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Control Systems and PLC - Information Document

The document provides an overview of Control Systems, distinguishing between Open-Loop and Closed-Loop systems, highlighting their characteristics, applications, and the importance of feedback. It also defines key terms such as Reference Input, Controlled Output, and Steady State Error, while explaining system response and the role of controllers in managing system behavior. Additionally, it discusses concepts like Error Signal and Offset, which are crucial for understanding system performance and stability.

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Aryan Aich
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15 views5 pages

Control Systems and PLC - Information Document

The document provides an overview of Control Systems, distinguishing between Open-Loop and Closed-Loop systems, highlighting their characteristics, applications, and the importance of feedback. It also defines key terms such as Reference Input, Controlled Output, and Steady State Error, while explaining system response and the role of controllers in managing system behavior. Additionally, it discusses concepts like Error Signal and Offset, which are crucial for understanding system performance and stability.

Uploaded by

Aryan Aich
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Systems and PLC –

Information Document
Author: Aryan Aich
The very concept of Control System and its blocks is that, an input is multiplied by the Transfer
function of the block.

Difference between Open and Closed Loop Control Systems.

Sr. No. Open-Loop Control Systems Closed-Loop Control Systems


1. These systems have a straight These systems have a feedback
process flow and do not have loop necessary for controlling
any form of feedback loops. output within a limit.
2. A Feedback System is absent. A Feedback System exists here.
3. Open Loop systems have an Closed-Loop systems have a
uncontrolled output, meaning controlled output, meaning its
that the output can become system limits the levels of
more than what should be output.
considered safe.
4. Open Loop systems’ outputs Closed loop systems’ outputs
are inaccurate. are highly accurate.
5. Outputs of these systems are Outputs of these systems are
highly stable. unstable due to constant
adjustments.
6. Large Bandwidth, i.e. the Small bandwidth, i.e. the
system can operate on a large system operates on a small set
set of inputs. of inputs.
7. No additional blocks such as an An Error detector is mandatory
Error detector is required. for the majority of Closed loop
systems.
8. These systems are used in This system is used in Electric
Automatic Toaster, Coffee Irons, Microwave Ovens,
Maker, Water Geysers, Heating Washing Machines, MCBs, Air
Furnaces. Conditioning.

Full Form of R(s), C(s), and other abbreviations.

R(s) means Reference Input in the s-domain.

C(s) means Controlled Output in the s-domain.

U(t) means Controller’s Output in the s-domain.

Define Open-Loop and Closed-Loop systems.

Open Loop System is a system in which output depends on the input but the input is totally
independent of output. There exists no feedback loop which alters Input in any way to obtain a
controlled output.

Closed-Loop System is a control system where the input is altered by feedback of output in order to
regulate the output obtained.

The regulating action at input changes as per output of system.


Define Characteristic Equation.

Characteristic Equation is the equation obtained when the Denominator’s polynomial is equated to
Zero, and whose roots are the poles of the Transfer Function.

For example,

Bo (s – P1)(s – P2) … (s – Pm) = 0


Unit 2 – Time Domain Stability Analysis

System Response

System response is the output of a system over time when applied with an input. It illustrates how a
system behaves to a particular input.

A system response of any system has two stages – the Transient response and the Steady state
response.

Transient response is when the output of system varies with time. This response is typically during
the startup of system, wherein the output gradually reaches the desired setpoint.

Steady state response is when the output of system stabilizes to the exact or approximate desired
value. The transient response expires in this stage, since the output stops varying.

System response is typically denoted by C(t).

Derivation of Steady State Error (Logic):

 The expression of Steady State Error, which is basically the expression of the Error Detector,
is to be found in terms of G(s) and H(s).
 As it is the ‘Steady-state Error’, it means such an expression, which accounts for the system
output during all time constants.
 Hence, the Steady State Error expression, given as,

e ss =lim e (t)
t →∞

 To fit in the expression of Error Detector, which comes in s-domain, denoted with E(s), we
apply the Final Value Theorem to the above expression to convert e(t) to E(s).
 The expression of E(s) is substituted and the resultant expression of ess is our Steady State
Error.
Unit 3 – Process Controllers

Processor or Controller

This block is a device or algorithm which manages the behaviour and output of a control system. The
block reads its input signal and accordingly adjusts its output signal to properly actuate the Plant or
Process block. As a result, a proper System Output is produced.

Error Signal

It is the difference between desired setpoint or value of output, to the actual obtained output value
of the system. This signal is an important reference as the Controller block depends solely on this
signal to manage system behaviour and adjust the actuation.

Error signal is given as, e(t) = Setpoint – Measured Variable

Offset

Offset is the persistent difference between setpoint and obtained value. Offset is a different name for
Error. The output offset is also called as Steady State Error (ess). This parametric indicates the
residual error of system, even after the system stabilizes.

Proportional Band

This is the bandwidth of Proportional Controller. It determines the range of values within which a
Proportional Controller can deliver accurate output. Beyond this range, the controller may not
respond or may provide error-full output.

This parametric is given as,

Proportional Band (%) = Gain of System / Proportional Band

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