LESSON 3: FUNCTIONS

This lesson contains the following topics:

1. Function
2. Difference Between Relation and Function
3. Terminologies of a Function
4. Identifying Functions
5. Determining the Domain and Range of a Function
6. Evaluating a Function
7. Function Operations
8. The Difference Quotient
9. Application of Function Operations
10. Determining the Domain and Range of a Function Graphically
11. Types of a Function

WEEK Learning Objectives

Date of Submission: 1. Determine whether a relation is a function.

June 7-11, 2021 2. Identify the graph of a function.
3. Determine the domain of a function and the range of a function.
4. Determine whether a graph is that of a function by using a vertical
line test.
5. Use function notation and evaluate functions.
6. Define and explain functional relationship as a mathematical model
of situation
7. Represent real-life situations using functions.
 Name Date :

Year & Sec.

Score:
Activity #3.1 Pretest

Direction: Choose the best answer among the options. Write the letter only on the blanks at the left column.
______1. What do you call a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range by some rules?
a) Function c) Domain
b) Range d) Independent
______2. In the function y = f(x), ‘f’is classified as
a) Name of function c) Upper limit of function
b) Value of function d) Lower limit of function
______3. Which of the following relations is/are function/s?
a) x = {(1,2), (3,4), (1,7), (5,1)} c) h = {(4,1), (2,3), (2, 6), (7, 2)}
b) g = {(3,2), (2,1), (8,2), (5,7)} d) y = {(2,9), (3,4), (9,2), (6,7)}
______4. In the function y = f(x), the ‘y’is classified as
a) Dependent variable c) Upper limit variable
b) Lower limit variable d) Independent variable
______5. In a relation, what do you call the set of x values or the input?
a) Piecewise c) Domain
b) Range d) Dependent
______6. To state the function that value of variable y is determined by variable of x is written as
a) f = (x)y c) y = f(x)
b) x = (f)y d) f = (y)x
______7. What is the range of the function shown by the diagram?
a) R:{3, 2, 1}
b) R:{a, b}
c) R:{3, 2, 1, a, b}
d) R:{all real numbers}
______8. Which of the following tables represent a function?

______9. The function written as y = f(x) = a1x + a0 is general form of

a) Linear function c) Variate function
b) Variable function d) Constant function

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______10. Which of the following real-life relationships represent a function?
a) The rule which assigns to each person the name of his aunt.
b) The rule which assigns to each person the name of his father.
c) The rule which assigns to each cellular phone unit to its phone number.
d) The rule which assigns to each person a name of his pet.
______11. Which of the following relations is NOT a function?
a) The rule which assigns a capital city to each province.
b) The rule which assigns a President to each country.
c) The rule which assigns religion to each person.
d) The rule which assigns tourist spot to each province.
______12. The notation of mapping input values to output values is written as
a) f: x  y c) x: y  f
b) f: y  x d) y: x  f
______13. A person is earning ₱500.00 per day for doing a certain job. Which of the following expresses the total salary S as a
function of the number n of days that the person works?
a) 𝑆(𝑛) = 500 + 𝑛 c) 𝑆(𝑛) = 500𝑛
500
b) 𝑆(𝑛) = d) 𝑆(𝑛) = 500 − 𝑛
𝑛

______14. Consider the function y = 12 + 3x, if value of x = -2 then the value of 'y' is
a) -18 c) -6
b) 6 d) 18
For number 15 - 16 use the problem below.
Johnny was paid a fixed rate of ₱ 100 a day for working in a Computer Shop and an additional ₱5.00 for every
typing job he made.
______15. How much would he pay for a 5 typing job he made for a day?
a) ₱55.00 c) ₱125.00
b) ₱175.50 d) ₱170.00
______16. Find the fare function f(x) where x represents the number of typing job he made for the day.
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 100 + 5𝑥 c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 100𝑥
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 100 − 5𝑥 d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 100 / 5x
______17. A function or mapping (Defined as f:X Y) is a relationship from elements of one set X to elements of another set Y,
then X is called?
a) Co-domain c) Domain
b) Pre-image d) Image of function
______18. A function cannot be?
a) One to one c) One to many
b) Many to one d) All of the above
______19. Which of the following is not a function?
a) {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6)} c) {(1,2), (1,4), (2,5), (3,8)}
b) {(-1,1), (-2,4), (2,4)} d) {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)}
______20. Let f and g be the function from the set of integers to itself, defined by f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 4. Then the
composition of f and g is ____________
a) 6x + 9 c) 6x + 3
b) 6x + 7 d) 6x + 8

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FUNCTIONS
Definition 1:
 A relation is a correspondence between two variables. A relation can be expressed through a set of ordered pairs, a
graph, a table, or an equation.
 A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs is called the domain of the
relation, and the set of all second elements is called the range.

 A set containing ordered pairs (x; y) defines y as a function of x if and only if no two ordered pairs in the set have
the same x-coordinate. In other words, every input maps to exactly one output.
 We write y = f(x) and say “y is a function of x.” For the function defined by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),
o x is the independent variable (also known as the input)
o y is the dependent variable (also known as the output)
o f is the function name
For Example 1: Determine whether or not each of the following represents a function.
Chicken Name Egg Color
Emma Turquoise
Hazel Light Brown
George Chocolate Brown
Isabela White
Yvonne Light Brown

 This table defines a function. For each input, there is exactly one output. More specifically, if you are told the name of
the chicken, you know for certain what the egg color will be.
For Example 2: Determine whether or not each of the following represents a function.
Egg Color Chicken Name
Turquoise Emma
Light Brown Hazel
Chocolate Brown George
White Isabela
Light Brown Yvonne

 This DOES NOT define a function. For every input, there is not exactly one output. More specifically, if you are
told the color is Light Brown, you have no way of knowing if the egg belongs to Hazel or Yvonne.

Definition 2:
 A function is a relation or rule of correspondence between two elements (domain and range) such that each element
in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range.
 Let A and B be two non-empty sets, if each element a A is associated with a unique element b B, under a rule
f, then the relation is called a function.
 It is a connection between two sets A and B such that;
o All elements in A are associated to some elements of B.
o This association is unique
 Denotation of Set f: A  B, f is a mapping from A to B.

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Arrow Diagram:
Teacher  All elements in A is associated to some elements in B.
A B
 The association is unique, that is, elements in A is associated with one and only one elements in
1 a
B.
2 b  It is a function
3 c

4 d

5 e
.
Student Male

For Example 1:
A B

1 1
f(1) = 1

2 4 f(2) = 4
f(3) = 9
3 9

 All elements in A are associated to some elements of B.

 The association is unique.
 ∴ It is a function
For Example 2:
A B

1  All elements in A is not associated to some elements in B.

a
2  ∴ it is NOT a Function
b
3
c
4
d
5

For Example 3:
A B
f(a) = 3 √
a 1
f(b) = 1,2 x
b 2 f(c) = 4 √

c 3
f(d) = 4 √

d 4

First Condition to become a Function

o All elements in A must be associated with the elements of B √
Second Condition
o All elements of A should be associated with unique elements of B x
The first condition was meet, however the second condition is not since f(b) is not a unique element of B such that f(b) = 1,2

 ∴ it is NOT a Function since one of the condition was not meet.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RELATION AND FUNCTION
1. A relationship between the objects or some set of information is called the relation. But, a well defined relation is called
a function.
2. In any relation, an input can have more than one output but in function, this is not possible. In function, there is one to
one correspondence between the inputs and outputs. For example, { (1,2), (3,4), (3,5), (4,1) } is not a function since there
is two ordered pairs which have the same first element 3.
3. In a relation, if there is none of the ordered pair present in the relation which have same first element, then that relation
is known as function.

4. With the help of function, we have come to know about the dependence between the independent variable and the
dependent variable but not in relation.

TERMINOLOGIES OF A FUNCTION
For Example:
A f B
Image – is the 2nd set elements associated with first set elements.
5
Image of 1 = 5
1
6 Image of 2 = 7
2
7 Image of 3 = 8
3
8
Image of 4 = 6
4 Pre-image – is the 1st set elements associated with 2nd set elements.
9
Pre-image of 5 = 1
Pre-image of 6 = 4
Pre-image of 7 = 2
Pre-image of 8 = 3
Pre-image of 9 = None
Domain – for f: A  B, A is called the domain of f.
D = {1, 2, 3, 4} = A
Co-domain – for f: AB, B is called to co-domain of f.
CD = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = B
Range – the set of f- images of value of A is called range.
R = {5, 6, 7, 8}

NUMERICAL DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION

Definition:
 The domain of a function is the set of all possible inputs.
 The range of a function is the set of all possible outputs.
 The largest possible set for each the domain and the range is the set of all real numbers. So far, there are two possible
circumstances that restrict the domain of a function. When a number causes either of the following to occur, it must be
excluded from the domain of a function:
o Division by zero (Denominator ≠ 0)
o The square root (or any even root) of a negative number. √𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛; exp ≥ 0 (In Numerator), exp > 0 (In
Denominator)

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Finding the Domain:
Solve the equation for y in terms of x
1. If y is a polynomial, the domain is the set of real numbers.
2. If y is a rational expression and contains an expression d(x) in the denominator, the domain is the set of real numbers,
except those values of x that make d(x) equal to 0.

