Straightlines

Inclination of a line:
 If a line makes an angle   0      with x-axis measured in positive direction
then  is called inclination of the line.
i) Inclination of horizontal line is zero
ii) Inclination of vertical line is  / 2
Slope of a line:
 If the inclination of a non vertical line is  then tan  is called slope of the line and is
usually denoted by m, thus m  tan 


O X

i) Slope of horizontal line (x-axis) is zero   0  0

ii) Slope of vertical line (y-axis) is not defined   90  0

iii)   00  m  0
00    900  m  0
  900  m is not defined
900    1800  m  0
y2  y1
 Slope of the line joining two points A( x1 , y1 ) , B  x2 , y 2  is m   x1  x2 
x2  x1
i) If x1=x2 then the line AB is vertical and hence its slope is not defined
ii) If y1=y2 then the line AB is horizontal and hence its slope is 0
 Two nonvertical lines are parallel if their slopes are equal.
 Two non vertical lines are perpendicular if product of their slopes is –1
W.E-1: The medians AD and BE of the triangle with vertices A(0,b), B(0,0) and C(a,0) are
mutually perpendicular if
 2b   b 
Sol: AD  BE   a   a   1

 2b 2  a 2
 If  is an angle between two nonvertical lines
having slopes m1 , m2 then
m1  m2
tan    , m1m2  1
1  m1m2
 m1  m2
i) If  is acute then tan   1  m m
1 2

ii) If  is one angle between two lines then the

other angle is    . Usually the acute angle
between two lines is taken as the angle
between the lines
Intercept(s) of a line:
 If a line cuts x-axis at A(a, 0) and y-axis at B(0,b) then a and b are called x-intercept and
y-intercept of that line respectively
i) Intercept of a line may be positive or negative or zero
ii) x-intercept of a horizontal line is not defined
iii) y-intercept of a vertical line is not defined
iv) Intercepts of a line passing through origin are zero.
Equation of a straight line in various forms:
 i) Line parallel to x-axis: Equation of horizontal line passing through (a,b) is y = a
ii) Line parallel to y-axis: Equation of vertical line passing through (a, b) is x = b
iii) Slope - point form :The equation of the line with slope m and passing through the
point  x1 , y1  is y– y1= m (x – x1)
W.E-2: If (3,-1),(2,4),(-5,7) are the mid points of the
sides BC , CA , AB of triangle ABC.
Then the equation of the side CA is
Sol : Here m = – 1 and given point (x1 , y1) is (2, 4).
By point slope form equation of the line is
y – 4 = – 1 (x - 2)
iv) Two - point form :The equation of a line passing through two points
A( x1 , y1 ) and B  x2 , y2  is

 y  y1  x2  x1    x  x1  y2  y1 
x y 1
x1 y1 1  0
(or)
x2 y2 1
W.E-3: Equation of the diagonal (through the
origin) of the quadrilateral formed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1 and 6x + y = 3 is
 2 3
Sol : Here  x1 , y1    0, 0  ,  x2 , y2    , 
 5 5
Using two-point form, the equation of the line is 3x -2 y = 0
v) Slope - Intercept form :
a) The equation of the line whose slope is m and which cuts an intercept ‘c’ on the y-axis is
y = mx+c
 Y
L

0, c 
X
O

b) The equation of the line whose slope is m and which cuts an intercept ‘a’ on the x-axis is
y = m(x - a)
c) The equation of the line passing through the origin and having slope m is y=mx
W.E-4: Equation to the straight line cutting off an
intercept 2 from negative y axis and inclined at 30º to the positive direction of axis of x, is
Sol : Equation of line passing through (0,-2) and
1
having slope is 3y  x  2 3  0
3
vi) Intercept Form :Suppose a line L makes intercept on x-axis is a and on y-
x y
axis is b then its equation is   1
a b
a) If the portion of the line intercepted between the axes is divided by the point
nx my
(x1, y1) in the ratio m : n, then the equation of the line is x  y  m  n
1 1
mx ny
(or)   mn
x1 y1

