- 86.

D.A.V BOYS SR SEC SCHOOL, GOPALAPURAM, CHENNAI

XO - MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

statement
is one of the possible glues of a rat-adornvariable X, the
Chat,
X —x. is truc_oply at some point (s) of the•sample space. Icncc, the probability
X takes value x is always nonzero, i.e. P(X x,) 0,
sample
Also for all possible values of the random variablc X, all clGents of the
•spaceare covered. Hence. the sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution
must be one.
Exa mple 24 Two cards are successjvcly With from a well-shulllcd
deck of S2 cards. Find the probability distribution oi the number ot aces.
X
Solution The number of aces ts a random variabiv I-ct be denoted by X. Clearly.
can take the values O, I. or 2.
Now. since the draws are done Wilh rcplacetncnt. thcretorc. the two draws form
independent experiments.
P' X • O) — and
• P(o€Ni-ace' Pinon-acc)
48
52 '2 169
l) —mace and non-acc or non-aec and ace)
• macc and non-acc) • Ptnon-accand acc)
• P(aec)_ ' P (non-acc) . P(ace)
4 48 48 4 24
52 52 52
2) P (ace and

52 52 169
Ihus. the rvqutrcd prohatuht> distribution is
x,
144 24 1
169 169 109

three ttuov,s 01
the probability distribution of numbc•rof
douhlcts
Example 25
d pair of dice.
 MAIi1LMAl/CS

Soiugion Let X denote numberof doublets,Possibledoublets are

(1.1) (3,3), (4.4). (6.6)
Clearly, X can take the value 0, l, 2. or 3.

Probability of getting a doublet

36 6
Probability of not getting a doublet I
6 6

Now O) —P (no doublet) — —

6 6 6 216
l) •z P (one doublet and two non-doublets)

6 666
-3- 1 52
6 62
75
216
2) P (two One

62 6 216
and 3) P (three doublets)
1

6 6 216
Thus, the required probability distribution is

- 216. 216

Verification Sum of the probabilities

125 75 15
216 216 216 216

125 75 15 1 216
216 216

2
 PROBAB11.rry
Example 26 Let X denote the
number of hours you study during a randomly selected
school day. The probability
that X can take the values x, has the following form, where
k is some unknown constant.

0.1, if O
h, ifx=Ior2
P(X = x) =
k (5—x), ifx=30r4
0, otherwise
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) What is the probability that you study at least two hours ? Exactly twobourOAd
most two hours?

Solu tion The probability distribution of X is

(a) We know that

Epi =I
Therefore O.' +k+2k+ 2k L,
i.e. 0.15
(b) P(yoG study at' le(LSttwo hours)

= 2k + 2k + k- 5k = 5 0.15 = 0.75
P(you study exactly two hours)

P(you study at most two hours)

= 0.1 4k +2k =0.1 +3k = 0.1 +3 x 0.15

= 0.55
13.6.2 Mean of a random variable
10 many problems, it is desirable to describe some feature of the random variable by
means of a single number that can be computed from its probability distribution. Few
such numbers are mean, median and mode. In this section, we shall discuss mean only.
Mean is a measure of location or central tendency in the sense that it roughly locates a
middle or average value of the random variable.
Also
6
the Probability distribution of X is

6 •6

Now

1 21
6

Also E(X2) = 12 x—+2 2 x—+3 2 91

6 6
lhus, Var (X) = E (Y) -
91 21 91
6 36 12
Example 29 Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively
without replacement)
front a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean, variance and
standard deviation
of the number of kings.
Solution Let X denote the number of kings in a draw of two cards. X is a random
variable whieh can assume the values O, I or 2.

Now = 0) = p (no king) 2)! 48 47 188

52 51 221

= l) = P (one king and one non-king) = 52

4 x 48x2 32
- 221
 PROOABUJTY

and
221
'l hus, the probability
distribution of X is

10) ' 32,

•221

Now
Meanof X-E(X)-

188 32
221 221 221 : 221

A Isc

32 36
221 221 22J

Now Var(X) - E(XZ)

36 (34 6800
2
vif! -(221) =(221)
6800
n)erefore Var(X) =

ER 1 •Ci3.4
l. State which of the,following are not the probability distributions of a random
variable.Give reasonsfor your answer.

P(X) *0.4 0.0 0.2

 MATHEMATICS

2. An urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are randomly drawn. Let X
represent the number of black balls. What are thc possible values of X? Is X a
random variable ?

3. Let X represent the difference between the number of heads and the number of
tails obtained when a coin is tossed 6 times. What are possible values of X?
4. Find the probability distribution of
(i) number of heads in two tosses ofa coin.
(ii) number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins.
(iil) number of heads in four tosses of a coin.

S. Find probability distribution of the number of successes in two tosses of a die,

%here a success is defined as
(i) number greaier than 4
(ii) SIXappears on at least one die

6. From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of4 bulbs is drawn
at random '*ith replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of
defective bulbs.
7. A coin is the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is
tossed twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails.

S. A raid«n variable X has the following probability distribution:

Determine

(iii)
 PROBABILITY
9. The rand)tn variable
X has aprobability distribution P(X)
where k is some number ofthe following form,
:

2k,if

O, otherwise
(a) Determine the value of k.

10. Find the mean numberofheads in three tosses of a fair coin.

IL Twodicearethrownsimultaneously.If X denotesthen ber the
expectationof X.
12. TWOnumbersare selected at random (without firstsix
positiveintegers.Let denotethe larger of the num Find

13. Let X denote wh wo fair dice are rolled.

Find the vari
14. A classhas , l' 1 18, 20,
sty tswhoseages I
each has
J7, student seiecyedfinsuch a manner that
of being chosen the age X of the selected student is
the probaW distri •onof the randomvariable X? Find
eånc arian€and • ofX.
In a •f,7 of favour and 30% oppose a certain proposal.
Am ber issel
favour.Find Var
in of the following:
. The the bers obtainedon throwing a die having written I on three
and 5 one face is
8

that two cards ue drawn at random from a deck of cards. Let X be the
ber of aces obtained. Then the value of E(X) is
37 5 1 2
221 13 13 13