Chapter 1 of C++ How to Program, 10/e

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 C++—a powerful computer programming language
that’s appropriate for technically oriented people with
little or no programming experience, and for
experienced programmers to use in building substantial
information systems.
 You’ll write instructions commanding computers to
perform those kinds of tasks.
 Software (i.e., the instructions you write) controls
hardware (i.e., computers).
 You’ll learn object-oriented programming—today’s key
programming methodology.
 You’ll create many software objects in the real world.

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 C++ is one of today’s most popular software
development languages.
 C++ is one of today’s most popular software
development languages.
 C++11 and C++14 are the latest versions
standardized through the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

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 Programmers write instructions in various
programming languages, some directly
understandable by computers and others requiring
intermediate translation steps.
 These may be divided into three general types:
◦ Machine languages
◦ Assembly languages
◦ High-level languages

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Machine Languages
 Any computer can directly understand only its own
machine language (also called machine code), defined by
its hardware architecture.
 Machine languages generally consist of numbers
(ultimately reduced to 1s and 0s). Such languages are
cumbersome for humans.

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Assembly Languages
 English-like abbreviations to represent elementary
operations. These abbreviations formed the basis of
assembly languages.
 Translator programs called assemblers were developed
to convert early assembly-language programs to
machine language.

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High-Level Languages
 To speed up the programming process further, high-level
languages were developed in which single statements
could be written to accomplish substantial tasks.
 Translator programs called compilers convert high-level
language programs into machine language.
 Allow you to write instructions that look more like
everyday English and contain commonly used
mathematical expressions.

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 Compiling a high-level language program into
machine language can take a considerable amount
of computer time.
 Interpreter programs were developed to execute
high-level language programs directly (without the
need for compilation), although more slowly than
compiled programs.
 Scripting languages such as the popular web
languages JavaScript and PHP are processed by
interpreters.

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 C was implemented in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell
Laboratories.
◦ Initially became widely known as the UNIX operating system’s
development language.
◦ Today, most of the code for general-purpose operating systems is
written in C or C++.
 C++ evolved from C, which is available for most
computers and is hardware independent.

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 C11
◦ Latest ANSI standard for the language.
◦ Developed to evolve the C language to keep pace with increasingly
powerful hardware and ever more demanding user requirements.
◦ Makes C more consistent with C++.
 C++, an extension of C, was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
in 1979 at Bell Laboratories.
 C++ provides a number of features that “spruce up” the C
language.
 C++ also provides capabilities for object-oriented
programming that were inspired by the Simula simulation
programming language.

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 C++ Standard Library
◦ C++ programs consist of pieces called classes and functions.
◦ Most C++ programmers take advantage of the rich
collections of classes and functions in the C++ Standard
Library.
◦ Two parts to learning the C++ “world.”
 The C++ language itself (the core language), and
 How to use the classes and functions in the C++ Standard
Library.
◦ Many special-purpose class libraries are supplied by
independent software vendors.

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 In this section, we provide brief comments on
several popular programming languages (Fig. 1.5).

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 C++ systems generally consist of three parts: a
program development environment, the language
and the C++ Standard Library.
 C++ programs typically go through six phases: edit,
preprocess, compile, link, load and execute.

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 Phase 1 consists of editing a file with an editor
program, normally known simply as an editor.
◦ Type a C++ program (source code) using the editor.
◦ Make any necessary corrections.
◦ Save the program.
◦ C++ source code filenames often end with the .cpp, .cxx,
.cc or .C extensions, which indicate that a file contains
C++ source code.

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 Linux editors: vi and emacs.
 You can also use a simple text editor, such as
Notepad in Windows, to write your C++ code.
 integrated development environments (IDEs)
◦ Provide tools that support the software-development
process, including editors for writing and editing programs
and debuggers for locating logic errors—errors that cause
programs to execute incorrectly.

