Analysis of Losses and Voltage in Distribution System with DG
Integration in a Practical system
units are attracting the utility and
ABSTRACT consumers to use it largely in distribution
system, to get more benefit from this like
Along with population growth and welfare reduced power losses, increased reliability
advancements, there is an increasing and maintain voltage stability. To get more
demand for electrical energy. However, benefits from DGs, it is necessary to find
out its proper size and position. In this
fossil fuels, which are used to generate
paper a new analytical method is used to
electricity, are becoming less and less
calculate the losss sensitivity factor at the
available, so there is a need for other buses, which is used to find best size and
alternative resources. There are various location of DG to increase the performance
limitations that limit the widespread of distribution system. The mainly used DG
application of renewable energy units i.e. PV unit and shunt capacitor for
utilization. One attempt is to place a analysis of proposed method in one of the
generator, also known as distributed practical feeder with 41-bus emanating
generation (DG), near the load in the from 110/11KV Alkola substation in
distribution line. The placement and size Shivamogga, Karnataka, India. The loss
of DG should be carefully considered sensitivity factor method is used to find
optimal position and size of DG in the
when using it to minimize network losses
practical system. Power World Simulator
and improve the voltage profile. Therefore,
(PWS) software is used to model the
the goal of this study is to optimize the practical feeder and simulated results are
capacity and location of the DG, which are analysed for voltage magnitude and system
determined using the loss sensitivity factor losses. The result indicates that optimall
method in response to variations in load. position and size of DG will recover the
Optimization was done to increase and voltage profile in the system within the
decrease loads in percentage. As a suitable limits and system losses are
consequence, losses may be reduced and reduced.
the voltage profile stays within the Index-Terms: Distributed_generation, Optimum
sizee, Optimum position, Power loss, Sensitivity
necessary bounds. Less load results in factor, Shunt capacitor, Voltage stability.
more stable voltage and smaller losses; on
the other hand, more load causes more
voltage fluctuation.
1. INTRODUCTION
In present days power systems are more
complex and highly stressed due to rise in The Power system includes generation,
population and it requires more electrical Transmission and Distribution stations. The
demands. Presently the distribution losses power is supplied to consumers by distribution
in India are approximately 25–30%.In system, this control and operation of
recent days Distributed Generation (DG) distribution system is becoming more
complicated due to drastic variation of load on respect to costs of remaining renewable
the system. In general distribution system is energy sources. The government is promoting
connected is radial configuration. The R/X this use of solar energy by providing financial
ratio is more in radial system which leads to support and installation of solar panel for
more voltage drop and significant power loss. residential purpose are simple with no
Due to continuous increase in load in the intervention for human existence [5][6].
system, the source has to supply this load The DG’s are grouped into four types
current which leads to more drops in voltage depending on its delivering capacity of real
and increase in losses. This increase in voltage and reactive power into system.
drop and system losses reduces distribution “Type1: DG capable of delivering both active
system performance [1]. and reactive power (ex. synchronous
Currently Distributed Generation (DG) machine).
technologies are attracting the researchers as Type2: This type of DG is capable of
an alternative solution for the conventional delivering only active power (ex. module,
power supply from the central grid in order to micro turbines, and fuel cells)
reduce voltage drop and minimise the losses. Type3: DG capable of delivering only reactive
Distribution Generation (DG) is also called as power (ex. capacitor banks).
dispersed generation which is small scale Type4: DG capable of delivering active power
generation and mainly connected at the but consuming reactive power (ex. induction
consumer end in the distribution system [2]. generators, which are used in wind farms)”
This DG technology can supply electricity [7].
from sources which includes renewable and Numerous methods have been found in order
non-renewable energy sources. The renewable to determine optimal DG position by means of
energy sources are small hydro, geothermal, either analytical or heuristic optimization
wind, biomass, solar and cogeneration. The techniques. In [8], optimal DG positions are
non-renewable energy sources are gas found by determining critical buses using
turbines, fuel cell, reciprocating engines and power stability index. In [9] modified voltage
micro-turbines. The emission from most of index is used to find and increase voltage
these sources is less so it’s good for stability margin in the system and optimization
environment and reduces the voltage drop and difficulty is solved by mixed-integer nonlinear
minimise losses [3]. The more benefits from programming technique. In [10] the particle
these DGs can be obtained by finding the best swarm optimization (PSO) which is heuristic
placement along with proper DG size in the optimization techniques is used to find the size
distribution-network which includes increase and position of multi DGs by taking into
in voltage stability and reduction in losses, account multi-objective index. In [11] the
power quality improvement, reduced cuckoo search algorithm and in [12] GA
transmission and distribution congestion which algorithm are used as heuristic optimization
intern reduces the overall cost. Different techniques in order to solve the optimal DG
factors has to be measured for finding the best placement difficulty.
