.

Multiplication of two real functions :

Let f : X → R and g : X → R be any two real functions, where X ⊆ R. Then, product of these
two functions i.e.

f.g : X → R is defined by (fg) x = f(x) . g(x) ∀ x ∈ X.

Quotient of two real functions:

Let f and g be two real functions defined from X → R. The quotient of f by g denoted
by f/g is a function defined from X → R as

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