3. If y contains a radical expression 𝑛√𝑟(𝑥) where n is an even natural number, the domain is the set of real numbers except
those values of x that make r(x) less than 0.
Finding the Range of a Function:
Solve the equation for x n terms of y.
1. If x is a polynomial, the range is the set of real numbers. Exclude all restrictions in the defining equation (where y is in
terms of x), if there is any.
2. If x is a rational expression and contains an expression d(x) in the denominator, the range is the set of real numbers except
those values of y that make d(y) equal to zero.
3. If y contains a radical expression 𝑛√𝑟(𝑥) where n is an even number, the range is the set of real numbers, except the
values of y that make r(y) less than 0.
For Example 1: State the domain of each of the following functions in both set-builder and interval notation.
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 +8𝑥+12

Solution:
 Since the function contains 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 in the denominator, we must exclude values of x such that 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
from the domain.
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 12 = 0; Factorization using cross method
(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
(𝑥 − 6) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2

 The domain of f is{𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 6, 2}. In interval notation, we write (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, 6) ∪ (6, ∞)
For Example 2: Find the domain of a given function:
5𝑥−1
𝑓(𝑥)  Rational Function
𝑥−3

Solution:
 Since the function contains x – 3 in the denominator, we know that we must exclude values of x such that x – 3 = 0 from
the domain.
x–3=0
x=3

 The domain of f is{𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 3}. In interval notation, we write (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)

For Example 3: Find the domain of a given function:
𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 −1
Solution:
 Since the function contains 1 + x 2 in the denominator, we know that we must exclude values of x such that x 2 – 1 = 0
from the domain.
x2 – 1 = 0
x2 = 1
±
𝒙 = √𝟏
 The domain of f is{𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ −1, 1}. In interval notation, we write (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

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For Example 4: Find the domain of a given function:
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2
Solution:
 Since this function contains a radical, we know that 𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0. Solving for x we find:
𝑥−2 ≥0
𝑥≥2 −∞ ∞
2
 The domain of f is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 2}. In interval notation, we write [2, ∞), from 2 to positive infinity.
For Example 5: Find the domain of a given function:
√𝑥 − 5
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−9
Solution:
 Since the function of f contains x – 9 in the denominator, we know that values of x such that x – 9 = 0 must be excluded
from the domain. Thus x ≠ 9.
 Furthermore, since the function also has x – 5 inside a radical, we know that x – 5≥ 0. Thus, 𝑥 ≥ 5;
 If we combined, we have, 𝑥 ≥ 5 and𝑥 ≠ 9.

 The domain of f is then, {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ |𝑥 ≥ 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 9 }. In interval notation, we write[5,9) ∪ (9, ∞).

NUMERICALS ON THE RANGE OF A FUNCTION

Steps:
1. Put y = f(x).
2. Express x as a function of y.
3. Find possible values for y (just like domain).
4. Eliminate values by looking at the definition to write the range.
For Example 1: Find the range of a given function
𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥) =
3−𝑥

Step 1: Equate with y

𝑥−2
=𝑦
3−𝑥

Step 2: Express x as a function of y (using cross multiplication)

𝑥−2
=𝑦
3−𝑥
 𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑦 + 2
 𝑥(1 + 𝑦) = 3𝑦 + 2
3𝑦+2
 𝑥=
1+𝑦

Step 3: Find possible values for y

 Since the function contains 𝟏 + 𝒚 in the denominator, we must exclude values of y such that 𝟏 + 𝒚 = 𝟎.
𝒚 = −𝟏
 The range of a function is{𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ −1}. In interval notation, we write (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞)
Step 4: Eliminate values by looking at the definition to write the range.
Range = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ −1}
(−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞). All real numbers except -1

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For Example 2: Find the range of a given function
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥−5

Step 1: Equate with y

1
=𝑦
√𝑥−5

Step 2: Express x as a function of y (using cross multiplication)

1
=𝑦
√𝑥 − 5
Square both sides
1
= 𝑦2
𝑥−5
Cross multiply
 1 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 2
 𝑥𝑦 2 = 1 + 5𝑦 2
1+ 5𝑦 2
 𝑥=
𝑦2

Step 3: Find possible values for y

1+ 5𝑦 2
 𝑥= ⇒𝑦≠0
𝑦2
Step 4: Eliminate values by looking at the definition to write the range.
Range = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ 0}

−∞ 0 ∞
 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = [0, ∞)
For Example 3: Find the range of a given function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4
Solution:
 To find the range, solve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4 for x in terms of y.
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4
𝑥2 = 𝑦 + 4
±
𝑥 = √𝑦 + 4
 For x to be real, the radicand y + 4 must be greater than or equal to 0. That is,
𝑦 + 4 ≥ 0 implies that 𝑦 ≥ −4
 Therefore, the range is
 Range = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≥ −4} or [−4, ∞)
For Example 4: Find the range of a given function
1
𝑓(𝑥) = –5
𝑥+3
Solution:
1
To find the range, solve 𝑦 = −5 for x in terms of y.
𝑥+3
1
𝑦 = −5
𝑥+3
1
𝑦 = −5
𝑥+3
1
𝑦 +5= ; cross multiply to get the value of x
𝑥+3
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑦 + 5) = 1
(𝑥+3)(𝑦+5) 1
=
(𝑦+5) (𝑦+5)
1
𝑥+3=
𝑦+5
1
𝑥= −3
𝑦+5
 Since the function contains 𝒚 + 𝟓 in the denominator, we must exclude values of y such that 𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎.
𝒚 = −𝟓
 Range = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ −5} 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, −5) ∪ (−5, ∞)
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DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION
 The domain of a function 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓𝑥 is the set of all values for which the function is defined, and the range of the function
is the set of all values that 𝑓 takes.
𝑝(𝑥)
 A rational function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = where, 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are polynomials and𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0.
𝑞(𝑥)

 The domain of a rational function consists of all the real numbers 𝑥 except those for which the denominator is 0. To find
these 𝑥 values to be excluded from the domain of a rational function, equate the denominator to zero and solve for 𝑥.
For Example:
1
 The domain of the parent function 𝑓(𝑥) = is the set of all real numbers except 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥

 The domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) =

1
𝑥−4
is the set of all real numbers except 𝑥 = 4.

For Example 1: Find the domain and range of a given function

3
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2
Finding the Domain:
Step 1: Find the value of x that will make the denominator not equal to zero.
𝑥−2≠0
𝑥−2+2 ≠ 0+2
𝑥≠2
Step 2: Write the domain in rule form or interval notation
Domain = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 2}
= (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
Finding the Range:
Step 1: Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
3
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2
3
𝑦=
𝑥−2
Step 2: Solve x in terms of y:
3
𝑦=
𝑥−2

𝑦(𝑥 − 2) = 3; Applying cross product

𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 3; Applying distributive property
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 3 + 2𝑦; Applying additional property of equality
𝑥𝑦 = 3 + 2𝑦
𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦
=
𝑦 𝑦
3 + 2𝑦
𝑥=
𝑦
Step 3: Find the value of y that makes the denominator not equal to zero; 𝑦 ≠ 0
Step 4: Write the range in value form or Interval Notation
Range: {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ 0}
Range: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

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For Example 2: Find the domain and range of a given function
𝑥+4
𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 − 12
a. Determining the domain of a function
3𝑥 − 12 ≠ 0
3𝑥 − 12 + 12 ≠ 0 + 12
3𝑥 ≠ 12
3𝑥 12
≠
3 3
𝑥 ≠4
Domain: {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 4}
(−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)
b. Determining the range of a function
𝑥+4
𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 − 12
𝑥+4
𝑦=
3𝑥 − 12
𝑦(3𝑥 − 12) = 𝑥 + 4
3𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4
3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = −12𝑦 + 4
𝑥(3𝑦 − 1) −12𝑦 + 4
=
3𝑦 − 1 3𝑦 − 1
−12𝑦 + 4
𝑥=
3𝑦 − 1
3𝑦 − 1 ≠ 0
3𝑦 − 1 + 1 ≠ 0 + 1
3𝑦 1
≠
3 3
1
𝑦≠
3
1
Range: {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ }
3
1 1
(−∞, ) ∪ ( , ∞)
3 3

For Example 3: Find the domain and range of a given function

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 4 + 3
a. Finding the domain of a function
𝑥−4≥0
𝑥−4+4 ≥ 0+4
𝑥≥4
Domain: {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 4}
[4, ∞)
b. Finding the range of a function
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ √𝑥 − 4 + 3
𝑓(4) ≥ √4 − 4 + 3
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ √0 + 3
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 + 3
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ +3
Range: {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≥ 3}
[3, ∞)

