#.

Logical

1. Logical Functions

● AND: Returns TRUE if all arguments are TRUE.

Example: AND(condition1, condition2)
● OR: Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE.
Example: OR(condition1, condition2)
● NOT: Returns the logical opposite of the argument.
Example: NOT(condition)
● IF: Returns one value if a condition is TRUE and another if it's FALSE.
Example: IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false)

1. BLANKVALUE(expression, substitute_value)

● Description: Checks if the expression is blank. If it is, it returns the

substitute_value; otherwise, it returns the expression.
● Use Case: Useful for providing a default value when a field is blank.

Example:
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BLANKVALUE(Phone, "No Phone Provided")

● If Phone is blank, it will return "No Phone Provided."

2. ISBLANK(expression)

● Description: Returns TRUE if the expression is blank; otherwise, it returns FALSE.

● Use Case: To check if a required field is blank.

Example:
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ISBLANK(Email)

● Triggers an error if the Email field is blank.

3. ISCLONE()

● Description: Returns TRUE if the record is being cloned.

● Use Case: To apply special rules for cloned records.
Example:
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ISCLONE()

● Use this in combination with other functions to ensure unique field values in cloned
records.

4. ISNEW()

● Description: Returns TRUE if the record is being created for the first time.
● Use Case: To enforce rules only during record creation.

Example:
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ISNEW() && ISBLANK(Name)

● Triggers an error if the Name field is blank during record creation.

5. ISNULL(expression)

● Description: Returns TRUE if the expression is null; otherwise, it returns FALSE.

Note: Deprecated for most use cases, use ISBLANK() instead.
● Use Case: Older validation rules may still use this to check null values.

Example:
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ISNULL(Amount)

● Triggers an error if Amount is null.

6. ISNUMBER(text)

● Description: Returns TRUE if the text value is a number; otherwise, it returns

FALSE.
● Use Case: To validate that a text field contains only numeric values.

Example:
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ISNUMBER(AccountNumber)
 ● Ensures that AccountNumber contains only numeric characters.

7. NULLVALUE(expression, substitute_value)

● Description: Checks if the expression is null. If it is, it returns the

substitute_value; otherwise, it returns the expression.
Note: Deprecated, use BLANKVALUE() instead.
● Use Case: To substitute a default value for null fields.

Example:
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NULLVALUE(Phone, "Unknown")

● Returns "Unknown" if Phone is null.

8. PRIORVALUE(field)

● Description: Returns the previous value of a field before it was updated.

● Use Case: To compare the old and new values of a field.

Example:
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PRIORVALUE(Amount) > 1000

● Triggers an error if the previous Amount value was greater than 1000.

Practical Examples
Prevent Cloning of Certain Records
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ISCLONE()

1. Triggers an error when a user tries to clone the record.

Validate a Required Field for New Records

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ISNEW() && ISBLANK(Name)

2. Ensures the Name field is filled during record creation.

Compare Old and New Values
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PRIORVALUE(Amount) > 1000 && Amount < 1000

3. Triggers an error if the Amount field was previously greater than 1000 but is now set
below 1000.

#. TEXT

1. BEGIN(text, compare_text)

● Description: Checks if text starts with compare_text.

● Use Case: Validate text that starts with a specific value.

Example:
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BEGINS(Name, "A")

● Returns TRUE if the Name starts with "A."

2. CONTAINS(text, compare_text)

● Description: Checks if text contains the substring compare_text.

● Use Case: Validate fields that must contain specific characters.

Example:
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CONTAINS(Email, "@")

● Ensures that the Email field contains the "@" symbol.

3. ISPICKVAL(field, value)
 ● Description: Checks if a picklist field equals the specified value.
● Use Case: Validate picklist fields.

Example:
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ISPICKVAL(Status, "Closed")

● Returns TRUE if the Status is "Closed."

4. TEXT(field)

● Description: Converts a field value (e.g., picklist or number) to text.

● Use Case: Useful for combining text with other field values.

Example:
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TEXT(Amount)

● Converts the Amount field to text.

5. INCLUDES(multi-select_picklist, value)

● Description: Checks if a multi-select picklist contains a specific value.

● Use Case: Validate multi-select picklists.

Example:
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INCLUDES(Regions, "North")

● Returns TRUE if "North" is selected in the Regions field.