b) Equation of the line whose intercept between the axes is bisected at the point (x1, y1) is
x y
 2
x1 y1
c) Equation of the line making equal intercepts on the axes and through the point (xo, yo) is
x + y = xo + yo
d) Equation of the line making equal
intercepts in magnitude but opposite in sign and passing through (xo,yo) is x – y = xo – yo
e) The equation of the line passing through the point (x1, y1) and whose intercepts are in the ratio
m : n is nx+my=nx1+my1 (or) mx+ny=mx1+ny1
W.E-5: The sum of x,y intercepts made by the lines x+y=a, x+y=ar, x+y=ar2 ...... on coordinate axes when
r=1/2, a  0
Sol: required sum

= 2a  2ar  2ar  ......  infinite G.P 

2

= 2a/1-r = 4a
vii) General equation of line :
a) A linear equation in x and y always represents a line.
b) The equation of a line in general form is
a x + b y + c = 0 , where a , b , c are real numbers such that a 2  b 2  0 having
slope =-a/b , x-intercept =-c/a , y- intercept =-c/b .
 c) The equation of a line parallel to ax  by  c  0 is of the form ax  by  k  0 , k  R .
d) The equation of a line perpendicular to ax  by  c  0 is of the form bx  ay  k  0 ,
kR
e ) Equation of a line passing through  x1 , y1  and (i) parallel to ax  by  c  0 is
a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0

(ii)Perpendicular to ax  by  c  0 is b  x  x1   a  y  y1   0
viii) Normal form :
a) The equation of the straight line upon which the length of the normal drawn from origin
is 'p' and this perpendicular makes an angle  ,  0    2  with positive x-axis is

x cos   y sin   p ,  p  0 

L

P X

b) The normal form of a line ax  by  c  0 is

 a x
 b y
c
, if c  0
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a  b2
2

a b c
and x y , if c  0
a b 2
a b 2
a  b2 2 2 2

W.E-6: Normal form of the equation x+y+1=0 is

Sol: The given equation is x+y+1=0  -x-y=1


 1 x   1 y  1
2 2 2
    1
 x cos      y sin     
 4  4 2
5 5 1
 x cos  y sin 
4 4 2
ix) Symmetric form and Parametric equations of a straight line :
a) The equation of the straight line passing through (x1,y1) and makes an angle  with the
x  x1 y  y1
positive direction of x-axis is 
co s  sin 
 Where    0,     (    )
b) The co-ordinates  x, y  of any point P on the line at a distance ‘r’ units away from the
point A x1, y1  can be taken as  x1 r cos, y1  rsin  or x1 r cos, y1 r sin 
c) The equations x  x1  r cos  , y  y1  r sin  are called parametric equations of a line
with parameter 'r' of the line passing through the point  x1 , y1  and having inclination
.
Y

P  x1  r cos  , y1  r sin  

Ax1, y1  


Q x1  r cos  , y1  r sin  

X
O B

x  x1 y  y1
cos q = , sin q =
AP AP
or x – x1 = AP cos q , y – y1 = AP sin q .
x  x1 y  y1
 r
cos  sin 
W.E-7: (1,2),(3,6)are two opposite vertices of a rectangle and if the other two vertices lie on the line 2y
= x + c, then c and other two vertices are
Sol: Mid point of given vertices is P  x1 , y1    2, 4  which lies on 2y = x + c then c=6.
1
Now r=BP=AP= 5 , tan  
2
Hence B=  x1  r cos  , y1  r sin   =(4,5)

C=  x1  r cos  , y1  r sin   =(0,3)