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EVALUATING A FUNCTION
When a function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑥 is called the independent variable. Any element of the domain can
be chosen as a value of the independent variable. The resulting value determines the corresponding value of the dependent variable
y.
The value of the dependent variable 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) that corresponds to a specific value of an independent variable 𝑥 is found
by substituting 𝑥 into the function rule, then, simplifying the resulting expression. Such process is called evaluating a function.
Rule in Evaluating a Function
 Replace every 𝑥 in the function rule 𝑓(𝑥) with the given replacement value, then, simplify the resulting numerical
expression.
𝑥2
For Example 1: Let (𝑥) = . Evaluate the following, simplifying each expression as much as possible.
𝑥+1

a) 𝑓(−3)
b) 𝑓(2𝑥)
c) 𝑓(𝑥 − 2)
d) 𝑓(−𝑥)
e) 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)
Solution:
To evaluate the function, simply replace 𝑥 in 𝑓(𝑥) with the given replacement value then, simplify the result.
a) If x = - 3 then
−32
𝑓(−3) =
−3 + 1
9
=−
2
b) If x = 2x then
2𝑥 2
𝑓(2𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 2
=
2𝑥 + 1
c) If x = x – 2 then
(𝑥 − 2)2
𝑓(𝑥 − 2) =
(𝑥 − 2) + 1
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
=
𝑥 −1
d) If x = -x then
(−𝑥)2
𝑓(−𝑥) =
(−𝑥) + 1
𝑥2
=
−𝑥 + 1
e) If x = x + h then
(𝑥 + ℎ)2
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) =
(𝑥 + ℎ) + 1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) =
𝑥+ℎ+1

85 | P a g e
DIFFERENCE QUOTIENT
 A very important quantity in calculus is the expression:
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒉
 Specifically, the quotient difference is connected to the rate of change, a fundamental concept in calculus.
For Example 1: Find the quotient difference for each of the following function.
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 3
Solution:
 Replace 𝑥 in the function rule with the entire expression within the parentheses, then simplify the resulting expression.
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 3(𝑥 + ℎ) − 1
= 3𝑥 + 3ℎ − 1
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 3𝑥 + 3ℎ − 1 − (3𝑥 − 1)
=
ℎ ℎ
3𝑥 + 3ℎ − 1 − 3𝑥 + 1
=
ℎ
3ℎ
=
ℎ
=3
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 3
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = √(𝑥 + ℎ) + 3

= √𝑥 + ℎ + 3
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) √𝑥 + ℎ + 3 − √𝑥 + 3
=
ℎ ℎ
IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONS (GRAPHS)

For Example: Identify the following graphs if it is a function or not.

1. Y
Solution:
 Draw a straight line parallel to Y-axis.
Y

X
X Y
0 0
1 1
-1 1 X

2 4
-2 4
 If a line such that, for a particular value of X and obtain one and only one
value of Y then it is a function.

86 | P a g e
 2. Y
X Y
0 0
1 1
X
1 -1
4 2
Solution: 4 -2
 Draw a straight line parallel to Y-axis.
Y

 This is NOT a function, since for a particular value of X there are more than one value of Y.
 This means that X values has more than one Images.

3. Y

 NOT a Function

4. Y
y = mx + c

 Function

IDENTIFYING FUNCTION (ARROW DIAGRAM/MAPPING

For Example: Determine the following mapping diagram if it is a function or not.
1. A f B
Solution:
5
2
f(2) = 5, 10
10 f(4) = 10
4 f(6) = 25
15
6 f(8) = 20
20  ∴ This is NOT a Function since element 2 have two images and not one distinct image,
8
25
hence the definition of function does not followed.

87 | P a g e
2. A B
f Solution:
a p
f(a) = p

b q f(b) = q
f(c) = r
c r
 ∴ This is a Function since all the elements in A or the domain is associated with unique
elements in B.
3. f
A B
Solution:
a l f(2) = 5, 10

b m f(4) = 10
f(6) = 25
c n
f(8) = 20
0
 ∴ This is NOT a Function since element ‘a’ in the domain have two images and
not one distinct image, hence the definition of function does not followed.
4. f
A B
Solution:
a w f(a) = w

b x f(b) = x
f(c) = y
c y
f(d) = y
d z
 ∴ This is a Function since all the elements in A or the domain is associated with unique
elements in B that is there is no double images in A.
5. A B
f Solution:
a p
f(a) = p

b q f(b) = none
f(c) = r
c r
 ∴ This is NOT a Function since all elements in A is not associated with unique
elements in B.

88 | P a g e
Name Date :

Year & Sec.

Score:
Activity #3.2 Domain and Range of a Function

PART I: Multiple Choice

Direction: Choose the best answer among the options. Write the letter only on the blanks at the left column.
______1. What is the domain of a function?
a) the maximal set of numbers for which a function is defined
b) the maximal set of numbers which a function can take values
c) it is a set of natural numbers for which a function is defined
d) none of the mentioned
______2. What is the range of a function?
a) the maximal set of numbers for which a function is defined
b) the maximal set of numbers which a function can take values
c) it is set of natural numbers for which a function is defined
d) none of the mentioned
______3. Which of the following set of ordered pairs is not a function?
a) {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)} c) {(1, 0), (0, 1), (-1, 0), (0, -1)}
b) {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} d) {(-2, 4), (-1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
𝑥
______4. What is the domain of a function 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−3

a) (−∞, −3) ∪ (3, ∞) c) (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, ∞)

b) (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞) d) All of the mentioned above
𝑥
______5. The range of a function 𝑓(𝑥) = __________.
𝑥−3

a) (−∞, −1) ∪ (3, ∞) c) (−∞, −3) ∪ (1, ∞)

b) (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞) d) (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)
______6. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2. Find the domain of the function.
a) {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ, ≥ −2} c) {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ, ≥ 2}
b) {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ, ≥ −1} d) None of the above
______7. The domain of the set of order pairs {(1, -2), (-2, 0), (-1, 2), (1, 3)} is;
a) {1, 2, -1} c) {-2, -1, 1}
b) {-1, 1, 0} d) {1, -2, 0}
______8. Given a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 7, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓(−3)
a) 8 c) 22
b) -8 d) -22
𝑥 2 −3
______9. If 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓(−2)
𝑥−1
1 1
a) − c) −
3 2
1 1
b) d)
3 2

______10. The domain of a function 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 2 is all Real x such that

a) x<2 c) -2 ≤ x ≤ 2
b) -2 d) x > -2

89 | P a g e
______11. Which set of ordered pairs does not represent a function?
a) {(-3, -8), (-1, -6), (-2, 5), (0, 7)} c) {(4, 6), (5, -7), (7, 9), (8, -10)}
b) {(7, 0), (4, -1), (-6, 5), (-8, 0)} d) {(2, 5), (3, 8), (4, 11), (2, -1)}
5
______12. The function 𝐶(𝑓) = (𝑓 − 32) converts a temperature, 𝑓 degrees Fahrenheit, to 𝐶 degrees Celsius. Determine 𝐶(33)
9

to the nearest degree.

a) 27oC c) 1oC
b) -1oC d) 91oC
1
______13. Which statement is true for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
𝑥+4

a) 4 is not in the range of the function. c) -4 is not in the range of the function.
b) 4 is not in the domain of the function. d) -4 is not in the domain of the function.
𝑥+5
______14. What is the domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8

a) {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 0} c) {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ −2, 4}

b) {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ −5} d) {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 2, −4}
1
______15. Which intervals correctly define the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2?
𝑥+4

a) (−∞, 4)𝑎𝑛𝑑(4, ∞) c) (−∞, −4)𝑎𝑛𝑑(−4, ∞)

b) (−∞, −4)𝑎𝑛𝑑(4, ∞) d) (−∞, 4)𝑎𝑛𝑑(−2, ∞)
PART II: Evaluation
1. Determine if the following relations are functions. Then state the domain, co-domain and range.
a) {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 10), (5, 15)}
Function (Yes/No?) : ____________
Domain : ________________________________________
Range : ________________________________________
b) {(-2, 3), (0, 1), (2, -1), (3, -2)}
Function (Yes/No?) : ____________
Domain : ________________________________________
Range : ________________________________________
c) {(-2, -2), (-1, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1), (3, 3), (3, -3)}
Function (Yes/No?) : ____________
Domain : ________________________________________
Range : ________________________________________
d) {(-2, 0), (-1, 2), (0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 0)}
Function (Yes/No?) : ____________
Domain : ________________________________________
Range : ________________________________________
e) {(-2, -2), (-2, -4), (-1,1), (1, -2)}
Function (Yes/No?) : ____________
Domain : ________________________________________
Range : ________________________________________

90 | P a g e
2. Determine the domain and range of the following functions:
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = √16 − 𝑥 2
1
b) 𝑔(𝑥) =
4𝑥−1

c) 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 = 0
d) 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 1) = 16
e) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 + 16 = 0
3. Find the following function value
a) If ℎ(𝑥) = 9 − 5𝑥, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 ℎ(2𝑚)𝑎𝑛𝑑 2ℎ(𝑚).
b) If ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑚) + ℎ(𝑛).
𝑥−1 1 1
c) If ℎ(𝑥) = , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 ℎ ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )
2−𝑥 𝑥 ℎ(𝑥)

d) If ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥 2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [ℎ(𝑥)]2

