ANDEAN UNIVERSITY OF CUSCO

QUALIFICATION:
HARDWARE

SUBJECT:
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP
SEMINAR

TEACHING:
ZAMBRANO INCHAUSTEGUI, CARLOS ALBERTO

STUDENTS:
Trujillo Mayorga Juan Diego

Pineda Espinoza Pablo

Zanabria Aguilar Pamela Denisse

Garcia Medina Jasmine

Medina Ariana Walls

Angela Mejia Gutierrez

INDEX:
 Presentation
 Introduction
 Content
a) Hardware
I. Types of hardware
II. Devices
i. Input: Input peripherals (E)
ii. Output: Output peripherals (S)
iii. Input/Output: Mixed peripherals (I/O)
 Conclusion
 Literature
Presentation:
In order to unify criteria in relation to the
presentation of official reports, it is suggested to
take into account the guidelines listed below.
It is worth clarifying that the hardware standards
contained in the latest version of the hardware
information were consulted in preparing this guide.
Introduction:
This working document contains, basically, guides for:
hardware usage, some input elements, output
elements, among others, identification of computer
parts, hardware management, suggestions for the user
to have a clearer idea, more information about the
hardware, spaces between parts, proper use of some
expressions, and writing of the mentioned objects.

Content
Hardware
It corresponds to all the tangible parts of a computer system. Its components are:
electrical, electronic, electromechanical and mechanical. The term, although it is
the most common, is not only applied to a computer as we know it, for example, a
robot, a mobile phone, a camera or a multimedia player also have hardware. The
history of computer hardware can be classified into four generations, each
characterized by a major technological change. This hardware can be classified
as: basic, which is strictly necessary for the normal operation of the equipment;
and complementary, which performs specific functions. A computer system
consists of a central processing unit (CPU), responsible for processing data, one or
more input peripherals, which allow the entry of information, and one or more
output peripherals, which make it possible to output (normally in visual or auditory
form) the processed data.

It is made up of all the physical and tangible parts that make up the entire system
that makes the data process possible. Among the most important parts that make
up a computer's hardware is the processor or microprocessor, formerly known as
the CPU, which is the brain or heart of the system, through which all the data
passes, and the motherboard, which contains all the circuits that interconnect the
hardware components.

Types of hardware
1. Basic Hardware
It covers the set of essential components necessary to provide
minimum functionality to a computer, such as motherboard, monitor,
keyboard and mouse, with the motherboard, RAM and CPU being
the most important components of the set.

 Central Processing Unit: It is the fundamental component of the

computer, responsible for interpreting and executing instructions
and processing data.
 Motherboard: This is where the basic connections are made
through printed circuits for all the computer components.
 The Bus: These are the printed circuits on the motherboard
through which data passes from computer to computer.
 Memory: It is the capacity to store information, there are two
types of memory: ROM and RAM; ROM is a read-only memory
and the basic startup program is installed in it, RAM is a random
 access memory (it can be read and written), in it are stored both
the instructions that the microprocessor needs to execute and the
data that we enter and want to process, as well as the results
obtained.
 Auxiliary Memories: Used to store information in devices outside
the computer, the main ones are: the floppy disk, backup tape
and CD-ROM.
 Monitor: is an output device that, through an interface, displays
the results of a computer's processing.

2. Additional hardware:
As its name indicates, it is used to perform specific functions
(beyond the basic ones), not strictly necessary for the operation of
the computer, such as printers, cameras, pendrives, etc.

 Speakers: These are devices that are responsible for receiving

audio signals from the computer and converting them into
sounds.
 The microphone: is an electroacoustic transducer that allows, for
example, recording sounds from any place or element.
 Hearing aids or headphones are transducers that receive an
electrical signal and use speakers placed in close proximity to the
ears to convert the signal into audible sound waves.
 Webcam: is a small digital camera which can capture images and
transmit them over the Internet, in real time.
 AGP video accelerator card: used to improve the graphics of a
video game.
 Scanner: Captures an image, text document or photograph and
transfers it in bits of information, which a computer can
understand and handle.
 Mouse: It is also considered complementary, since some of its
functions can be executed using the keyboard.
 Printer: allows you to produce a permanent copy of texts or
graphics from documents stored in electronic format, printing
them on physical media.

Devices
A. Input: Input peripherals (E)
This category includes those that allow the entry of information,
generally from an external source or by the user. Input devices
provide the fundamental means of transferring information from
some source, whether local or remote, to the computer (more
specifically, the processor). They also enable the essential task of
reading and loading the operating system and computer
applications or programs into memory, which in turn make the
computer operational and make it possible to perform the most
diverse tasks. Input peripherals include: keyboard, mouse, scanner,
microphone, webcam, optical barcode readers, joystick, CD, DVD or
Blu-ray player, data acquisition/conversion boards, etc.

