3/13/24, 9:00 AM Excel 2016: Functions

Excel 2016
Functions

Introduction
A function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using specific values in a
particular order. Excel includes many common functions that can be used to quickly find
the sum, average, count, maximum value, and minimum value for a range of cells. In
order to use functions correctly, you'll need to understand the different parts of a
function and how to create arguments to calculate values and cell references.

Optional: Download our practice workbook.

Watch the video below to learn more about working with functions.

Excel: Functions

The parts of a function

In order to work correctly, a function must be written a specific way, which is called the
syntax. The basic syntax for a function is the equals sign (=), the function name (SUM,
for example), and one or more arguments. Arguments contain the information you want

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to calculate. The function in the example below would add the values of the cell range
A1:A20.

Working with arguments

Arguments can refer to both individual cells and cell ranges and must be enclosed
within parentheses. You can include one argument or multiple arguments, depending
on the syntax required for the function.

For example, the function =AVERAGE(B1:B9) would calculate the average of the values
in the cell range B1:B9. This function contains only one argument.

Multiple arguments must be separated by a comma. For example, the function

=SUM(A1:A3, C1:C2, E1) will add the values of all of the cells in the three arguments.

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Creating a function
There are a variety of functions available in Excel. Here are some of the most common
functions you'll use:

▶︎ SUM: This function adds all of the values of the cells in the argument.

▶︎ AVERAGE: This function determines the average of the values included in

the argument. It calculates the sum of the cells and then divides that value
by the number of cells in the argument.

▶︎ COUNT: This function counts the number of cells with numerical data in the
argument. This function is useful for quickly counting items in a cell range.

▶︎ MAX: This function determines the highest cell value included in the
argument.

▶︎ MIN: This function determines the lowest cell value included in the
argument.

To create a function using the AutoSum command:

The AutoSum command allows you to automatically insert the most common functions
into your formula, including SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MIN, and MAX. In the example
below, we'll use the SUM function to calculate the total cost for a list of recently ordered
items.

1 Select the cell that will contain the function. In our example, we'll select cell
D13.

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2 In the Editing group on the Home tab, click the arrow next to the AutoSum
command. Next, choose the desired function from the drop-down menu.
In our example, we'll select Sum.

3 Excel will place the function in the cell and automatically select a cell
range for the argument. In our example, cells D3:D12 were selected
automatically; their values will be added to calculate the total cost. If Excel
selects the wrong cell range, you can manually enter the desired cells into
the argument.

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4 Press Enter on your keyboard. The function will be calculated, and the
result will appear in the cell. In our example, the sum of D3:D12 is $765.29.

The AutoSum command can also be accessed from the Formulas tab on
the Ribbon.

You can also use the Alt+= keyboard shortcut instead of the AutoSum command. To use
this shortcut, hold down the Alt key and then press the equals sign.

Watch the video below to see this shortcut in action.

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Excel Quick Tip: A Shortcut to AutoSum

To enter a function manually:

If you already know the function name, you can easily type it yourself. In the example
below (a tally of cookie sales), we'll use the AVERAGE function to calculate the average
number of units sold by each troop.

1 Select the cell that will contain the function. In our example, we'll select cell
C10.

2 Type the equals sign (=), and enter the desired function name. You can
also select the desired function from the list of suggested functions that
appears below the cell as you type. In our example, we'll type =AVERAGE.

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3 Enter the cell range for the argument inside parentheses. In our example,
we'll type (C3:C9). This formula will add the values of cells C3:C9, then
divide that value by the total number of values in the range.

4 Press Enter on your keyboard. The function will be calculated, and the
result will appear in the cell. In our example, the average number of units
sold by each troop is 849.

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Excel will not always tell you if your formula contains an error, so it's up to
you to check all of your formulas. To learn how to do this, read the Double-
Check Your Formulas lesson from our Excel Formulas tutorial.