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
4. Find the value of ,ℎ ≠ 0 for each of the following function
ℎ

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 3
𝑥
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = −1
2
𝑥 2 −1
c) 𝑓(𝑥) =
2

d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 +3
𝑥−1
e) 𝑓(𝑥) =
2
𝑥2
f) 𝑓(𝑥) = −1
2

91 | P a g e
OPERATIONS OF FUNCTION
 When a fundamental operation is applied to two or more given functions, a new function can be formed.
Sum of Functions
 If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions with domains 𝐷𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑔 respectively, their sum is the function defined as:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
For Example 1: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥_4 and𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6. Find (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) and determine its domain.
Solution:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
= (2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 4) + (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6)
= 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6
= 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2

 The domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔 is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ} or (−∞, ∞)

𝑥 3
For Example 2: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = and let 𝑔(𝑥) = . Find and fully simplify (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) and state the domain.
𝑥+3 𝑥+3

Solution:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥 3
= +
𝑥+3 𝑥+3
𝑥+3
=
𝑥+3
= 1, 𝑥 ≠ −3

 The domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔 is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ, 𝑥 ≠ −3} or (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, ∞)

Difference of Functions
 If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions with domains 𝐷𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑔 respectively, their difference is the function defined as:
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
5𝑥−2 −7𝑥+3
For Example 1: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = and let 𝑔(𝑥) = . Find and fully simplify (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) and state the domain.
3 4

Solution:
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
5𝑥 − 2 −7𝑥 + 3
= −
3 4
4(5𝑥 − 2) − 3(−7𝑥 + 3)
=
12
20𝑥 − 8 + 21𝑥 − 9
=
12
41𝑥 − 17
=
12
 The domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔 is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ} or (−∞, ∞)

92 | P a g e
 −7𝑥+3 9𝑥+4
For Example 2: Let 𝑔(𝑥) = and let ℎ(𝑥) = . Find and fully simplify (𝑔 − ℎ)(𝑥) and state the domain.
4 6

Solution:
(𝑔 − ℎ)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)
−7𝑥 + 3 9𝑥 + 4
= −
4 6
3(−7𝑥 + 3) − 2(9𝑥 + 4)
=
12
21𝑥 + 9 − 18𝑥 − 8
=
12
−39𝑥 + 1
=
12
 The domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔 is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ} or (−∞, ∞)
Product of Functions
 If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions with domains 𝐷𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑔 respectively, their product is the function defined as:
(𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)
3𝑥 2 −7𝑥−6 3𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
For Example 1: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = and let 𝑔(𝑥) = . Find and fully simplify (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥) and state the domain.
9𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 2−2𝑥−3

Solution:
(𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥)
3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 6 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
= . 2
9𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3
(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) (3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
= .
(3𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
=1
2 2
 The domain of 𝑓. 𝑔 is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ, 𝑥 ≠ −1, − , , 3} or
3 3
2 2
[(−∞, − ) ∪ ( , ∞)] ∩ [(−∞, −1) ∪ (3, ∞)]
3 3
Quotient of Functions
 If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions with domains 𝐷𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑔 respectively, their quotient is the function defined as:
𝑓 𝑓(𝑔)
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓
For Example 1: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1, Find ( ) (𝑥) and determine its domain.
𝑔
Solution:
𝑓 𝑓(𝑔)
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
√2𝑥
=
√𝑥 − 1
√2𝑥 √𝑥 − 1
= .
√𝑥 − 1 √𝑥 − 1
√(2𝑥)(𝑥 − 1)
=
√(𝑥 − 1)2
√2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
=
√𝑥 − 1
 For the numerator 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ≥ 0, for the denominator, we must exclude values of x such that 𝑥 − 1 = 0
from the domain. Hence, 𝑥 ≠ 1.
 𝑓
The domain of ( ) (𝑥) is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ, 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 1}
𝑔

93 | P a g e
Difference Quotient
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
 In calculus, the expression ,ℎ ≠ 0 is used to find the average rate of change of a function. This expression
ℎ

is known as the difference quotient.

For Example 1: Calculate the difference quotient for the function de fined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 + 4.
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) [7(𝑥 + ℎ) + 4] − (7𝑥 + 4)
=
ℎ ℎ
7𝑥 + 7ℎ + 4 − 7𝑥 − 4
=
ℎ
7ℎ
=
ℎ
= 7, ℎ ≠ 0
For Example 2: Find and completely simplify the difference quotient for 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) [3(𝑥 + ℎ)2 − 9(𝑥 + ℎ) + 2] − (3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2)
=
ℎ ℎ
[3(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 ) − 9(𝑥 + ℎ) + 2] − (3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2)
=
ℎ
(3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥ℎ + 3ℎ2 − 9𝑥 − 9ℎ + 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 2
=
ℎ
6𝑥ℎ + 3ℎ2 − 9ℎ
=
ℎ
ℎ(6𝑥 + 3ℎ − 9)
=
ℎ
= 6𝑥 + 3ℎ − 9, ℎ ≠ 0

Composite of Function
 If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions with domains 𝐷𝑓 and 𝐷𝑔 the composite function 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 is defined as:
(𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]
 The domain of (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) consists of all real numbers 𝑓 in the domain of 𝑔 for which 𝑔(𝑥) is in the domain of 𝑓.
 The symbol 𝑓 𝑜 𝑔 is read as “f circle g”
 In computing for (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥), simply replace all x in 𝑓 with 𝑔(𝑥).

1
For Example 1: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1. Find the following and determine the domain of
𝑥

each:
a) (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥)
b) (𝑔 𝑜 ℎ)(𝑥)
Solution:
a) To find (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥), replace 𝑥 in 𝑓 with 𝑔(𝑥)
1
(𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) =
𝑔(𝑥)
1
=
√𝑥
1 √𝑥
= .
√𝑥 √𝑥

94 | P a g e
 √𝑥
=
√𝑥 2
√𝑥
=
𝑥
 The domain of (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ, 𝑥 > 0}
b) To find (𝑔 𝑜 ℎ)(𝑥), replace 𝑥 in 𝑔 with ℎ(𝑥)
(𝑔 𝑜 ℎ)(𝑥) = √ℎ(𝑥)

= √𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1
= √(𝑥 2 − 1)2
= 𝑥2 − 1
 The domain of (𝑔 𝑜 ℎ)(𝑥) is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ, 𝑥 ≠ −1, 1}

 (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

For Example 2: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 7, find (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥)

Solution:
(𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
= (3𝑥 − 7)2 − 4(3𝑥 − 7) + 2
= (9𝑥 2 − 42𝑥 + 49) − 12𝑥 + 28 + 2
= 9𝑥 2 − 54𝑥 + 79
 The domain of (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ}

 (−∞, ∞)

For Example 3: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 3, find (𝑔 𝑜 𝑓)(𝑥)

Solution:
(𝑔 𝑜 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))

= 5(√2𝑥 − 5)2 − 3
= 5(2𝑥 − 5) − 3
= 10𝑥 − 25 − 3
= 10𝑥 − 28
4
 The domain of (𝑔 𝑜 𝑓)(𝑥) is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℛ, 𝑥 ≠ 2 }
5

 4 4
(−∞, 2 ) ∪ (2 , ∞)
5 5

95 | P a g e
Name Date :

Year & Sec.

Score:
Activity #3.3 Operations of Function

PART I: Multiple Choice

Direction: Choose the best answer among the options. Write the letter only on the blanks at the left column.
______1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥, find 𝑓(−𝑔)(4).
a) -59 c) 49
b) 59 d) -49
𝑔
______2. Let 𝑔(𝑎) = 3𝑎 + 2 and 𝑓(𝑎) = 2𝑎 − 4, find ( )(3).
𝑓
11 11
a) c) −
2 2
9 9
b) d) −
2 2

______3. Let 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 1 − 2𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5, find (𝑔 − 𝑓)(𝑥).

a) −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6 c) −𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6
b) 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6 d) 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6
______4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5, find 𝑓 𝑜 𝑔(5).
a) 15 c) 47
b) 39 d) 56
______5. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 8, find 𝑔 𝑜 𝑓(𝑥).
a) 4𝑥 c) 2𝑥 + 4
b) 4𝑥 + 4 d) −4𝑥
______6. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4, find 𝑔 𝑜 𝑓(𝑥).
a) 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 3 c) 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 1
b) 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5 d) 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 1
______7. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 1, what is an equation for 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)?
a) 𝑝(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 3 c) 𝑝(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
b) 𝑝(𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 d) 𝑝(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2
______8. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4, what is the domain and range of 𝑑(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)?
a) Domain: 𝑥 ≥ 4 Range: 𝑦 ∈ ℛ c) Domain: 𝑥 ≤ −4 Range: 𝑦 ≥ 8
b) Domain: 𝑥 ≥ −4 Range: 𝑦 ≤ 8 d) Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℛ Range: 𝑦 ≤ −4
______9. Given the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 9 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥, determine the equation for the combined function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) −
𝑔(𝑥)?
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 − 7 c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 7
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 11 d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 11
______10. Given the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 8 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 5 + 𝑥, determine the equation for the combined function ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 13 c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 33
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 13 d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3
𝑓(𝑥)
______11. Given the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2, determine the equation for the combined function ℎ(𝑥) = .
𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥
a) ,𝑥 ≠ −2, 2 c) 𝑥(𝑥 − 2), 𝑥 ≠ −2
𝑥−2
𝑥
b) ,𝑥 ≠ −2 d) 𝑥(𝑥 + 2), 𝑥 ≠ −2
𝑥+2