 Keyboard: The keyboard is an effective device for entering non-

graphical data such as image labels associated with a graphics
display. Keyboards may also be offered with features that
facilitate entry of screen coordinates, menu selections, or
graphing functions.
 Mouse: It is an electronic device that allows us to give
instructions to our computer through a cursor that appears on the
screen and by clicking to carry out a certain action; as the mouse
rolls on the desktop, the cursor (Pointer) on the screen does the
same. Such a procedure will allow you to control, point, hold and
manipulate multiple graphical (and text) objects in one program.
 Microphone: Microphones are transducers responsible for
transforming acoustic energy into electrical energy, thus allowing
the recording, storage, transmission and electronic processing of
 audio signals. They are dual devices of the loudspeakers, both
transducers being the most significant elements in terms of the
sound characteristics that they impose on the audio signals.
 Scanner: It is an information input unit. It allows the introduction
of graphic images into the computer using a dot matrix system,
as a result of an optical scan of the document. The information is
stored in files in the form of bit maps, or in other more efficient
formats such as Jpeg or Gif.
 Digital Camera: Connects to the computer and transmits the
images it captures, which can be modified and retouched, or
retaken if something goes wrong.
 Joystick: A well-known pointing device, used mostly for computer
games, but also used for other tasks. A joystick or game stick
usually has a round or rectangular plastic base, to which a
vertical lever is attached. It is usually a relative pointing device,
which moves an object on the screen when the lever is moved
relative to the center and stops the movement when it is
released. In industrial control applications, the joystick can also
be an absolute pointing device, where each position of the
joystick marks a specific location on the screen.
 Punch Cards: 80-column manila paper card, approximately 7.5
cm. (3 inches) wide by 18 cm. (7 inches) long, into which 80
columns of data could be entered in the form of holes punched
by a hole-punching machine. These holes corresponded to
numbers, letters and other characters that could be read by a
computer equipped with a punch card reader.
B. Output: Output peripherals (S)
These are those that allow the information resulting from the
operations performed by the CPU to be emitted or output.
Output devices provide the fundamental means to externalize
and communicate the processed information and data; either
to the user or to another external source, local or remote. The
most common devices in this group are classic monitors (not
touch screen), printers, and speakers.
 Screen or Monitor: This is where the information supplied by the
computer is seen. In the most common case, it is a device based
on a cathode ray tube (CRT) like those found in televisions, while
in laptops it is a flat liquid crystal display (LCD).
 Printer: is the peripheral that the computer uses to present
printed information on paper. The first printers were created
many years before the PC and even before monitors, being the
most common method for presenting the results of calculations
on those primitive computers.
 Speakers: Devices through which sounds are emitted from the
sound card. There are currently quite a few examples that cover
the most common offerings on the market. These models range
from the simplest (a pair of stereo speakers) to the most
complicated Dolby Digital system, with no less than six speakers,
and even intermediate products with 4 or 5 speakers.
 Headphones: These are devices placed in the ear to listen to the
sounds sent by the sound card. They have the advantage that
they cannot be heard by another person, only the person using
them.
 Speakers: Computers are increasingly using them to manage
sounds, for which some type of speaker is used as an output.
Some speakers are table-top, similar to any sound device, and
others are portable (headphones). There are very varied models,
according to their design and the wattage capacity they have.

C. Input/Output: Mixed peripherals (I/O)

These are devices that can operate in both ways: input and output.
Typically, the following can be mentioned as mixed or Input/Output
peripherals: hard drives, floppy disks, magnetic tape drives,
CD/DVD readers and recorders, ZIP disks, etc. Other units also fall
into this range, with subtle differences, such as: Flash memory
cards or solid state drives, network cards, modems, video
capture/output cards, etc.
Conclusion
As you can see, there are many types of devices that the computer
uses and that are essential to be able to communicate with the
machine. A very clear example is the Keyboard and Mouse.

Over time, it has been proven that technology advances every day
in search of better things and greater comfort for the user.

For this reason, we must take into account how to use the
computer's peripheral devices to obtain the greatest benefit from
each of them and to do our work faster and with the greatest
possible comfort, in order to facilitate our daily tasks with the help of
these machines.

Literature
 Basic Computer Course, McGraw-Hill Latin American
Publishing House, SA, Author: Roa Mackenzie
 Sites visited on the Internet:
 www.google.com
 www.eduinformatica.com
 www.tecnicos.com
 www.lycos.com
 www.digitalizo.com.ar
 www.braunker.com
 www.compaq.com
 www.conozcasuhardware.com
 www.conozcasupc.com.ar
 www.espe.edu.ec
 www.ipn.mx
 www.microsoft.com