6. ASCII(text)

● Description: Returns the ASCII code of the first character in the text.
● Use Case: Analyze or validate text at a character level.

Example:
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ASCII("A")

● Returns 65 (ASCII code for "A").

7. BR()

● Description: Inserts a line break in a formula output (primarily used in formula fields,
not validation rules).

Example:
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"Line1" & BR() & "Line2"
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Line1
Line2

8. CASESAFEID(id)

● Description: Converts a 15-character ID to an 18-character case-insensitive ID.

● Use Case: Standardize Salesforce IDs.

Example:
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CASESAFEID(Id)

9. CHR(number)

● Description: Returns the character associated with the ASCII code.

● Use Case: Generate specific characters programmatically.

Example:
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CHR(65)
 ● Returns "A".

10. FIND(substring, text, start_num)

● Description: Finds the position of a substring in text starting from start_num.

● Use Case: Validate text structure.

Example:
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FIND("@", Email, 1)

● Returns the position of "@" in the Email field.

11. GETSESSIONID()

● Description: Returns the session ID of the logged-in user (primarily for use in
formula fields).
● Use Case: Rarely used in validation rules.

12. INITCAP(text)

● Description: Capitalizes the first letter of each word.

● Use Case: Standardize text formats.

Example:
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INITCAP("salesforce formula")

● Returns "Salesforce Formula".

13. LEFT(text, num_chars)

● Description: Returns the first num_chars characters of text.

● Use Case: Validate or extract parts of text.

Example:
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LEFT(Name, 3)

● Returns the first 3 characters of Name.

14. LEN(text)

● Description: Returns the length of the text.

● Use Case: Validate text length.

Example:
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LEN(Phone)

● Returns the number of characters in Phone.

15. LOWER(text)

● Description: Converts text to lowercase.

● Use Case: Normalize text for comparison.

Example:
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LOWER("SALESFORCE")

● Returns "salesforce".

16. LPAD(text, padded_length, pad_string)

● Description: Pads text on the left with a specified string.

● Use Case: Format numbers or text.

Example:
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LPAD("123", 5, "0")

● Returns "00123".
17. MID(text, start_num, num_chars)

● Description: Returns a substring from text, starting at start_num, for

num_chars.
● Use Case: Extract parts of text.

Example:
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MID(Name, 2, 3)

● Returns 3 characters starting from the second character of Name.

18. PICKLISTCOUNT(multi-select_picklist)

● Description: Returns the number of selected values in a multi-select picklist.

● Use Case: Validate multi-select fields.

Example:
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PICKLISTCOUNT(Regions)

19. REVERSE(text)

● Description: Reverses the characters in text.

● Use Case: Format or analyze text.

Example:
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REVERSE("Salesforce")

● Returns "ecrofelasS".

20. RIGHT(text, num_chars)

● Description: Returns the last num_chars of text.

● Use Case: Extract suffixes or endings.
Example:
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RIGHT(Name, 3)

21. RPAD(text, padded_length, pad_string)

● Description: Pads text on the right with a specified string.

Example:
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RPAD("123", 5, "0")

● Returns "12300".

22. SUBSTITUTE(text, old_text, new_text)

● Description: Replaces occurrences of old_text in text with new_text.

● Use Case: Correct or standardize text.

Example:
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SUBSTITUTE(Phone, "-", "")

● Removes hyphens from Phone.

23. TRIM(text)

● Description: Removes leading and trailing spaces.

● Use Case: Clean up text.

Example:
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TRIM(" Hello ")

● Returns "Hello".
24. UPPER(text)

● Description: Converts text to uppercase.

● Use Case: Normalize text.

Example:
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UPPER("salesforce")

25. VALUE(text)

● Description: Converts a text string to a number.

● Use Case: Perform calculations on numeric text.

Example:
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VALUE("123")

● Returns 123.

#. Math Functions

1. ABS(number)

● Description: Returns the absolute value of a number (removes the sign).

● Use Case: Ensure only positive values are considered in calculations.

Example:
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ABS(-5)

● Returns 5.
2. ACOS(number)

● Description: Returns the arccosine (inverse cosine) of a number in radians.

● Use Case: For advanced mathematical or trigonometric calculations.

Example:
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ACOS(0.5)

● Returns 1.047 (in radians).