96 | P a g e
______12. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 3, what is an equation for 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))?
a) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = −6𝑥 − 9 c) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 6𝑥 + 9
b) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = −6𝑥 − 8 d) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 6𝑥 + 8
______13. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 5)2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥, what is an equation for 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))?
a) 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 − 14√𝑥 + 49 c) 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 − 7
b) 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 + 14√𝑥 − 49 d) 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = |𝑥 − 7|
______14. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5, find 𝑔(𝑓(5))?
a) 17 c) 47
b) 39 d) 56
______15. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4, find 𝑓 𝑜 𝑔(𝑥)
a) 9𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 54 c) 18𝑥 2 + 57𝑥 + 21
b) 18𝑥 2 + 57𝑥 + 43 d) 9𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 54
PART II:
Direction: Perform the following fundamental operations on each given functions. Then, determine its domain.
a) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) c) (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓
b) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) d) ( )(𝑥)
𝑔

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1; 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1; 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 2𝑥
PART III:
3
Direction: Given the following functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2; 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2 and ℎ(𝑥) = , find the values of the following
𝑥+2
functions:
1. (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) 4. (𝑔 𝑜 𝑓)(𝑥)
2. (𝑔 𝑜 ℎ)(𝑥) 5. (ℎ 𝑜 𝑓)(𝑥)
3. (𝑓 𝑜 ℎ)(𝑥)
PART IV:
Direction: Perform the following fundamental operations on the given functions. Then, determine its domain.
a) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) d) (𝑔 𝑜 𝑓)(𝑥)
b) (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) e) (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥)
c) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2 ; 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥
1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 1 ; 𝑔(𝑥) =
2𝑥

PART V:
Direction: Solve the following
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5 ; 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 2 ; find:
𝑓
a) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(5) d) ( )(−2)
𝑔

b) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(−3) e) (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(1)
c) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(0)
1
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 1 ; 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) = , find
𝑥−1

a) (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(0) d) (𝑓 𝑜 𝑓)(3)
b) (𝑔 𝑜 ℎ)(1) e) (𝑔 𝑜 𝑓)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
c) (𝑓 𝑜 ℎ)(−2)
97 | P a g e
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
The application of rational polynomial functions or simply rational functions are enormous in more advanced
mathematical discipline such as ring theory and numerical analysis.
Rational functions are used to model complex science and engineering equations, including forces, electronics, optics,
aerodynamics, and acoustics in physics, spectroscopy, atomic and molecular wave functions, and enzyme kinetics in chemistry,
and event in the field of medicine.
Rational functions are likewise used in multiple areas of study to predict outcomes in economics.
One of the more practical applications of rational equations is in solving work problems.

RATIONAL EQUATIONS AND RATIONAL INEQUALITIES

Rational Equations
 An equation that contains rational expressions is referred to as rational equation. The following are examples of rational
equations
2𝑥 4
a) = − 2𝑥
15 5
𝑥 𝑥 4
b) − = −3
2−𝑥 𝑥+4 𝑥+4
𝑥 2−16
c) =1
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4

 In solving rational equations, multiply each term of the equation by the least common denominator (LCD). Then, solve
the resulting equation.
For Example1: Solve the rational equation
5𝑥 1 1
a) − =
6 2 3

Solution:
 Multiply both sides by the LCD 6.
5𝑥 1 1
− =
6 2 3
5𝑥 1 1
( − ) (6) = (6)
6 2 3
5𝑥 − 3 = 2
5𝑥 = 5
𝑥=1
Check:
5𝑥 1 1
if 𝑥 = 1 and − = , then
6 2 3
5(1) 1 1
− =
6 2 3
5 1 1
− =
6 2 3
5−3 1
=
6 3
2 1
=
6 3
1 1
= ; (𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
3 3
 Hence, x = 1 is the solution of the given
5𝑥
6
−
1
2
1
= .
3

98 | P a g e
For Example2: Solve the rational equation
4𝑥−6 7
=
2𝑥−3 𝑥+1

Solution:
 The given equation is in proportion form. Hence, the product of the extremes 4𝑥 − 6 and 𝑥 + 1 is equal to the product
of the means 2𝑥 − 3 and 7.
4𝑥 − 6 7
=
2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1
(4𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 1) = (2𝑥 − 3)(7)
4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 = 14𝑥 − 21
4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 15 = 0
(2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 5) = 0
3 5
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2 2
Check:
3 4𝑥−6 7
If 𝑥 = and = , then
2 2𝑥−3 𝑥+1
3
4( )−6 7
2
3 = 3
2( )−3 (2)+1
2

6−6 7
=
3−3 5
2
0 14
= ; (𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
0 4

Rational Inequalities
 An inequality that contains rational expressions is referred to as rational inequality.
For Example:
𝑥−5 1
a) −7 ≤−
3𝑥 𝑥−5
4𝑥+5 5𝑥
b) >
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
𝑥 𝑥−3
c) + ≠0
3𝑥+2 2𝑥−4

 Rational inequalities are easier to solve if their denominators are eliminated.

 Remember that the sense of an inequality is unchanged if the same real number is added to, or subtracted from both sides
of the given inequality.
 Moreover, the sense of inequality remains if both sides of the inequality is multiplied by, or divided by the same positive
real number.
 But the sense of an inequality is reversed if both sides of the inequality is multiplied by, or divided by the same negative
real number.

99 | P a g e
For Example 1: Solve the rational inequality below
5 −2𝑥
3𝑥 − ≥
6 3

Solution:
 The LCD of the fraction involved is 6.
5 −2𝑥
6(3𝑥 − ) ≥ 6( )
6 3
18𝑥 − 5 ≥ −4𝑥 The sense of the inequality is unchanged when both sides are multiplies by the
positive real number 6.
18𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5 ≥ −4𝑥 + 4𝑥 The sense of the inequality is unchanged when real number 4x and 5 are added
to both sides.
22𝑥 − 5 + 5 ≥ 0 + 5
22𝑥 ≥ 5
22𝑥 5
≥ The sense of the inequality is unchanged when both sides
22 22

are divided by 22.

5
𝑥≥
22
 The set in interval form is [
5
22
, ∞)

For Example 2: Solve the rational inequality below

𝑥 3 𝑥+9
− >
𝑥+3 3−𝑥 𝑥 2 −9

Solution:
 The LCD of the fractions 𝑥 + 3, 3 − 𝑥 or −(𝑥 − 3) and 𝑥 2 − 9 or (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) is 𝑥 2 − 9. This implies that 𝑥 ≠ 3 and
𝑥 ≠ −3.
𝑥 3 𝑥+9
− >
𝑥 + 3 3 − 𝑥 𝑥2 − 9
𝑥 3 𝑥+9
− >
𝑥 + 3 −(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 3(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥+9
>
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 9 > 𝑥 + 9
𝑥2 + 9 > 𝑥 + 9
𝑥2 − 𝑥 > 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) > 0

 Therefore the solution set of

𝑥
𝑥+3
−
3
3−𝑥
>
𝑥+9
𝑥 2 −9
is (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3,0) ∪ (1,3) ∪ (1, ∞)

100 | P a g e
Name Date :

Year & Sec.

Score:
Activity #3.4 Rational Equations and Rational Inequalities

PART I: Multiple Choice

Direction: Choose the best answer among the options. Write the letter only on the blanks at the left column.
3 5
______1. Which of the following is the correct lowest common denominator for the rational addition problem + 2 ?
𝑥+1 𝑥 −2𝑥−3

a) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) c) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)

b) (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 3) d) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥 2 −2𝑥
______2. When simplified, ,≠ ±1 simplifies to
𝑥 2 −1
2𝑥
a) 2 c)
𝑥+1
2𝑥−1 2𝑥
b) d)
𝑥+1 𝑥−1
𝑥−2
______3. Find the numerical value of , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −2
2𝑥 2 −7𝑥−15
4
a) 0 c) −
9
4
b) d) Undefined
9
4−3𝑥
______4. Find the rational expression equivalent to −
5𝑥+6
−4−3𝑥 4−3𝑥
a) c)
5𝑥+6 5𝑥+6
−4+3𝑥 4−3𝑥
b) d)
−5𝑥−6 −5𝑥−6
5𝑦 𝑦 8
______5. Which is the solution to − = ?
9 9 9
a) y=2 c) y=6
b) y=3 d) y=9
30 81
______6. Perform the indicated operations. Simplify if possible the expression +
5𝑥 9𝑥
15 675
a) c)
2𝑥 45𝑥
15 15
b) d)
𝑥2 𝑥
𝑥 3𝑥 𝑥
______7. Solve the rational equation + = ;
5 7 35

a) 21 c) 35
b) 105 d) 0
𝑥 2 +𝑥 1
______8. Solve or simplify, whichever is appropriate for the expression =1+ ;
𝑥 2 +13𝑥+42 𝑥+6
2𝑥 2+15𝑥+49 49
a) c) −
(𝑥+6)(𝑥+7) 13

b) 2√2 d) 2𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 49
8 7
______9. Perform the indicated operation. Simplify if possible the expression −
𝑥+7 3𝑥+21
17 1
a) c)
3(𝑥+7)2 3(𝑥+7)
17 −13
b) d)
3(𝑥+7) 3(𝑥+7)