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 Popular IDEs
◦ Microsoft® Visual Studio 2015 Community Edition
◦ NetBeans
◦ Eclipse
◦ Apple’s Xcode
◦ CodeLite
◦ Clion

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 In phase 2, you give the command to compile the
program.
◦ A preprocessor program executes automatically before the
compiler’s translation phase begins (so we call
preprocessing Phase 2 and compiling Phase 3).
◦ The C++ preprocessor obeys commands called
preprocessing directives, which indicate that certain
manipulations are to be performed on the program before
compilation.
◦ These manipulations usually include (copy into the
program file) other text files to be compiled, and perform
various text replacements.

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 In Phase 3, the compiler translates the C++ program
into machine-language code—also referred to as
object code.

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 Phase 4 is called linking.
◦ The object code produced by the C++ compiler typically
contains “holes” due to these missing parts.
◦ A linker links the object code with the code for the missing
functions to produce an executable program.
◦ If the program compiles and links correctly, an executable
image is produced.

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 Phase 5 is called loading.
◦ Before a program can be executed, it must first be placed in
memory.
◦ This is done by the loader, which takes the executable
image from disk and transfers it to memory.
◦ Additional components from shared libraries that support
the program are also loaded.

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 Phase 6: Execution
◦ Finally, the computer, under the control of its CPU, executes
the program one instruction at a time.
◦ Some modern computer architectures often execute several
instructions in parallel.

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 Problems That May Occur at Execution Time
◦ Programs might not work on the first try.
◦ Each of the preceding phases can fail because of various
errors that we’ll discuss throughout this book.
◦ If this occurred, you’d have to return to the edit phase,
make the necessary corrections and proceed through the
remaining phases again to determine that the corrections
fixed the problem(s).
◦ Most programs in C++ input or output data.

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◦ Certain C++ functions take their input from cin (the
standard input stream; pronounced “see-in”), which is
normally the keyboard, but cin can be redirected to
another device.
◦ Data is often output to cout (the standard output stream;
pronounced “see-out”), which is normally the computer
screen, but cout can be redirected to another device.
◦ When we say that a program prints a result, we normally
mean that the result is displayed on a screen.

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◦ Data may be output to other devices, such as disks,
hardcopy printers or even transmitted over the Internet.
◦ There is also a standard error stream referred to as cerr.
The cerr stream is used for displaying error messages.

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 In this section, you’ll compile, run and interact with
your first C++ application.
◦ Guess-the-number game, which picks a number from 1 to
1000 and prompts you to guess it.
◦ If your guess is correct, the game ends.
◦ If your guess is not correct, the application indicates
whether your guess is higher or lower than the correct
number. There is no limit on the number of guesses you can
make.

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 [Note: For this test drive only, we’ve modified this
application from the exercise you’ll be asked to
create in Chapter 6, Functions and an Introduction
to Recursion. Normally this application randomly
selects the correct answer as you execute the
program. The modified application uses the same
correct answer every time the program executes
(though this may vary by compiler), so you can use
the same guesses we use in this section and see the
same results as we walk you through interacting
with your first C++ application.]

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 In this section, you’ll run a C++ program on
Windows using Microsoft Visual Studio 2015
Community Edition.
 There are several versions of Visual Studio
available—on some versions, the options, menus
and instructions we present might differ slightly.
From this point forward, we’ll refer to Visual Studio
2015 Community Edition simply as “Visual Studio”
or “the IDE.”

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 Step 1: Checking Your Setup
◦ It’s important to read this book’s Before You Begin section
to make sure that you’ve installed Visual Studio and copied
the book’s examples to your hard drive correctly.

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 Step 2: Launching Visual Studio
◦ Open Visual Studio from the Start menu.
◦ The IDE displays the Start Page (Fig. 1.12), which provides
links for creating new programs, opening existing
programs and learning about the IDE and various
programming topics.
◦ Close this window for now by clicking the X in its tab—you
can access this window any time by selecting View > Start
Page.
 We use the > character to indicate selecting a menu item from a
menu. For example, the notation File > Open indicates that you
should select the Open menu item from the File menu.

