WORLD ENGLISHES 🌍 borders.

📝CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPORTANCE However, they highlighted in their editorial piece

that despite the affordances brought by English
OF ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE
being a common ground, scientists, specifically
English is the most dominant language in the those who are nonnative speakers of the
world. Knowing how to speak and write using it language, still face certain challenges such as
opens you to many opportunities (job, school, “writing manuscripts and grants, preparing
tourism, etc.) and gain access to different types oral presentations, and communicating directly
of media. It can also be an advantage to with other scientists in English.” The said
becoming a more interculturally competent common complaint of nonnative speakers is the
person since the language bridges unjust rejections in publications since
communication gaps and barriers with people manuscript reviewers tend to be unfair in their
from other cultures. It also brings nations evaluation as they would focus more on
together to discuss global issues and problems. criticizing their use of the language (error in
grammar and sentence structure) rather than
In this global economy, English has become a assessing the scientific results and logic of a
tool for companies around the world to thrive manuscript.
and survive. The acceleration of its use is a
response to the need to “tightly coordinate 📝PRESCRIPTIVISTS AND DESCRIPTIVISTS
tasks and work with customers and partners
worldwide” making it the language of There are two ways to look at grammar.
business. According to Neeley (2012), here are
some reasons why there is a move toward 👀Prescriptivist
making English a corporate standard: - refers to purist linguists who postulated rules
in an attempt to legislate what a speaker’s
✏️ Competitive pressure grammatical rules should be rather than what
they are (Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams 2010).
to be able to communicate with a diverse range
of customers, suppliers, and other business - the general take of a prescriptivist is that there
partners. Companies that fail to devise a are rules that define how language should be
language strategy are clearly putting themselves used and that mistakes result from when those
at a disadvantage to competitors that have rules are broken.
adopted English-only policies.
❎ I ain’t going back.
✏️Globalization of tasks and resources ✅ I am not going back.
geographically dispersed employees have to
work together to meet corporate goals. An - standard/traditional/textbook English
employee from Belgium may need input from an
enterprise in Beirut or Mexico. Without common 👀Descriptivist
ground, communication will suffer. Better - describes the rules internalized by a speaker
language comprehension gives employees more of that language (Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams
firsthand information, which is vital to good 2010).
decision-making. - the intention is not to teach the rules of the
language but to describe the rules (of the said
language) that are already known.
In the context of research, Drubin and Kellog
(2012) posit that English is the language of "Descriptivism is like common law, which works on
science, and establishing a single language for precedent and accumulates slowly over time. Prescriptivism
is an authoritarian version of code law, which says precedent
scientific communication has allowed scientists
be damned: if the rule book says this is the law, that's that."
around the world to obtain access to various
works of literature, expanding knowledge across
(Robert Lane Greene, You Are What You Speak. Delacorte,
2011)
✏️World Englishes (WE)
📝SOME IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
✏️Language Nativization/Indigenization
- implies the adaptation and some alteration of
the language to fit the communicative needs of
those adopting it.

✏️Linguistic Accomodation
- the process by which participants in a
conversation adjust their accent, diction, or
other aspects of language according to the
speech style of the other participant.
- speaking the other person’s language in order
to successfully communicate. Being able to shift
from one language to another to participate in a
larger domain gives the speaker an advantage
but can be harmful in the long run as it will
implicate “inferiority” since that person sets
aside his/her own language to accommodate
the other more powerful speaker.

✏️Linguistic Imperialism
- is a term coined by Robert Phillipson

-the other person sets aside his/her own

language to accommodate the other more
powerful speaker.

- By definition, imperialism refers to “the

expansion of a nation’s authority over other
nations through the acquisition of land and/or
the imposition of economic and political
domination.” In the Philippines, English was
introduced by the Americans as the language
that would “civilize” them. The Americans’
expansion and colonization would result in
English being put on a pedestal interwoven
within an imperialistic structure in culture, Bolton (2004) points out that there are 3
education, social media, communications, possible interpretations of WE.
economy, politics, and military activities.
-umbrella label covering all varieties of English
[Please read more here: worldwide and the different approaches used to
https://rupkatha.com/V14/n1/v14n118.pdf] describe and analyze them.