possible size and position of the DG such as Many researchers have done work for
DG incursion level, its position ambiguity, and determining best possible placement and
changing power from DG’s [4].Out of every sizing of PV generation by considering power
available renewable sources, the use of energy loss reduction and voltage stability
from solar is increasing day by day due to improvement. In [13], in order to determine
many advantages such as its environmental optimum placement of PV and wind turbine
friendly, available in abundant, its operating PSO technique was used. In [14], VSI method
and maintenance costs are low and cost of is used to find optimal location of DG and
solar panels are decreasing day by day with artificial bee-colony optimization method is
proposed to find optimal sizing of hybrid
PV/wind turbine/fuel cell.
The most important idea of this work is to
study the one of the realistic distribution
feeder in Shivamogga, Karnataka, India. This
distribution feeder is having low voltage
profile, high energy losses, and more power
interruptions and congestion in the feeder. The
best possible position and size of DG will
decrease losses in the system and pick up the
voltage profile to stay within the suitable
limits and thereby maintain voltage stability in Fig.1 Voltage profile of Practical Devikathikoppa
the system. 41-bus distribution feeder
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3. PROPOSED ANALYSIS METHOD
This manuscript investigate a practical In our analysis, sensitivity factor
distribution system called “Devikathikoppa method is used to calculate best possible size
feeder” emanating from 110/11 KV Alkola and position of DG using power world
substation, situated in Shivamogga in simulator software in order to decrease the
Karnataka,, India. The feeder is having peak losses and progress the voltages of various
load of 1.977 MW and 0.617 MVAR with 41 buses which maintain the voltage stability of
distribution transformers (DTC).The load on the system. For a given system, when size of
the distribution system increases with time due DG is varied from PDG1 to PDG2 and the
to rise in population. As load demand consequent change in power loss is
increases, if system is unable to supply the correspondingly PL1 to PL2, then formula to
increase in load the voltage reduces in the find the sensitivity factor is,
system and due high current drawn the losses
also increase in system. The consumer at the
last bus will face the voltage stability problem
i.e. voltage profile is not within the acceptable
limits therefore there is a decline in benefits of
In this analysis, to reduce the number
distribution system. The DG placed at the
of search space in the system the Sensitivity
consumer end will improve the voltage profile
factors are calculated for every bus using
at the buses and decrease the total loss in the
above equation. Out of which the bus with
system. This paper analyses main problems
maximum sensitivity is recognized and all
faced by the practical distribution consumer’s
other buses with sensitivity factors very near
i.e. reduced supply of voltage and more system
to the highest value are selected for analysis.
losses. The voltage curve of the present
Then at all these selected buses, vary the DG
“Devikathikoppa feeder" is shown in Fig.1.
size in large step value to find power loss. The
During study, the standard voltage limit is
bus which gives minimum loss for various DG
considered as 6% variable i.e. Vmin=0.94 p.u
size is best position and corresponding
and Vmax=1.06 p.u.In subsequent part, we will
generationn is the optimum DG size [15].
show how optimum size and position of DG
impacts on voltage level of interconnecting
4. STEPS USED IN PWS SOFTWARE TO
buses.
CARRY OUT SIMULATION
The main aim of this sensitivity factor method real-power loss of the system is 0.1334 MW,
is to discover best place and size of a DG unit reactive-power loss is 0.096 MVAR and
to decrease the power losses and get better minimum bus voltage is 0.8967 p.u at peak
voltage in the system. load.
The following Different casessare considered
“The following steps are carried out to model as below
the test system in the power world simulator Case-1: Integration of DG units alone.
Case-2: Integration of capacitor only.
1. Draw the buses and enter the data.
Case-3: Incorporation of DG and capacitor
2. Draw the transmission lines,
simultaneously.
generators, load and enter the data as
given in the test system.