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 Step 3: Creating a Project
◦ A project is a group of related files, such as the C++ source-
code files that compose an application.
◦ Visual Studio organizes applications into projects and
solutions, which contain one or more projects.
◦ Multiple-project solutions are used to create large-scale
applications.
◦ Each application in this book will be a solution containing a
single project.

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 Step 3: Creating a Project
◦ This book’s examples are Win32 Console Application
projects that you’ll execute from the IDE.
◦ Select File > New > Project….
◦ At the New Project dialog’s left side, select the category
Installed > Templates > Visual C++ > Win32 (Fig. 1.13).

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 Step 3: Creating a Project
◦ In the New Project dialog’s middle section, select Win32
Console Application.
◦ Provide a name for your project in the Name field—we
specified Guess Number—then click OK to display the
Win32 Application Wizard window, then click Next > to
display the Application Settings step.
◦ Configure the settings as shown in Fig. 1.14 to create a
solution containing an empty project, then click Finish.

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 Step 3: Creating a Project
◦ At this point, the IDE opens the window in Fig. 1.15 and
creates your project and places its folder in
 C:\Users\YourUserAccount\Documents\Visual Studio
2015\Projects
◦ This window displays editors as tabbed windows (one for
each file) when you’re editing code.
◦ Also displayed is the Solution Explorer in which you can
view and manage your application’s files. You’ll typically
place each program’s code files in the Source Files folder.
◦ If the Solution Explorer is not displayed, you can display it
by selecting View > Solution Explorer.

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 Step 4: Adding the GuessNumber.cpp File into the
Project
◦ Next, add GuessNumber.cpp to the project you created in
Step 3.
◦ In Windows Explorer (Windows 7) or File Explorer
(Windows 8 and 10), open the ch01 folder in the book’s
examples folder, then drag GuessNumber.cpp onto the
Source Files folder in the Solution Explorer.

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 Step 5: Compiling and Running the Project
◦ To compile and run the project so you can test-drive the
application, select Debug > Start without debugging or
simply type Ctrl + F5.
◦ If the program compiles correctly, the IDE opens a
Command Prompt window and executes the program (Fig.
1.16)
 We changed the Command Prompt’s color scheme to make
the screen captures more readable.
◦ The application displays "Please type your first guess.",
then displays a question mark (?) as a prompt on the next
line.

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 Step 6: Entering Your First Guess
◦ Type 500 and press Enter.
◦ The application displays "Too high. Try again." (Fig. 1.17),
meaning that the value you entered is greater than the
number the application chose as the correct guess.

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 Step 7: Entering Another Guess
◦ At the next prompt, enter 250 (Fig. 1.18).
◦ The application displays "Too high. Try again.", because the
value you entered once again is greater than the correct
guess.

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 Step 8: Entering Additional Guesses
◦ Continue to play the game (Fig. 1.19) by entering values
until you guess the correct number.
◦ When you guess correctly, the application displays
"Excellent! You guessed the number."

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 Step 9: Playing the Game Again or Exiting the
Application
◦ After you guess the correct number, the application asks if
you’d like to play another game.
◦ At the "Would you like to play again (y or n)?" prompt,
entering the one character y causes the application to
choose a new number and displays the message "Please
type your first guess." followed by a question-mark prompt
so you can make your first guess in the new game.
◦ Entering the character n terminates the application.
◦ Each time you execute this application from the beginning
(Step 5), it will choose the same numbers for you to guess.

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 C++11 (formerly called C++0x) was published by
ISO/IEC in 2011.
 The main goals were to
◦ make C++ easier to learn,
◦ improve library building capabilities
◦ increase compatibility with the C programming language.
 This version of the standard extended the C++
Standard Library and includes several features and
enhancements to improve performance and
security.

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 The current C++ standard, C++14, was published by
ISO/IEC in 2014.
 Added several language features and C++ Standard
Library enhancements, and fixed bugs from C++11.
 For a list of C++11 and C++14 features and the
compilers that support them, visit
◦ http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support
 The next version of the C++ standard, C++17, is
currently under development.
◦ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B17

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