101 | P a g e
 6 7𝑥
______10. Solve the rational equation, 7 − = ;
𝑥 𝑥+6

a) (-1, 1) c) 0, 1
b) -1 d) 1
14 3
______11. Perform the indicated operation. Simplify if possible the expression, − ;
𝑥−5 𝑥−5
17 11
a) c)
𝑥−5 𝑥
11 14(𝑥−5)
b) d)
𝑥−5 3(𝑥−5)
7 8
______12. The interval form of the expression − ≤− is;
𝑥+5 𝑥+6

a) (−∞, −6) ∪ (−5, 2] c) (−∞, −6) ∪ (−5, −2]

b) (−∞, −6) ∪ (2, 5] d) None of the above
3 4
______13. The interval form of the expression − ≤− is;
𝑥+7 𝑥+8

a) (−∞, −8) ∪ (−7, ∞) c) (−∞, −8) ∪ (−7, 4]

b) (−∞, −8) ∪ (7, 4] d) (−∞, −8) ∪ (−7, −4]
10 11
______14. The interval form of the expression − ≥− is;
𝑥−5 𝑥−6

a) (−∞, 5) ∪ (6, ∞) c) (−∞, −5) ∪ (−6, ∞)

b) [−5, 5) ∪ (6, ∞) d) [−∞, 5) ∪ (6, ∞)
𝑥 2
______15. John is working on the radical equation + = 1. Which of the following should be his first step.
2 𝑥−4

a) Multiply all the terms on the left side by 2(𝑥 − 4)

b) Multiply all the terms on the right side by 2(𝑥 − 4)
c) Multiply all the terms on both sides by 2(𝑥 − 4)
d) Multiply all the terms on both sides by 2(𝑥 + 4)

PART II:
Direction: Solve each equation for x
5𝑥 1 7 1 1 4𝑥+2
1. + = 6. + =
6 3 12 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −1
2𝑥 2 𝑥 3 1−𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
2. − = 7. 1 − − 2 =0
4 6 2 3𝑥+1 3𝑥 −2𝑥−1
11𝑥 5 𝑥+1 3𝑥+5 𝑥+4
3. 𝑥2 + = 8. − 2 =
3 12 𝑥 𝑥 +5𝑥 𝑥+5
5𝑥 𝑥−2 2𝑥−5 𝑥 2+1 3𝑥+8
4. + =2 9. + 2 =
2 8 𝑥−2 𝑥 +𝑥−6 𝑥+3
𝑥−3 4−3𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +𝑥−9 1 𝑥−1
5. − = 10. + =
5 3 15 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+4 𝑥+4 𝑥+1

PART III:
Direction: Solve each inequality and find the set solution in interval form.
3 2 4 𝑥−5 𝑥+3
1. + >1− 6. 1 + − ≤0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 5
𝑥+1 𝑥−3 𝑥+5 6
2. + >2 7. 𝑥 − >−
3 5 2 𝑥
1 𝑥−3 𝑥−5
3. − 5<0 8. − >0
2𝑥+5 𝑥−2 𝑥−3
𝑥 𝑥 9 7 7 7 7
4. − ≤ 9. + − >
5 4 10 24 56 18 𝑥
1 7 3 𝑥
5. − <3 10. <
2𝑥 5𝑥 3𝑥−4 𝑥 2 −16

102 | P a g e
TYPES OF FUNCTION
1. One – One Function
2. Many – One Function
3. Onto Function
4. One – One Onto Function
5. Many – One Onto Function
6. Into Function
7. One – One Into Function
8. Many – One Into Function
INJECTIVE (ONE – ONE) FUNCTION INJECTIVE FUNCTION
 One to one function basically denotes the mapping of two sets. A function
g is one-to-one if every element of the range of f corresponds to exactly one
element of the domain of f.
 The function, f(x), is a one to one function when each element of its range
will be returned by one unique element from its domain. This means that for
every value of x, there will be a unique value of y or f(x).
 Different elements of A have different elements or images in B.
 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) → 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
 Graphically, to determine if the function is One – One:
o Draw a straight line parallel to X-axis.
o If line drawn parallel to x-axis, intersect more than one point then it is not a One – One Function.
For Example 1:
Y

 NOT a One – One Function since it intersects more than one point

For Example 2:

Y
 One – One Function since there is only one point of intersection.

103 | P a g e
For Mapping Diagram:
For Example 1:
f
A B

1 w  One – One Function since different elements in A is related to different elements in B.

2 x  Note: The presence or absence of any element in the co-domain does not affect of being a function.
3 y

CHECKING ONE-ONE FUNCTION

Techniques:
1. Graph
2. Calculus
3. Using the definition 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦)
1. GRAPH
For Example:

Methods:
 Draw a line parallel to x-axis.
 If it cuts the graph at ONE point, it is ONE – ONE function.
2. CALCULUS
 Using derivative test finding the first derivative.
 After finding the first derivative, check the monotonicity of the graph.
 Monotonicity, is the characteristic of any graph or function wherein the function has the tendency to either strictly
increase or decrease but not both.
For Example:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅
Solution:
Step 1: Find the first derivative, of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑
 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 (𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥 2−1 = 2𝑥1 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 (𝑥1 ) = 1𝑥1−1 = 1𝑥 0 = 1.1 = 1
𝑑𝑥

Step 2: Putting the first derivative into 0, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0

 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
−1
 2𝑥 = −1 = 𝑥 =
2

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Step 3: Check for critical point, check whether;
−1
 > ( ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥); 𝑖. 𝑒. 0, 1, 2
2

 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(0) + 1 = 1
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(1) + 1 = 3
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(2) + 1 = 5
 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖. 𝑒. > 0
−1
 < ( ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥); 𝑖. 𝑒. −1, −2
2

 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(−1) + 1 = −1
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(−2) + 1 = −3
 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖. 𝑒. < 0
 If the critical point is always greater than zero or always less than zero, then it is a one – one function.

 ∴ This is not a one – one function since it yields both less that and greater than zero.
For Example 1: For real x, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 1
Solution:
Using Monotonicity
 Find the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 1
𝑑
 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 (𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 3−1 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
 (5𝑥1 ) =5 𝑥1 = 5.1 = 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Putting the first derivative into 0.

 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
 3𝑥 2 + 5 = 0
 Assume that the value of f(x) is real > 0;
 𝑓(0) = 3(02 ) + 5 = 0 + 5 = 5
 𝑓(1) = 3(12 ) + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8
 𝑓(2) = 3(22 ) + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12
 The value is strictly increasing function
 Assume that the value of f(x) is real <0;
 𝑓(−1) = 3(−12) + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8
 𝑓(−2) = 3(−22) + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12
 The value is strictly increasing function
 ∴ Because of the concept of monotonicity, that is strictly increasing and strictly decreasing, hence
this is a ONE – ONE function.
𝑥
For Example 2: Prove if, 𝑓: [0 → ∞) → [0, ∞) and 𝑓(𝑥) = is ONE – ONE.
1+𝑥
Solution:
𝑥
 𝑓(𝑥) =
1+𝑥
𝑥
 Formula for finding the derivative of
1+𝑥
𝑢 𝑢′ 𝑣−𝑣′𝑢
 𝑓′ ( ) = ; where u, is the numerator and v is the denominator
𝑣 𝑣2
 𝑢′ (𝑥) = ′
1; 𝑣 (1 + 𝑥) = 0 + 1 = 1
1+𝑥−𝑥 1
 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = =
(1+𝑥)2 (1+𝑥)2
 Since the denominator is whole square, it yields always a positive number, hence it is always greater
than 0 and it is strictly increasing function.
 ∴ Monotonicity property is there, it is ONE-ONE function.

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For Example 3: Prove if 𝑓: (−1,1) → 𝑅; 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
Solution:
Using Monotonicity
 Find the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑑
 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 (𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥 2−1 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
(2𝑥1 ) = 2 𝑥 = 2.1 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 2𝑥 + 2 = 2(𝑥 + 1)
Putting the first derivative into 0.
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
 2(𝑥 + 1) = 0
 Assume that the value of f:(-1,1);
1 1
 𝑓 (− ) = 2 (− + 1) ; 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡
2 2
1 1
 𝑓 ( ) = 2 ( + 1) ; 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡
2 2

 𝑓(0) = 2(0 + 1); 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡

 The value is strictly increasing function

 The value is strictly increasing, hence this is a ONE-ONE function.