The Function Library

While there are hundreds of functions in Excel, the ones you'll use the most will depend
on the type of data your workbooks contain. There's no need to learn every single
function, but exploring some of the different types of functions will help you as you
create new projects. You can even use the Function Library on the Formulas tab to
browse functions by category, such as Financial, Logical, Text, and Date & Time.

To access the Function Library, select the Formulas tab on the Ribbon. Look for the
Function Library group.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn more about the different
types of functions in Excel.

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To insert a function from the Function Library:

In the example below, we'll use the COUNTA function to count the total number of items
in the Items column. Unlike COUNT, COUNTA can be used to tally cells that contain data
of any kind, not just numerical data.

1 Select the cell that will contain the function. In our example, we'll select cell
B17.

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2 Click the Formulas tab on the Ribbon to access the Function Library.

3 From the Function Library group, select the desired function category. In
our example, we'll choose More Functions, then hover the mouse over
Statistical.

4 Select the desired function from the drop-down menu. In our example,
we'll select the COUNTA function, which will count the number of cells in
the Items column that are not empty.

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5 The Function Arguments dialog box will appear. Select the Value1 field,
then enter or select the desired cells. In our example, we'll enter the cell
range A3:A12. You may continue to add arguments in the Value2 field, but
in this case we only want to count the number of cells in the cell range
A3:A12.

6 When you're satisfied, click OK.

7 The function will be calculated, and the result will appear in the cell. In our
example, the result shows that a total of 10 items were ordered.

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The Insert Function command

While the Function Library is a great place to browse for functions, sometimes you may
prefer to search for one instead. You can do so using the Insert Function command. It
may take some trial and error depending on the type of function you're looking for;
however, with practice, the Insert Function command can be a powerful way to find a
function quickly.

To use the Insert Function command:

In the example below, we want to find a function that will calculate the number of
business days it took to receive items after they were ordered. We'll use the dates in
columns E and F to calculate the delivery time in column G.

1 Select the cell that will contain the function. In our example, we'll select cell
G3.

2 Click the Formulas tab on the Ribbon, then click the Insert Function
command.

3 The Insert Function dialog box will appear.

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4 Type a few keywords describing the calculation you want the function to
perform, then click Go. In our example, we'll type count days, but you can
also search by selecting a category from the drop-down list.

5 Review the results to find the desired function, then click OK. In our
example, we'll choose NETWORKDAYS, which will count the number of
business days between the ordered date and received date.

6 The Function Arguments dialog box will appear. From here, you'll be able
to enter or select the cells that will make up the arguments in the function.
In our example, we'll enter E3 in the Start_date field and F3 in the
End_date field.

7 When you're satisfied, click OK.

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8 The function will be calculated, and the result will appear in the cell. In our
example, the result shows that it took four business days to receive the
order.

Like formulas, functions can be copied to adjacent cells. Simply select the
cell that contains the function, then click and drag the fill handle over the
cells you want to fill. The function will be copied, and values for those cells
will be calculated relative to their rows or columns.

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To learn more:
If you're comfortable with basic functions, you may want to try a more advanced one
like VLOOKUP. Check out our article on How to Use Excel's VLOOKUP Function for
more information.

To learn even more about working with functions, visit our Excel Formulas tutorial.

Challenge!
1 Open our practice workbook.

2 Click the Challenge tab in the bottom-left of the workbook.

3 In cell F3, insert a function to calculate the average of the four scores in
cells B3:E3.

4 Use the fill handle to copy your function in cell F3 to cells F4:F17.

5 In cell B18, use AutoSum to insert a function that calculates the lowest
score in cells B3:B17.

6 In cell B19, use the Function Library to insert a function that calculates the
median of the scores in cells B3:B17. Hint: You can find the median
function by going to More Functions > Statistical.

7 In cell B20, create a function to calculate the highest score in cells B3:B17.

8 Select cells B18:B20, then use the fill handle to copy all three functions you
just created to cells C18:F20.

9 When you're finished, your workbook should look like this:

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