Distances:
 i) The perpendicular distance to the line ax  by  c  0
c
(a) from origin is
a 2  b2
ax1  by1  c
(b) from the point  x1 , y1  is
a 2  b2
ii) The distance of a point  x1 , y1  from the line L  axby c 0 measured along a line making
ax1  by1  c
an angle  with x-axis is
a cos   b sin 
 c1  c2
iii) The distance between parallel lines ax  by  c1  0 and ax  by  c2  0 is .
a 2  b2
iv) The distance between the parallel lines ax+by+c1=0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 measured along
the line having inclination  is
c1  c 2
a cos   b sin 
v) The equation of a line parallel and lying midway between the above two lines is
c c
ax  by  1 2  0
2
vi) Equiation of the line parallel to ax+by+c=0 and at a distance d from the line is
ax  by  c  d a 2  b 2  0
W.E-8: The distance between A(2, 3) on the line of gradient 3/4 and the point of intersection P of
this line with 5x + 7y + 40 = 0 is
Sol : Since m = 3/4, then cos q = 4/5 and sin q = 3/5.

5 2  7 3  40 355
r 
 4   3 41
5   7  
 5   5

Position of a point (s) w.r.to line (s):

 i) The ratio in which the line L  ax  by  c  0 divides the line segment joining
A x1, y1  and B  x2 , y2  is L11 : L22 where L11  ax1  by1  c, L22  ax2  by2  c
ii) The points A , B lie on the same side or opposite side of the line L = 0 according as
L11 , L22 have same sign or opposite sign that is L11. L22  0 or L11. L22  0
W.E-9: The range of  in the interval (0, ) such that the points (3, 5) and (sin  , cos  ) lie on the same
side of the line x + y – 1 = 0 is
Sol : Since  3  5  1  sin  cos   1  0

  1   3
 sin         
4  2 4 4 4

 0  
2
iii) A point A x1, y1  and origin lies on the same or opposite side of a line L  ax  by  c  0
according as c.L11  0 or c.L11  0
iv) The point  x1 , y1  lies between the parallel lines ax1  by1  c  0, ax2  by2  c  0 or
ax1  by1  c1
does not lie between them according as ax  by  c is negative or positive
1 1 2

v) The point A x1, y1  lies above or below the line L  ax  by  c  0 according as

L11 L
 0 or 11  0
b b
Proof: The fig. Shows a point P(x1, y1) lying above a given line. If an ordinate is dropped from P to meet the
line L at N, then the x coordinate of N will be x1.

(ax1  c)
Putting x = x1 in the equation ax + by + c = 0 gives ordinate of N = –
b
If P(x1, y1) lies above the line, then we have
(ax1  c) (ax1  c)
y1 > – i.e. y1 + >0
b b
(ax1  by1  c) L( x 1 , y1 )
i.e. > 0, i.e. >0
b b
P

L  ax  by  c  0
N
Hence, P(x1, y1) lies above the line
L( x 1 , y1 )
ax + by + c = 0, and if < 0, it would mean that P lies below the line ax + by + c = 0.
b
 If P ( x1 , y1 ) lie between the parallel lines
ax + by + c1 = 0, ax + by + c2 = 0 then
(ax1 + by1 + c1 )(ax1 + by1 + c2 ) < 0 .
 If P ( x1 , y1 ) does not lie between the parallel lines

ax + by + c1 = 0, ax + by + c2 = 0 then (ax1 + by1 + c1 )(ax1 + by1 + c2 ) > 0

Proof :
Make c1 , c2 having same sign. ( If necessary)
Þ ( 0,0) lie on same side of both the lines
Þ ax1 + b1 y1 + c1 , c1 have opposite signs
ax1 + b1 y1 + c2 , c2 have opposite signs
since c1c2 > 0, we have (ax1 + by1 + c1 )(ax1 + by1 + c2 ) > 0
Ceva's Theorem :
 If the lines joining any point ‘O’ to the vertices A,B,C of a triangle meet the opposite sides
BD CE AF
in D,E, F respectively then . . 1
DC EA FB
Proof: Without loss of generality take the point P as
the origin O.
Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  , C  x3 , y3  be the
y1  0 y1
vertices. Slope of AP is x  0  x
1 1
 y1
Equation of AP is y  0  x  x  0 
1