✏️Lingua Franca -used in a narrower sense to refer to the

-language used as a means of communication so-called new Englishes in Africa, Asia and the
between populations speaking vernaculars that Carribean.
are not mutually intelligible.
-used to represent the pluricentric approach to government, business, and education. It
the study of English. established a new public school system and

📝KACHRU’S CONCENTRIC MODEL (1985)

sent American English-language teachers all
over the country. These American teachers were

✏️Inner Circle
called Thomasites after the name of the ship
they arrived in, the USS Thomas.
-historical and sociolinguistic roots of the
English language Today, English is constitutionally named as one
-’native’ speakers of the language of the Philippines’ official languages, and it
-norm-providing, set the rules for acceptable continues to be an integral part of local life and
language use culture. English is the language of business,

✏️Outer Circle
science, technology, government, education,
and international communication. It is present in
-post colonies of Great Britain and United the country’s print and broadcast media, and in
States. English was instituionalized thus the its vibrant artistic and literary scene. Filipino
natives were left with no choice but to acquire proficiency in English drives a thriving,
the language. world-leading outsourcing industry, as well as a
-own norms and rules are developed and have rapidly growing education sector that is
nuances/differences from those set by the attracting increasing numbers of international
native speakers students.

✏️Expanding Circle The Philippine variety of English has evolved

-English did not play any historical/ beyond the American standard, having
governmental role but has gained importance to developed distinctive features of pronunciation,
answer to the need to international vocabulary, grammar, and discourse
communication and exchange. determined by the native languages and culture
-heavily rely on the linguistic norms set by the of its Filipino speakers. [Full article can be read here:
inner circle. https://public.oed.com/blog/introduction-to-philippine-engli
sh/]

💡 The unparalleled spread of English has not

lead to a uniform global language; English is PH English Standard English
indigenizing into new vernaculars and
Avail of Take advantage
specializing in national and international
varieties of the lingua franca (House, 2003). Fill up this form Fill out this form

Territories that have gone past the colonial For a while/for a One moment
periods have established their ‘own English’ and
have thus created a system that they fully
understand. Unique PH terms

“The more English spreads globally, the more Nosebleed

heterogenous it becomes internally” (Mair,
2013). Remembrance

📝 PHILIPPINE ENGLISH Videoke

Jeepney
When the Philippine-American War ended in
1902 and the islands officially became an CR (Comfort Room)
unincorporated territory of the United States,
the new colonial administration quickly
introduced English as the primary language of
💡Redundancy is also a distinguishing feature colony, on the other hand,
of Philippne English. is working on its
independence.
Repeat it again!
The gap between foreigners
Color yellow and natives is reduced and
The reason why is because… view themselves as citizens
Moral lesson of the territory. There is a
Free gift substantial difference in
phonology, morphology, and

📝 SCHNEIDER’S DYNAMIC MODEL (2004) syntax in the native’s

language.

Edgar Werner Schneider tries to avoid a purely There is heavy lexical

borrowing.
geographical and historical approach evident in
Kachru’s concentric model and incorporates 4 ‘Local English’ flourishes,
sociolinguistic concepts pertaining to acts of Endonormative thereby, giving the natives a
identity. He outlines five characteristic stages in Stabilization certain degree of linguistic
confidence. The foreigners,
the spread of English:
on the other hand, see
themselves as part of the
Phase Discussion new territory.

It’s typically what Schneider

1 Foundation The initial stage of the
refers to as Event X. At this
introduction of the English
stage, local norms begin to
language to a location over
emerge and there is a
a period of time.
positive attitude accorded to
it. The localized English is
2 linguistic processes are
aimed at codication,
occurring: the use of
particularly through
English by the foreigners
dictionaries and
and the use of indigenous
grammars.
languages by the natives.

The foreigners still regard 5 New nation is truly

their country as their home Differentiation established. The territory
and their stay in the new projects itself as having an
territory temporary. The identity from a colony to
natives, on the other hand, something that is a fusion
regard themselves as the of its regional, social and
rightful owners of everything ethinic influences.
in the territory.

2 Exonormative
Stabilization
Foreigners establish their
community in the new
💡Schneider claims that the Philippines is still in
territory. English is slowly
phase 3, approaching phase 4. However, some
integrated into the system scholars argue that Philippine English has
(usage of English in already met the parameters set for phase 4.
legislative, administrative,
and academic institutions).

Bilingualism is an asset
among the natives.

Natives who have access to

developing English
proficiency are considered
indigenous elites.

3 Nativization Foreigner’s ties with his

origin become weaker; the