CPAR REVIEWER SUMM1

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ART

THE NATURE OF ARTS

 Art provides color and substance to human existence; life without it is dull and meaningless.
 Stimulates senses and cognitive abilities by expressing emotions and the subjective self.
 A tangible product of human activity showcasing individuality through skills.
 Requires creative skill and imagination to produce beauty and power.
 Reflects the artist’s skill, thoughts, and the life, culture, and history of a community.
 A means of communication to convey insights and emotions.
 Allows viewers to appreciate and form relationships with the work of art.
 Forms, colors, shapes, lines, and movements transmit emotions.

Art as Defined in Varied Ways

Plato's Definition of Art:

 Art is an imitation or a copy of reality.

 It is an illusion and a collection of reflections.
 True forms are created by God, are perfect, and cannot be replicated.
 Art is merely an imitation of what is real in the environment.

Art According to Leo Tolstoy:

 Art involves producing objects or elements from the external environment that please the senses.
 Art unifies people by evoking shared feelings and sentiments.
 It can lead to a better and more progressive life and society.

( He thought art has the power to bring people together because it makes them feel the same emotions and
sentiments )
EX: Music: A song that evokes shared emotions, like happiness or sadness, among listeners.

Art, as defined by Eugene Veron,

 Art is created and expressed through lines, movements, sounds, colors, and emotions.
 It highlights the subjectivity of human feelings and thoughts.
 Art reflects human emotions and thoughts by stimulating the senses.

Art According to Leonardo Da Vinci

 Art is "the Queen of all sciences," sharing knowledge with all generations.
 It reveals an individual's imagination.
 Art is a universal language that communicates feelings and ideas from human experiences.
 It expresses creativity and skill as a powerful form of communication.

The Elements of Arts

 The quality of art is measured through specific standards.

 The elements of art serve as the basic framework for assessment.
 Understanding these elements is essential to expressing unique sentiments and emotions effectively.
1. Form
 Includes shape and perceived volume.
 3D Art: Depth, width, height (e.g., cylinders, cubes, spheres; basis of sculpture).
 2D Art: Creates illusions using shading and modeling techniques.

2. Line
 Marks the distance between two points; used for outlines and implied lines.
 Has width (thickness), direction, and length.
 Types: Straight, jagged, broken, dashed, diagonal, vertical, horizontal, curved, parallel, etc.

3. Color
 Produced when light strikes and reflects/absorbs.
 Creates mood; has three properties:

1. Hue: The name of the color (e.g., yellow, red).

2. Intensity: Vividness or saturation of the color.
3. Value: Lightness or darkness; tint changes determine value.

4. Space
 The area provided by the artist, including foreground, middle ground, background, and spaces between objects.
 Positive Space: Area occupied by objects/images.
 Negative Space: Empty spaces between or within objects/images.

5. Texture
 Denotes the smoothness or roughness of an object or image.
 Real Texture: Felt by touch (e.g., sculpture).
 Implied Texture: Artificial, as in painted images (e.g., a painted pebble).

6. Shape
 Two-dimensional (2D), created when a line crosses over itself.
 Types: Geometric, natural, irregular, rectangle, oval, octagon, etc.
 3D Shapes: Include height, width, and depth (e.g., real-world objects).

Art in its Different Forms

· Art is classified into various forms based on how it is expressed.
· It may be visual (appealing to the eyes) or auditory (appealing to the ears, as in performing arts).
· Forms of art include painting, theatre, photography, dance, literature, architecture, and films.
· All forms of art communicate the emotions and inner thoughts of the artist.
· Art is open to interpretation and conveys a story unique to the artist's environment, culture, and sentiments.

1. Visual Arts
 Appeals to the visual sense and is created using various mediums.
 Takes a permanent form and allows appreciation through viewing the artist's imagination and expression.

2. Drawing
 The creation of an image or form using tools like pen, ink, brush, or pencils.
 Techniques include hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending.
 Represents creative ideas through sketches on paper or other surfaces.
 Used in creating comic strips, animation, and visual illustrations.

3. Painting
 A creative expression using pigment or color on a surface for aesthetic value.
 Tools like brushes, sponges, etc., are used to apply color.
 Can be naturalistic, photographic, representational, abstract, narrative, or political.
4. Ceramic
 Includes pottery, sculpture, and figurines.
 Created for decorative, industrial, or artistic purposes.
 Made from inorganic, non-metallic materials through heat.
 The term "ceramic" comes from the Greek word "keramikos," meaning pottery.

5. Photography
 Art created through photos taken by a photographer.
 Inspired by people, objects, events, or the environment.
 Produces images of varied objects using light and radiant energy.
 Advanced camera features allow effects like Retro, Lomo, Vintage, and Comic book photo effects to create
illusions.

6. Architecture
 The art and science of designing structures.
 The word "architecture" comes from the Greek word "arkhitekton," meaning "master builder" or "carpenter."
 Involves creating complex systems or objects, including urban planning and landscape architecture.
 Balances function and aesthetic design for the benefit of the user.

7. Sculpture
 Involves carving or modeling from metals, ceramics, wood, or stone.
 Represents a two or three-dimensional form using materials like metal, wood, or plaster.
 Can be expressed in abstract but solid form.

8. Weaving
 A method of fabric or textile production.
 Two distinct sets of yarns, fibrous materials, or threads are interlaced to form fabric or cloth.

9. Literary Arts
 Denotes "letters" or literature, derived from the Latin word "littera" meaning "an individual written character."
 Imaginative writing with recognized artistic value.
 Represents a collection of writings that convey emotions, history, and culture, transcending time and space.
 Includes prose, poetry, and drama, with genres such as fiction and non-fiction.