 yx1  xy1  xy1  yx1  0

BD   x2 y1  x1 y2  x1 y2  x2 y1
  
DC x3 y1  x1 y3 x3 y1  x1 y3
BD CE AF
 . . 1
DC EA FB
Manelaw's Theorem :
 If a transversal cuts the sides BC, CA, AB of a triangle in D, E, F respectively then
BD CE AF
. .  1
DC EA FB
BD   ax2  by2  c 
Proof: Let the transversal be ax+by+c=0. the line divides BC at D then DC  ax  by  c
 3 3 
BD CE AF
Hence . .  1
DC EA FB
W.E-10: The range of  , if ( ,  2 ) lies inside the triangle having sides along the lines
2x + 3y = 1, x + 2y - 3 = 0, 6y = 5x - 1
Sol : Let A, B, C be vertices of the triangle.
5 7
A  ( 7, 5), B   , 
4 8
 1 1
C   ,  . Sign of A w.r.t. BC to -ve.
3 9
If P lies inside the triangle ABC, then sign of P will be the same as sign of A w.r.t. the line
BC
 5  6 2  1  0 .....(i)
similarly 2  3 2  1  0 .....(ii)
And   2 2  3  0 .....(iii)
Solving (i), (ii) and (iii) for  and then taking intersection,
1   3 
we get    ,1    ,  1
2   2 
Point of intersection of lines and Concurrency of Straight Lines:
 i) Consider two lines L1  a1 x  b1 y  c1  0
and L2  a2x  b2 y  c2  0 then point of intersection is

 bc
1 2  b2c1 c1a2  c2 a1

 ,  or
 a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1 
x y 1
 
b1 c1 c1 a1 a1 b1
b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2
 ii) Three or more lines are said to be concurrent, if they have a point in common. The
common point is called the point of concurrence.
a) If L 1 = 0, L2 = 0 are two interesecting lines, then the equation of any line other than
L1  0 and L2  0 passing through point of intersection can be taken as
L1   L2  0. Where  is a parameter

a1 b1 c1
iff a2 b2 c2  0
b) The three lines Li  ai x  bi y  ci  0, i 1,2,3 are concurrent
a3 b3 c3
(or) Point of intersection of any two lines lies on the third line
(or) there exist constants 1 , 2 , 3 not all zero such that 1 L1  2 L2  3 L3  0
c) If p1x+q1y =1, p2x+q2y = 1, p3x+q3y = 1 are
concurrent lines then the points (p1,q1), (p2,q2), (p3,q3) are collinear
d) If ka+lb+mc=0, then the point of concurrency of the lines represented by ax+by+c=0 is
k l 
 , 
m m
W.E-11: The line x   y  4  0 passes through the point of intersection of 4x  y  1  0 and
x + y + 1 = 0. Then the value of  is
Sol : The three lines are concurrent
1  4
 4 1 1  0 22
 2  3  20  0  
1 1 1 3
Angle between lines:
m1  m2
 i) If ' ' is an acute angle between the lines having slopes m1 and m2 then tan  
1  m1m2
ii) If ' ' is an acute angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then

1 2 bb
aa 1 2  a2b1
cos  and tan  ab
1 2

a b a b
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
a1a2  bb
1 2

other angle between the lines is   

iii) The slope m of a line which is equally inclined with two intersecting lines of slopes
m1  m m  m2
m1 and m2 is given by 1  mm  1  m m
1 2
iv) The slopes of the lines making an angle  with a line having slope m are
m  tan  m  tan 
,
1  m tan  1  m tan 
v) Consider two lines L1  a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and L2  a2x  b2 y  c2  0
a1 b1
a) Lines are parallel if a  b
2 2