3. Now run the model and study the
voltage at all the buses and total losses
in the system without DG.
4. Determine the sensitivity of each bus
with small penetration of DG and list
the most sensitive buses
5. Select a bus from the list and calculate
power loss for large variation of DG
size
6. Make sure whether all sensitive buses
have been analyzed
7. Find the bus which has minimum
power loss and its corresponding DG
size Fig.2. 41- bus practical Devikathikoppa
8. Find the voltages at all the buses with distribution feeder
optimum DG size and location
9. Analyze the voltage stability of the
system.
Case 1: Integration of only DG (solar PV
10. If the voltage stability is not module) unit
maintained at all the buses then
The simulation diagram of Devikathikoppa
increase the DG size at a optimum
feeder in PWS is shown in Fig.-3.The
location until the voltage stability
projected loss sensitivity factor technique is
is maintained”[15]. used to find the optimallplacement and sizing
5. SIMULATION RESULTS of DG. The optimal placement obtained using
this method is at bus 18 and size of DG is 30%
5.1 .Devikathikoppa 41-bus Practical of the total generation obtained without DG
distribution system, Shivamogga from central grid. The optimal DG location
obtained from this method is at bus-18 with
The practical “Devikathikoppa feeder” is
DG size of 0.633 MW.
shown in fig-2 which is a 11 kV distribution
The results, before and after DG placement,
feeder having total 41-bus with bus-1 is the
are shown in Table 1. After DG placement the
slack bus and is modelled and simulated in
real power loss is reduced to 0.0783MW from
power world simulator software and voltagee
0.1334 MW, reactive-power loss is reduced to
stability and system losses are analyzed with
0.0589MVAR from 0.096MVAR and lowest
and without placement of DG. Without DG
voltage at bus is also improved to 0.9401 p u capacitor is 0.214 MVAR at bus-16. From
from 0.8967 p u. Table 1, it can be seen that following DG and
capacitor placement, the percentage real and
reactive power loss drop of the practical
system are 46.85 % and 48.12 %,
correspondingly. The least bus voltage is also
enhanced to 0.9431 pu from 0.8657 pu.
Table.1. Loss reduction Analysis
With DG Capacitor DG &
Cases out Only Only Capacitor
DG
DG location at - 18 18 18 & 16
bus
Active power - 0.633 0 0.633
supplied by DG
in MW
Reactive power - 0 0.214 0.214
supplied by DG
in MVAr
Active power 0.1334 0.0783 0.1188 0.0709
Loss in MW
Reactive power 0.096 0.0589 0.088 0.0498
Loss in MVAr
Fig. 3. Devikathikoppa feeder is modelled in P Loss - 41.30 10.94 46.85
PWSS with Optimal-position and size of DG. reduction in %
Q Loss - 38.64 8.33 48.12
reduction in %
By placing DG the system real and reactive
power losses are reduced to 41.30 % and 38.54 Comparison of voltage profile for 41-bus
respectively, voltage profiles at all the buses practical distribution system for various cases
are within the acceptable limits are shown in fig -4..It can be seen from Fig 4
(0.94<Vi<1.06) which intern improves the that after simultaneoussposition of DG and
voltage stability of the system. capacitor the voltage profile of each bus is
within the allowable limit.
Case 2: Integration of only capacitor.
The-optimal size and location of shunt
capacitor unit for 41- bus system is calculated
by proposed technique and it is0.214MVAR at
bus-18. After capacitor placement the real-
power loss is reduced to 0.1188MW from
0.1334MW, reactive-power loss is reduced to
0.088MVAR from 0.096MVAR and minimum
bus voltagee is also improved to 0.9166 p u
from 0.8967 p u.The results are shown in
Table 1.
Case 3: Integration of DG and capacitor Fig 4. Voltage_Profile of practical 41-bus
simultaneously. distribution-system for different cases.
In this case both DG and capacitor are located The real power loss and reactive power loss
for different cases are shown in fig 5,and fig 6
simultaneously, the optimal size of DG is
respectively.The figure shows that more
0.633 MW at bus-18 and optimal size of reduction in real and reactive power losses
occurs when we place DG and combination of reduction of the practical system are 46.85 %
DG and capacitor in the distribution system.. and 48.12 %, respectively and voltage profile
at all the buses are within the acceptable
limits. The consumers or utility companies are
encouraged to set up a rooftop solar PV system
at the load side after analysing the results of
practical distribution system.