MANY – ONE FUNCTION
 If any two or more elements of set A are connected with a single element of set B, then we call this function as Many
one function.
 Let f: X → Y. The function f is said to be many-one functions if there exist two or more than two different elements in
X having the same image in Y.
For Example:
Consider X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Y = {x, y, z} and f: X → Y such that
f = {(1, x), (2, x), (3, x), (4, y), (5, z)}

 The function f is a many-one function

 Graphically, to determine if the function is One – One:

o Draw a straight line parallel to x-axis.
o If this line parallel to x-axis, cuts or intersect the graph at more than one point then it is called, Many – One
Function.

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For Example 1:
Y

 A graph of One – Many Function

X

For Example 2:
Y

 A graph of One – One Function

For Mapping Diagram:

For Example 1:
f
A B

1 w  Many – One Function since 1, 2 is a different element but have the same image
2 x

3 y

4 z

SURJECTIVE (ONTO) FUNCTION

 If each element in B has its pre-image in A, the function is Onto.
 A function in which every element of Co-Domain Set has one pre-image.
For Example 1:
Consider, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {a, b, c} and f = {(1, b), (2, a), (3, c), (4, c)}.

 It is a Surjective Function, as every element of B is the image of some A

Note: In an Onto Function, Range is equal to Co-Domain.

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For Example 2:
f 𝑓1 (𝑎) = 1
A B
𝑓1 (𝑏) = 4
1 a 𝑓1 (𝑐) = 2
2 b 𝑓1 (𝑑) = 3

3 c  Onto Function since all the elements of the second set {a, b, c, d} is associated with pre images
in A and nothing is left blank.
4 d

For Example 3:
f
A B
𝑓1 (𝑎) = 1, 2
1 a 𝑓1 (𝑏) = 3
2 b 𝑓1 (𝑐) = 4
𝑓1 (𝑑) = 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒
3 c

4 d
 NOT an Onto Function since some of the elements in B (d) is not associated or does not have a
pre-image in the domain.

BIJECTIVE (ONE – ONE ONTO) FUNCTION

 A function which is both injective (one to - one) and surjective (onto) is called bijective (One-to-One Onto) Function.
For Example 1:
Consider P = {x, y, z}
Q = {a, b, c}
and f: P → Q such that
f = {(x, a), (y, b), (z, c)}

 The f is a one-to-one function and also it is onto. So it is a bijective function.

For Example 2:

f  It is a One – One function since, all elements in A is associated with unique elements in B.
A B
 It is an Onto function, since each elements in B have a pre-image in A.
1 a  ∴ It is One – One Onto Function
2 b

3 c

4 d

For Example 3:
f
A B
 It is a One – One function since, different elements in A is associated with unique elements in
1 a B.
2 b  NOT an Onto function, since (d) is left unassociated.

3 c  ∴ It is NOT a One – One Onto Function

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For Example 4: 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝐸 (Mapping from Natural Numbers to Even Numbers)
𝑓 = {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6), . . . , }

A f B

 It is a One – One function since, all elements in A is associated with unique elements in B.
1 2
 It is an Onto function, since each elements in B have a pre-image in A.
2 4

3 6
 ∴ It is One – One Onto Function
. .
. .
. .
.
.
INTO FUNCTION
 A function in which there is at least one element in the second set ‘B’, which is not the image of any element of the first
set ‘A’.
 A function in which there must be an element of co-domain Y does not have a pre-image in domain X.
For Example 1:
Consider, A = {a, b, c}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f: A → B such that
f = {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)}
In the function f, the range i.e., {1, 2, 3} ≠ co-domain of Y i.e., {1, 2, 3, 4}

 Therefore, it is an into function

For Example 2:
f
A B
𝑓(1) = 𝑎
1 a 𝑓(2) = 𝑏
2 b 𝑓(3) = 𝑐
 This is an Into function since ‘d’ is unrelated and is not the image of any element in A.
3 c

For Example 3: 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁, 𝑓{(1,2), (2,4), (3,6), . . . , }

Range = {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6),…,}
Co-domain = N

 ∴ This is an Into function since Co-domain is not equal to Range.

Range is the subset of Co-domain, that means there are some elements left-out which are not the images of any element or that also
means there are some elements left-out which do not have pre-image, hence this is an example of Into function.

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ONE – ONE INTO FUNCTION
 Let f: X → Y. The function f is called one-one into function if different elements of X have different unique images of
Y.
For Example 1:
Consider, X = {k, l, m}
Y = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f: X → Y such that
f = {(k, 1), (l, 3), (m, 4)}

 The function f is a one-one into function

For Example 2: 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁, 𝑓 = 2𝑥
𝑓 = {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6), … , }
Range = {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6),…,}
Co-domain = N
 Range is the subset of Co-domain, range is not equal to but less than the co-domain, hence it is into function.
 It is one – one since different elements have different images, 1 has the image 2, 2 has the image 4, 3 has the image
6.
∴ This is one – one into function.

MANY – ONE FUNCTION

 Let f: X → Y. The function f is said to be many-one functions if there exist two or more than two different elements in
X having the same image in Y.
For Example 1:
Consider X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Y = {x, y, z} and f: X → Y such that
f = {(1, x), (2, x), (3, x), (4, y), (5, z)}

 The function f is a many-one function.

MANY – ONE INTO FUNCTION

 Let f: X → Y. The function f is called the many-one function if and only if is both many one and into function.
For Example 1:
Consider X = {a, b, c}
Y = {1, 2} and f: X → Y such that
f = {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1)}

 As the function f is a many-one and into, so it is a many-one into function.

MANY-ONE ONTO FUNCTIONS

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  Let f: X → Y. The function f is called many-one onto function if and only if is both many one and onto.
For Example 1:
Consider X = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Y = {k, l} and f: X → Y such that
f = {(1, k), (2, k), (3, l), (4, l)}

 The function f is a many-one (as the two elements have the same image in Y) and it is onto (as every element of Y is the
image of some element X). So, it is many-one onto function
For Example 2:
A B

𝑓(1) = 𝑓(2) = 𝑎 𝑓1 (𝑎) = 1, 2

1 a
𝑓(2) = 𝑏 𝑓1 (𝑏) = 3
2 b 𝑓(4) = 𝑐 𝑓1 (𝑐) = 4

3 c  Different elements of first set “𝑓(1) = 𝑓(2) = 𝑎" do not have different images rather same
elements or different elements yields the same image, hence this is not a one – one function
4
but many – one function.
 Elements of set B have one elements on the other pre image, hence this is onto function.
∴ Being a many – one and onto function makes many – one onto function.

IDENTITY FUNCTIONS
 The function f is called the identity function if each element of set A has an image on itself i.e. f (a) = a ∀ a ∈ A. It is
denoted by I.
For Example:
Consider, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and f: A → A such that
f = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}.

 The function f is an identity function as each element of A is mapped onto itself. The function f is a one-one and onto
INVERTIBLE (INVERSE) FUNCTIONS
 A function f: X → Y is invertible if and only if it is a bijective function.
 Consider the bijective (one to one onto) function f: X → Y. As f is a one to one, therefore, each element of X corresponds
to a distinct element of Y. As f is onto, there is no element of Y which is not the image of any element of X, i.e., range =
co-domain Y.
 The inverse function for f exists if f-1 is a function from Y to X.
For Example:
Consider, X = {1, 2, 3}
Y = {k, l, m} and f: X→Y such that
f = {(1, k), (2, m), (3, l)
 The inverse function of f is shown in fig:

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 Name Date :

Year & Sec.

Score:
Activity #3.5 Types of Functions

PART I: Multiple Choice

Direction: Choose the best answer among the options. Write the letter only on the blanks at the left column.
______1. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c, d}. Which of the following is a one-to-one function?
a) {(1, c), (2, c), (2, c)} c) {(1, b), (1, c)}
b) {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c)} d) None of the above
______2. The following figure depicts which type of function?
a) One-one
b) Onto
c) Many-one
d) Both one-one and onto

______3. If f is a function on a set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} such that f = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5)}. Then,
a) f is bijective but not surjective c) f is bijective
b) f is surjective but not injective d) None of the above
______4. The following figure represents which type of function?
a) One-one
b) Onto
c) Many-one
d) Neither one-one nor onto

______5. Let A = {4, 5, 6, 7} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7}. If f is one to one from A to B then which of the following is correct?
a) f is into function c) f may or may not be bijective
b) f is bijective d) None of these
______6. A function 𝑓 ∶ 𝑁 → 𝑁 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 12. What is the type of function here?
a) Bijective c) Injective
b) Surjective d) Neither surjective nor injective
______7. Let A = {7, 8, 9} and B = {7, 8, 9} and f is onto from A to B then which of the following is correct?
a) f is one to one c) f may be one-to-one or many-to-one
b) f is bijective d) None of the above
______8. A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 − 8. The type of function is _________________
a) One-one c) Many-one
b) Onto d) Both one-one and onto
______9. Which of the following function is also referred to as an injective function?
a) Many-to-one c) One-to-one
b) Onto d) None of the mentioned