a1 b1 c1
b) Lines are coincident if a  b  c
2 2 2

c) Lines are perpendicular if a1a2  b1b2  0

 a1 b1
d) Lines are equally inclined with x-axis if a   b
2 2

W.E-12: A straight line through (2, 2) intersects the lines 3 x  y  0 and 3 x - y  0 at the pointss
A and B. The equation to the line AB so that the triangle OAB is equilateral is
Sol: Since given two lines passing through origin and making angles 600, 1200 with X-axis the
third line is parallel to X-axis. Hence equation of AB is y=2
Triangles and Quadrilaterals:
 i) The ratio of the sides of a triangle formed by L1  0, L2  0 and L3  0 is

a2 b2 a3 b3 a b
a12 b12 : a22 b22 : a32 b32 1 1
a3 b3 a1 b1 a2 b2
ii) Let d1 be the distance between the parallel lines ax  by  c1  0 ,
ax  by  c2  0 and d2 be the distance between the parallel lines a1x  b1 y  k1  0 ,
a1x  b1 y  k 2  0 then the figure formed by four lines is
a) a square if d1=d2 and aa1  bb1  0 ,
b) Rhombus if d1=d2 and aa1  bb1  0 ,
c) Rectangle if d1  d 2 and aa1  bb1 =0,
d) Parallelogram if d1  d 2 and aa1  bb1  0
x y 1
 i)The area of triangle formed by the line   1 with the co- ordinate axis is ab
a b 2
c2
ii)The area of triangle formed by line ax  by  c  0 with the co - ordinate axes is 2 ab

2c 2
iii) Area of the rhombus a x  b y  c  0 is 4 (area of D) = ab

2
iv) The area of triangle formed by lines ai x  bi y  ci  0, i  1, 2,3 is = 2  
1 2 3

a1 b1 c1
a b2 a1 b1 a1 b1
where D = a2 b2 c2 , l1 = 2 ,
a3 b3 l2 = a b3
,l3 =
a2 b2
a3 b3 c3 3

 c1  c2 
2
1
v) The area of triangle formed by lines y  mi x  ci , i  1, 2,3 is 2 m  m2
1

vi) If p1 , p2 are distances between parallel sides and ' ' is angle between adjacent sides of
p1 p2
parallelogram then its area is
sin 
vii) Area of parallelogram whose sides are a1x b1y c1  0, a1x b1y c2  0, a2x b2 y  d1  0
 c1  c2  d1  d2 
and a2 x  b2 y  d 2  0 is
a1b2  a2b1
 1
viii) Area of rhombus = d d where d1,d2 are lengths of the diagonals
2 1 2
W.E-13: The triangle formed by the lines x-7y-22=0, 3x+4y+9=0, 7x+y-54=0 is
a2 b2 a3 b3 a b
So: by using a12 b12 : a22 b22 : a32 b32 1 1
a3 b3 a1 b1 a2 b2
we get 1: 2 :1 hence the triangle is right angled isosceles.
W.E-14: If the distance of any point P(x, y) from the origin is defined as d(x, y) = Max.
(|x|, |y|) and d(x, y) = a (non zero constant), then the locus of the P is
Sol: d(x, y) = Max. (|x|, |y|) .....(i)
But d(x, y) = a ..... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), a = Max. (|x|, |y|)
If |x| > |y|, then a = |x| Þ x = ± a
If |y| > |x|, then a = |y| Þ y = ± a
Hence locus of P represents a square.
Foot and Image:
 i) If  h, k  is the foot of the perpendicular from  x1, y1  to the line ax  by  c  0 then
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
  or
a b a 2  b2
-(ax1 + by1 + c )
 h, k  =( x1 + al, y1 + bl) where l = a2 + b2
ii) If  h, k  is the image (reflection ) of the point  x1 , y1  w.r.t the line ax  by  c  0 then
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
  or
a b a 2  b2
-2 (ax1 + by1 + c )
 h, k  =( x1 + al, y1 + bl) where l=
a2 + b 2
iii) Image of (a , b) w.r.to y = x is (b , a )
iv) Image of ( a , b ) w.r.to x + y = 0 is  b, a 
v) If B is image of A w.r.to P then 2P = A + B
vi) Reflection of f ( x, y ) = 0 in x-axis is f ( x, - y ) = 0