.
Fig 5. Real-power loss of practical 41-bus
distribution system with different cases.
Fig 6. Reactive-power loss of practical 41-bus
distribution-system for differentt cases
6. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
This work analyse a practical-distribution
feeder called “Devikathikoppa feeder” [1]. Ali M. Eltamaly, Yehia Sayed Mohamed”
emanating from 110/11 KV Alkola substation, Impact of distributed generation (dg) on the
positioned in Shivamogga. The feeder has 41- distribution system network” International
bus with peak load of 1.977 MW and 0.617 Journal of Engineering Science · April 2019
MVAR. New technique based on loss [2].Singh, Bindeshwar, Sharma, Janmejay,
sensitivity-factor is implemented to minimise 2017. A review on distributed generation
total power loss and improve voltage profile of planning. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 76,
RDS by optimal position and sizing of DG and 529–544.
capacitor by considering various operating [3] Ackermann, T.; Andersson, G.; Soder, L.
conditions. To test the effects of the proposed (2000), Distributed generation: a
method, it is tested on 41-bus real distribution definition,”Electric Power System Research,
system of Devikathikoppa feeder in Vol. 57, pp. 195-204.
Shivamogga city. The result shows that once [4]V.Satya Narashiman Arava, Venkateshwara
DG and shunt capacitor allotment is done, the Rao Shesmatti ,Voltage profile and loss
percentage real and reactive power loss analysis of radial distribution system in
presence of embedded generator with a case Siting and Sizing of Distributed Generation,"
study in MI-power, IEEE-2013. Proceedings of the 14th International Middle
[5]Akash .T. Davda, Brain Azzopardi, East Power Systems Conference, Cairo
Bhupendra .R.parekh, Mansard Desai , University, Egypt., pp. 433-440, 2010.
Dispersed Generation enable loss reduction [13]Kayal P, Chanda C K. Placement of wind
and voltage profile improvement in and solar based DGs in distribution system for
distribution network- A case study, Gujarat, power loss minimization and voltage stability
India, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, improvement. Journal on Electrical Power and
Vol.9,No.4, November 2013. Energy Systems 53, pp. 795-809, 2013.
[6]. P. Dondi, D. Bayoumi, C. Haederli, D. [14]Nasiraghdam H, and Jadid S. Optimal
Julian, and M. Suter, "Network integration of hybrid PV/WT/FC sizing and distribution
distributed power generation," J. Power system reconfiguration using multi-objective
Sources,vol. 106, pp. 1-9, 2002 artificial bee colony algorithm. Journal on
[7]. Mohan Kashyap, Satish Kansal and Raisa Solar Energy, 86, pp. 3057-71, 2012.
Kansal “optimal placement of multiple [15]. Rudresha S J, Dr. Shekhappa G.
type dgs in radial distribution system using Ankaliki, Dr.T. Ananthapadmanabha “Voltage
sensitivity based approach” International stability Analysis and Loss Minimization with
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Integration of Different Types of DGs into the
Technology (IJEET) Volume 9, Issue 3, May- Distribution system” IJSDR, Volume 4, Issue
June 2018, pp. 192–198. 12, pp.185-189, December -2019
[8] Aman M M, Jasmon G B, Mokhlis H,
Bakar A H A. Optimal placement and sizing of
DG based on a new power stability index and
line losses. Electrical Power and Energy
Systems,43, pp. 1296-1304, 2012.
[9] Al Abri R S, El-Saadany Ehab F, Atwa
Yasser M. Optimal placement and sizing
method to improve the voltage stability margin
in a distribution system using distributed
generation. IEEE Transaction on Power
Systems, 28(1), pp. 326-34, 2013.
[10] Kaviani-Arani A. Optimal placement and
sizing of distributed generation units using co-
evolutionary particle swarm optimization
algorithms. Indonesian Journal of Electrical
Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 247 ~ 256,
2015.
[11]Moravej Z, Akhlaghi A. A novel approach
based on cuckoo search for DG allocation in
distribution network. Electric Power Energy
Systems, 44, pp.672-679, 2013.
[12] K.M.Shebl, M. E. Khazendar, and A. E.
Husseiny, "Genetic Algorithm for Optimum