10. Performing Arts

 Involves creative activity performed in front of spectators.
 Aims to entertain the audience, including dance, theatre, music, mime, and opera.
 Requires individuals to use their voices and bodies with specific roles and functions.
 Performers use materials such as costumes and facial make-up to portray their roles.

11. Music
 An art form that uses sound creatively to express insights and emotions.
 Elements include rhythm, pitch, and harmony, creating patterns or compositions, often with a song or
accompanying instrument.
 Includes genres such as reggae, blues, country, jazz, rock, pop, etc.

12. Theatre
 Originated from the ancient Greek word "Theatron," meaning a place for spectators to gather and watch
performances.
 A collaborative art where performers act out real or imagined stories using speech, dance, music, and movement.
 Includes forms like opera, mime, ballet, and cultural representations such as Kabuki and Indian dance.

13. Dance
 A form of expression using sequenced body movements.
 Derived from the French term "Dancier," it is a non-verbal form of expression performed in various settings.
 Involves motion, often accompanied by music.
 Some disciplines include gymnastics, figure skating, and synchronized swimming, while others represent culture,
such as folk dance.
Philippine Arts in Modem Era

 Evolved into a wide variety of expressions and mediums, leading to creative upheaval in the country.
 Modern Filipino artists have greater freedom to explore their creativity.
 Their style is influenced by both Eastern and Western cultures but still retains Filipino roots.
 Many artists use color to express emotions rather than intellectual ideas.

Contemporary Era
 Features new techniques, including the use of computers, three-dimensional elements, and live performances.

Example of Contemporary Art in Some Regions in the Philippines

Dance
 A performing art involving rhythmic body movements, choreographed based on musical beats.
 Performed either in front of an audience or on a dance floor.

Elements of Dance
1. Theme - The basic element of a dance that conveys its message.
2. Design - The pattern of movement in time and space.
3. Movement - The bodily actions of the dancer, including steps.
4. Technique - The skill of movement executed by the dancer.
5. Music - The auditory background that accompanies the dancer's movement.
6. Costume & Body Paraphernalia - Properties worn by the dancer that help reflect the message, customs, and beliefs.
7. Choreography - The figures and steps in dancing that allow for organized performance.
8. Scenery - The background or setting where the dance is performed, enhancing its realism and richness.

Examples of Contemporary (Folk/Ethnic) Dance in Mindanao

Pangalay: A Tausug Dance

 A traditional dance from Jolo and Tawi-Tawi, characterized by elaborate body postures and graceful arm and
hand movements, amplified by janggay (metal claws).
 Performed to the music of kulintangan, gandang, agong, and gabang.
 Commonly referred to as the "fingernail dance," performed during weddings and festive celebrations.

Kulintang/Kulintangan
 A type of gong chime instrument used in the southern islands of the Philippines, often accompanied by various
ensembles.

Pangalay
 A traditional dance with connections to the classical dance styles of India, Java, Thailand, Burma, and Cambodia.
 Known for its slow, refined, meditative, elegant, and hypnotic movements.
 The dancer's serious face and downcast eyes create a mask-like expression, while the body movements convey a
broad range of emotional metaphors and symbols.
 Gestures such as outstretched palms and arms can represent greetings, joy, or elements of nature like palm
leaves, flowers, wind, and birds.

Pangalay Versions

1. Pangalay Courtship: A version of the dance where two dancers imitate the graceful courtship of birds.
 During wedding performances, guests often tuck money between the female dancer's fingers as a tradition.

2. Pangalay Linggisan: A solo performance by a female dancer imitating the movement of a bird in flight.
 In Sulu, the graceful movements of the dancer's arms and hands flow with the gentle wind.
 In other parts of the Sulu Archipelago, including Tawi-Tawi and Sabah, the movements imitate the waves of the
Sulu Sea.
3. Pangalay ha Patung: Involves two men carrying bamboo poles on their shoulders, with a solo female dancer
balancing on top.
 This version symbolizes a woman dancing on a sailboat.

B. Singkil: A Maranao Dance

 Originated from the Maranao people near Lake Lanao, based on the Darangen, a version of the Ramayana.
 "Singkil" means to entangle the feet with obstacles.
 Performed during celebrations, originally by women (especially royalty) to attract suitors.
 Accompanied by kulintang and agung ensembles.
 Secular in nature, performed by the Maranao and Maguindanao communities, not a "Muslim dance."
 Initially danced with one pair of bamboo poles, later using two criss-crossing pairs.

Costume Used in Singkil

 The female lead dancer wears an elaborate princess dress and holds decorated fans in both hands.
 The male lead dancer holds handkerchiefs in both hands, and in some cases, a sword and shield.
 Maranao costumes are mainly worn during this dance.

Painting
 The act of applying medium (usually with a brush, but other tools like knives, sponges, and airbrushes may be
used) to a surface (called the support).
 The result of this act is referred to as a "painting."
 Supports for paintings include surfaces such as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, pottery, leaf, copper,
and concrete.
 Paintings may incorporate other materials like sand, clay, paper, plaster, gold leaf, and even objects.

Notable Artist
Fernando Amorsolo is a famous painter in the field of Philippine art.

Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)

 A dominant figure in Philippine visual arts before and after World War II.

The Planting Rice with Mayon Volcano

 Depicts the happiness and struggles of planting rice.
 Features Filipino villagers in bright clothes and straw hats, working together in a fresh, green landscape.
 Behind them, the peaceful plume of steam rises from the Mayon Volcano, adding to the serene yet hardworking
scene.