3. ASIN(number)

● Description: Returns the arcsine (inverse sine) of a number in radians.

Example:
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ASIN(0.5)

● Returns 0.524 (in radians).

4. ATAN(number)

● Description: Returns the arctangent (inverse tangent) of a number in radians.

Example:
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ATAN(1)

● Returns 0.785 (in radians).

5. ATAN2(x, y)

● Description: Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its two arguments (in radians).
● Use Case: Useful for calculating angles from coordinates.

Example:
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ATAN2(1, 1)

● Returns 0.785 (in radians).

6. CEILING(number)

● Description: Rounds a number up to the nearest whole number.

Example:
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CEILING(4.2)

● Returns 5.

7. COS(number)

● Description: Returns the cosine of a number (in radians).

● Use Case: For trigonometric calculations.

Example:
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COS(PI())

● Returns -1.

8. DISTANCE(fromLocation, toLocation, unit)

● Description: Calculates the distance between two geolocation points.

● Use Case: Useful for geolocation-based validations.

Example:
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DISTANCE(GEOLOCATION(37.7749, -122.4194), GEOLOCATION(34.0522,
-118.2437), "mi")

● Returns the distance in miles between San Francisco and Los Angeles.
9. EXP(number)

● Description: Returns e raised to the power of the number.

● Use Case: Exponential growth calculations.

Example:
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EXP(1)

● Returns 2.718.

10. FLOOR(number)

● Description: Rounds a number down to the nearest whole number.

Example:
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FLOOR(4.8)

● Returns 4.

11. GEOLOCATION(latitude, longitude)

● Description: Represents a geolocation point with latitude and longitude.

● Use Case: Combine with DISTANCE to validate geolocation fields.

Example:
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GEOLOCATION(37.7749, -122.4194)

12. LN(number)

● Description: Returns the natural logarithm of a number (base e).

Example:
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LN(10)

● Returns 2.302.

13. LOG(number, base)

● Description: Returns the logarithm of a number in the specified base.

Example:
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LOG(100, 10)

● Returns 2.

14. MAX(number1, number2, ...)

● Description: Returns the largest number from the inputs.

Example:
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MAX(10, 20, 5)

● Returns 20.

15. MIN(number1, number2, ...)

● Description: Returns the smallest number from the inputs.

Example:
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MIN(10, 20, 5)

● Returns 5.

16. MOD(number, divisor)

 ● Description: Returns the remainder of a division operation.
● Use Case: Validate divisibility or odd/even checks.

Example:
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MOD(10, 3)

● Returns 1.

17. PI()

● Description: Returns the constant value of π (approximately 3.14159).

● Use Case: Trigonometric calculations.

Example:
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PI()

● Returns 3.14159.

18. ROUND(number, num_digits)

● Description: Rounds a number to the specified number of decimal places.

Example:
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ROUND(4.567, 2)

● Returns 4.57.

19. SIN(number)

● Description: Returns the sine of a number (in radians).

Example:
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SIN(PI()/2)
 ● Returns 1.

20. TAN(number)

● Description: Returns the tangent of a number (in radians).

Example:
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TAN(PI()/4)

● Returns 1.

21. TRUNC(number, num_digits)

● Description: Truncates a number to the specified number of decimal places without

rounding.

Example:
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TRUNC(4.567, 2)

● Returns 4.56.

Summary Table
Function Description Example Result

ABS Absolute value ABS(-5) 5

ACOS Arccosine (radians) ACOS(0.5) 1.047

ASIN Arcsine (radians) ASIN(0.5) 0.524

ATAN Arctangent (radians) ATAN(1) 0.785

ATAN2 Arctangent from x and y ATAN2(1, 1) 0.785

CEILING Rounds up CEILING(4.2) 5

DISTANCE Distance between two locations See example Varies

EXP Exponential EXP(1) 2.718

FLOOR Rounds down FLOOR(4.8) 4

LN Natural logarithm LN(10) 2.302

LOG Logarithm (base x) LOG(100, 10) 2

MAX Largest number MAX(10, 20, 20

5)

MIN Smallest number MIN(10, 20, 5

5)

MOD Remainder MOD(10, 3) 1

PI Constant π PI() 3.141

59

ROUND Rounds to decimals ROUND(4.567, 4.57

2)

SIN Sine of angle SIN(PI()/2) 1

TAN Tangent of angle TAN(PI()/4) 1

TRUNC Truncate decimals without rounding TRUNC(4.567, 4.56

2)

#. Date and Time Functions

1. ADDMONTHS(date, num_months)

● Description: Adds a specified number of months to a given date.