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______10. The following figure depicts which type of function?
a) Injective
b) Bijective
c) Surjective
d) Neither Injective nor Sujective

______11. Let A= {1, 2, 3} and B= {4, 5, 6}. Which one of the following functions is bijective?
a) f={(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)} c) f={(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)}
b) f={(1,5),(2,4),(3,4)} d) f={(1,4),(2,5),(3,6)}
______12. Let P= {10, 20, 30} and Q= {5, 10, 15, 20}. Which one of the following functions is one – one and not onto?
a) f={(10,5),(10,10),(10,15),(10,20)} c) f={(20,5),(20,10),(30,10)}
b) f={(10,5),(20,10),(30,15)} d) f={(10,5),(10,10),(20,15),(30,20)}
______13. Let M={5,6,7,8} and N={3,4,9,10}. Which one of the following functions is neither one-one nor onto?
a) f={(5,3),(5,4),(6,4),(8,9)} c) f={(5,4),(5,9),(6,3),(7,10),(8,10)}
b) f={(5,3),(6,4),(7,9),(8,10)} d) f={(6,4),(7,3),(7,9),(8,10)}
______14. Given: A = {x, y, z}; B = {u, v, w} the function f: A --> B deined by f(x) = u, f(y) = v, f (z) = w, is
a) Surjective c) Injective
b) Bijective d) None of these
______15. The function f : N --> N defined by f(n) = 2n + 3 is
a) Surjective c) Injective
b) Not Surjective d) None of these
PART II: Evaluation
1. Let 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑦. 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠
𝑥 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}
𝑦 = {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓}
𝑓 = {(𝑎, 𝑒), (𝑏, 𝑓), (𝑐, 𝑒), (𝑑, 𝑑)}
Verify whether f is a function, if so what type of function is f?
2. Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵. 𝐴, 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3}
𝐵 = {5, 6, 7, 8}
𝑓 = {(1, 5), (2, 8), (3, 6)}
Verify whether f is a function, if so what type of function is f?
3. Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵. 𝐴, 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
𝐵 = {5, 6, 7, 8}
𝑓 = {(1, 8), (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 7)}
Verify whether f is a function, if so what type of function is f?
4. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5} and let f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 5)}. Verify whether f is a function, if so what type of function
is f? (Show your solution)
5. Let A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {0, 1, 2, 3}. Determine which of the following relations are functions with domain A are and
codomain B. If so, are they injective or surjective?
a) {(c, 0), (d, 1), (b, 0), (a, 2)} c) {(d, 3), (d, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1)}
b) {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 0), (d, 2)} d) {(c, 2), (d, 3), (a, 1)}
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 Name Date :

Year & Sec.

Score:
Activity #3.6 Summative Test

PART I: True or False

Direction: Tell whether the statement is ‘True’ or ‘False’. Write your answer in the space provided at the left column.
For item (1-3):

__________1. The domain of the function illustrated above is {1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 12}.

__________2. The codomain of the function illustrated above is {1, 4, 9, 12}.
__________3. The range of the function illustrated above is {4, 9}.
1
__________4. The domain for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = is {𝑥 ∈ ℛ|𝑥 ≥ 0}.
√𝑥

__________5. The range for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2 is {𝑦 ∈ ℛ|𝑦 ≥ −2}.

__________6. For an onto function range is equivalent to codomain.
__________7. Onto function are known as injection.
__________8. An injection is a function which is one-to-one.
__________9. A bijection is a function which is many-to-one and onto.
__________10. Is function f defined by f = {(1,2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (8, 6), (10, -1)} a one-to-one function?

PART II: Identification

Direction: Let A = {p, q, r}and B = {5,9 } then determine whether the function represented by the following ordered set is injective,
surjective, or bijective. Write your answer in the space provided at the left column.
_________________________1. {(p ,5), (q, 5), (r, 5)}
_________________________2. {(p ,9), (q, 9), (r, 9)}
_________________________3. {(p ,5), (q, 5), (r, 9)}
_________________________4. {(p ,5), (q, 9), (r, 5)}
_________________________5. {(p ,9), (q, 5), (r, 5)}
_________________________6. {(p ,9), (q, 9), (r, 5)}
_________________________7. {(p ,9), (q, 5), (r, 9)}
_________________________8. {(p ,5), (q, 9), (r, 9)}
For items (9-10) Let A = {a, b}and B = {1,2, 3}then determine whether the mapping is injective, surjective, or bijective:
_________________________9. {(a ,1), (b, 1)}
_________________________10. {(a ,2), (b, 2)}

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PART III: Multiple Choice
Direction: Choose the best answer among the options. Write the letter only on the blanks at the left column.
______1. Which one of these graphs does not illustrate a function?

A B C D
______2. The function f is defined on the real numbers by f(x) = 2 + x − x2
What is the value of 𝑓(−3)?
a) -10 c) 8
b) -4 d) 14
______3. Which set of ordered pairs does not represent a function?
a) {(-3, -8), (-1, -6), (-2, 5), (0, 7)} c) {(4, 6), (5, -7), (7, 9), (8, -10)}
b) {(7, 0), (4, -1), (-6, 5), (-8, 0)} d) {(2, 5), (3, 8), (4, 11), (2, -1)}
______4. What is the range for the function𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 8?
a) ℛ c) {𝑦 ∈ ℛ | 𝑦 > −8}
b) {𝑦 ∈ ℛ | − 2 < 𝑦 < 2} d) {𝑦 ∈ ℛ |𝑦 ≥ −8}
______5. What is the domain for the function (𝑥) = √(𝑥 + 3) ?
a) ℛ c) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ |𝑥 ≥ 3}
b) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ |𝑥 ≥ −3} d) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ | − 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3}
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−4)
______6. What is the domain for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)

a) ℛ c) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ |𝑥 ≠ 1 𝑜𝑟 3}
b) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ |𝑥 ≠ 2 𝑜𝑟 4} d) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ |𝑥 ≠ 1, 2, 3 𝑜𝑟 4}
𝑥+5
______7. What is the domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8

a) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ |𝑥 ≠ 0} c) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ |𝑥 ≠ −2, 4}
b) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ |𝑥 ≠ −5} d) {𝑥 ∈ ℛ |𝑥 ≠ 2, −4}
1
______8. Which intervals correctly define the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2?
𝑥+4

a) (−∞, 4)𝑎𝑛𝑑(4, ∞) c) (−∞, −4)𝑎𝑛𝑑(−4, ∞)

b) (−∞, −4)𝑎𝑛𝑑(4, ∞) d) (−∞, 4)𝑎𝑛𝑑(−2, ∞)
______9. If function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 3 and function 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given by 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4 then (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥)
is given by
a) 9𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 5 c) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 7
b) 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3 d) 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1
4 3
______10. If 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1, what is (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥)?
𝑥

4 3 4
a) (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥) = 3 c) (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥) = √
√(𝑥−1) (𝑥−1)

1 3 4
b) (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥) = d) (𝑔𝑜𝑓)(𝑥) = √ − 1
4 3√(𝑥−1) 𝑥

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 𝑓
______11. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1, what is the value of ( )(𝑥)?
𝑔
1
a) 𝑥−1 c)
𝑥−1
1
b) 𝑥+1 d)
𝑥+1

______12. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 1, what expression represents (𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))?

a) 6𝑥 2 + 5 c) 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
b) 6𝑥 2 + 12 d) 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6
______13. The function from set A to set B is;
a) Many-to-one
b) Injective, but not surjective (one-one)
c) Surjective but not injective (onto)
d) Bijective

______14. Which of the following is NOT injective (one-to-one)?

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℛ 𝑡𝑜 ℛ c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℛ 𝑡𝑜 ℛ
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℕ 𝑡𝑜 ℕ d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℕ 𝑡𝑜 ℕ
(𝑥 2 +2𝑥)
______15. The function 𝑓: ℛ{−2} → ℛ defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = is
(𝑥−2)

a) One-one and onto c) Neither one-one nor onto

b) One-one but not onto d) Not one-one but onto

PART IV: Evaluation

Direction: Express(𝑔𝑜𝑓)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑓𝑜𝑔), if they exist, as set of ordered pairs.
1. 𝑓 = {(3, 8), (2, 5), (4, −5), (9, 3)}
𝑔 = {(9, 2), (−5, 3), (5, 9), (8, 10), (1, 9)}
2. 𝑓 = {(1, 4), (10, 5), (6, −3)}
𝑔 = {(5, 1), (4 ,6), (−3,10)}
3. 𝑓 = {(1,2), (3,5), (4,1)}
𝑔 = {(2,3), (5,1), (1,3)}
4. 𝑓 = {(1,2), (3,5), (4,1)}
𝑔 = {(2,3), (5,1), (1,3)}

PART V: Problem Solving

Direction: Perform the indicated operation
1. Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5, find (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥).
𝑓
2. Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 − 7𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 28, find ( )(𝑥).
𝑔

3. Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥, find (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥).

4𝑥 5
4. Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = , determine the domain of (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥).
𝑥−6 𝑥+9

5. Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 9, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 5, determine the domain of (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥).

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