● Use Case: Calculate future or past dates.

Example:
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ADDMONTHS(TODAY(), 3)

● Adds 3 months to the current date.

2. DATE(year, month, day)

● Description: Returns a date value for the specified year, month, and day.
● Use Case: Create a date from components.

Example:
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DATE(2025, 1, 1)

● Returns January 1, 2025.

3. DATETIMEVALUE(expression)

● Description: Converts a text or date expression into a Date/Time value.

● Use Case: Convert a date or text to a Date/Time field.

Example:
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DATETIMEVALUE("2025-01-01 14:30:00")

● Returns January 1, 2025, 2:30 PM.

4. DATEVALUE(expression)

● Description: Converts a Date/Time value to a Date-only value.

● Use Case: Extract the date portion of a Date/Time field.

Example:
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DATEVALUE(DATETIMEVALUE("2025-01-01 14:30:00"))

● Returns January 1, 2025.

5. DAY(date)

● Description: Returns the day of the month from a date.

● Use Case: Extract the day for specific logic.
Example:
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DAY(TODAY())

● Returns the day number of the current date.

6. DAYOFYEAR(date)

● Description: Returns the day of the year (1–365 or 1–366 for leap years).
● Use Case: Track the day in a year.

Example:
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DAYOFYEAR(DATE(2025, 1, 31))

● Returns 31.

7. FORMATDURATION(duration_in_seconds)

● Description: Formats a duration in seconds into hours, minutes, and seconds.

● Use Case: Display durations in a human-readable format.

Example:
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FORMATDURATION(3605)

● Returns 1:00:05.

8. FROMUNIXTIME(timestamp_in_seconds)

● Description: Converts a UNIX timestamp (in seconds) to a Date/Time value.

● Use Case: Handle epoch-based time values.

Example:
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FROMUNIXTIME(1672531200)

● Returns January 1, 2023.

9. HOUR(datetime)

● Description: Returns the hour (0–23) from a Date/Time value.

● Use Case: Extract the hour for scheduling or validation.

Example:
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HOUR(NOW())

10. ISOWEEK(date)

● Description: Returns the ISO week number of the year (1–53).

● Use Case: Standardized weekly tracking.

Example:
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ISOWEEK(TODAY())

11. ISOYEAR(date)

● Description: Returns the ISO year for the given date.

● Use Case: Handle ISO week-based years.

Example:
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ISOYEAR(TODAY())

12. MILLISECOND(datetime)

● Description: Returns the milliseconds (0–999) from a Date/Time value.

● Use Case: Rarely used in Salesforce.

Example:
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MILLISECOND(NOW())

13. MINUTE(datetime)

● Description: Returns the minute (0–59) from a Date/Time value.

Example:
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MINUTE(NOW())

14. MONTH(date)

● Description: Returns the month (1–12) from a date.

● Use Case: Extract month for validations or reports.

Example:
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MONTH(TODAY())

15. NOW()

● Description: Returns the current Date/Time value.

● Use Case: Time-sensitive validations or calculations.

Example:
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NOW()

● Returns the current date and time.

16. SECOND(datetime)
 ● Description: Returns the second (0–59) from a Date/Time value.

Example:
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SECOND(NOW())

17. TIMENOW()

● Description: Returns the current time without the date.

● Use Case: Compare or validate time-only values.

Example:
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TIMENOW()

18. TIMEVALUE(expression)

● Description: Converts a Date/Time or text expression to a Time value.

● Use Case: Extract the time portion of a Date/Time field.

Example:
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TIMEVALUE("2025-01-01 14:30:00")

19. TODAY()

● Description: Returns the current date without time.

● Use Case: Date-only validations or reports.

Example:
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TODAY()

●
20. UNIXTIMESTAMP(datetime)

● Description: Returns the UNIX timestamp (in seconds) of a Date/Time value.

● Use Case: Convert Salesforce dates to epoch time.

Example:
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UNIXTIMESTAMP(NOW())

21. WEEKDAY(date)

● Description: Returns the day of the week (1 for Sunday, 7 for Saturday).
● Use Case: Validate weekdays for business logic.

Example:
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WEEKDAY(TODAY())

22. YEAR(date)

● Description: Returns the year from a date.

● Use Case: Extract the year for validation or reporting.

Example:
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YEAR(TODAY())

Summary Table
Function Description Example Result
ADDMONTHS Adds months to a date ADDMONTHS(TODAY() Adds 3 months
, 3) to today

DATE Creates a date from DATE(2025, 1, 1) Jan 1, 2025

year, month, and day

DATETIMEVALUE Converts text to DATETIMEVALUE("20 Jan 1, 2025

Date/Time 25-01-01")

DATEVALUE Extracts date from DATEVALUE(NOW()) Current date

Date/Time

DAY Returns day of the DAY(TODAY()) e.g., 6

month

DAYOFYEAR Returns day of the year DAYOFYEAR(TODAY() e.g., 6

) (January 6)

HOUR Extracts the hour HOUR(NOW()) Current hour

(0-23)

ISOWEEK ISO week number ISOWEEK(TODAY()) Week of the

year (ISO)

MONTH Extracts month MONTH(TODAY()) 1 for January

NOW Current Date/Time NOW() Current

timestamp

TODAY Current date TODAY() Current date

only

WEEKDAY Day of the week WEEKDAY(TODAY()) 1 (Sunday) to

7

#. Advanced Functions

1. CURRENCYRATE(ISO_code)

● Description: Retrieves the conversion rate for the specified ISO currency code,
based on the corporate currency.
 ● Use Case: Calculate amounts in different currencies in a multi-currency organization.

Example:
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CURRENCYRATE("USD")

● Returns the conversion rate for USD.

● Important Notes:
○ Only available in organizations with multi-currency enabled.
○ Use this to dynamically convert amounts in formulas based on the current
exchange rate.

2. ISCHANGED(field)

● Description: Returns TRUE if a field value is changed during a record update.

● Use Case: Validate or trigger logic based on whether a field's value was modified.

Example:
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ISCHANGED(Account.Name)

● Returns TRUE if the Account Name is changed in the current operation.

● Important Notes:
○ Commonly used in validation rules, workflow rules, and triggers to enforce
business rules.
○ It only works during record updates, not during record creation.

3. REGEX(text, regex_pattern)

● Description: Compares a text field against a regular expression (regex) pattern.

Returns TRUE if the text matches the pattern.
● Use Case: Validate text input, such as email addresses, phone numbers, or custom
formats.

Example:
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REGEX(Email, "^[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\\.[A-Za-z]{2,}$")

● Returns TRUE if the Email field contains a valid email address.

● Additional Examples:
Validate a 10-digit phone number:
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REGEX(Phone, "^\\d{10}$")

Validate a postal code:

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REGEX(Postal_Code__c, "^\\d{5}(-\\d{4})?$")

○
● Important Notes:
○ Regular expressions can be complex but are powerful for enforcing specific
text formats.
○ Test your regex patterns thoroughly to avoid unintended rejections or
matches.

4. VLOOKUP(field_to_return, field_on_lookup_object, lookup_value)

● Description: Searches for a value in a custom object and returns a related field's
value if a match is found.
● Use Case: Cross-reference data between related objects in formulas.

Example:
Suppose you have a custom object Exchange_Rates__c with fields Currency_Code__c
and Rate__c. To retrieve the rate for a specific currency:
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VLOOKUP(Rate__c, Currency_Code__c, "USD")

● Returns the exchange rate for USD from the Exchange_Rates__c object.
● Important Notes:
○ Only works with custom objects.
○ The field_on_lookup_object must be an external ID or unique field.
○ If no match is found, the function returns NULL.

Summary Table
Function Description Example

CURRENCYRATE Retrieves the exchange rate CURRENCYRATE("USD")

for a specific currency.
ISCHANGED Checks if a field value has ISCHANGED(Account.Name)
changed during an update.

REGEX Validates text input against a REGEX(Email,

regular expression pattern. "^[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z
0-9.-]+\\.[A-Za-z]{2,}$")

VLOOKUP Cross-references a field VLOOKUP(Rate__c,

value from a custom object Currency_Code__c, "USD")
and returns related data.