vii) Reflection of f ( x, y) = 0 in y-axis is f (-x, y ) = 0

viii) Reflection of f ( x, y ) = 0 in x = y is f ( y, x) = 0
ix) Image of the line ax+by+c = 0 w.r.t line lx+my+n =0 (or) the straight line lx+my+n=0
bisects an angle between the two lines of which one of them is ax+by+c=0 then equation of
other line is
l 2
 m 2   ax  by  c  =2(al+bm) (lx+my+n)
W.E-15 : In ABC A is (1,2) if the internal angle bisector of B is 2x-y+10=0 and perpendicular
bisector of AC is y=x then the equation of BC is
Sol: Image of A w.r.to bisector of B is (-7,6) lies on BC and image of A in the perpendicular
bisector of AC is C(2,1)
 equation of BC is 5x+9y-19=0
Centroid, circumcentre, orthocentre and incentre:
 i) Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  , C  x3 , y3  be
vertices of ABC then,
a) Equation of altitude through A is  x  x1  x2  x3    y  y1   y2  y3 
b) Equation of perpendicular bisector of the side AB is

 x1 tan A x2 tan B  x3 tanC y1 tan A y2 tan B  y3 tanC 

c) Orthocentre of  ABC is  , 
 tanAtanB tanC tanAtanB tanC 

 x1 sin2A x2 sin2B  x3 sin2C y1 sin2A y2 sin2B  y3 sin2C 

d) Circum centre of ABC is  , 
 sin2Asin2Bsin2C sin2Asin2Bsin2C 
ii) The equations of the sides BC,CAandAB of the triangle ABC formed by the lines
Li  a i x  bi y  ci  0 (i=1,2,3) then
a) Orthocentre is point of intersection of
 a2a3 b2b3  L1   a3a1 bb
3 1  L2   aa 1 2  L3
1 2  bb

b) Median through A is 2 L2  3 L3  0
Hence centroid satisfies 2 L2  3 L3  1 L1
iii) If H is orthocentre of triangle ABC, then orthocentre of triangle formed by any three of
the points H,A,B,C will be the remaining point.
iv) Circumcentre is equidistant from the vertices of triangle
v) If G is the centroid, H is the orthocentre and S is the circumcentre then
a) The relation between them is 3G = 2S + H.
b) H  3G when S   0, 0 
vi) Incentre is equidistant from all sides of the traingle.
vii) In a triangle ABC,
a) The internal bisector of angle A, ie. AD divides opposite side BC at D in the ratio AB:AC
b) The external bisector of angle A, ie. AD divides opposite side BC at D in the ratio -
AB:AC
viii) If the algebraic sum of the perpendicular distances from three points to a variable line
is zero, then the line passes through the centroid of the triangle formed by the three points.
W.E-16: In a triangle ABC, coordinates of A are
(1, 2) and the equations to the medians through B and C are x + y = 5 and x = 4
respectively. Then the points B and C are
Sol: Let B be (x1, y1) and C be (4, y). Since medians through B and C meet at Centroid G (4, 1)
x1 + 4 + 1
Þ = 4 Þ x1 = 7
3
 Since B(x1, y1) lies on x + y = 5
\ y1 = 5 – x1 = 5 – 7 = –2  B is (7, –2),

A 1, 2 

G(4, 1)

B x1 , y1  C 4, y 

y1 + y + 2
Also = 1 Þ y = 3 - 2 - y1 \ C is (4, 3
3
Angular bisectors of two straight lines:
 Angular bisector is the locus of a point which moves in such a way so that its distance from
two intersecting lines remains same.

The equations of the two bisectors of the angles between the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and
a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b 2 y  c2
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are a b
2 2 =± a 22  b 22
1 1

Q
M

D P
O

i) If the two given lines are not perpendicular i.e. a1 a2 + b1b2  0 and not parallel i.e.
a1 b2  a2b1 then one of these equations is the equation of the bisector of the acute angle
between two given lines and the other that of the obtuse angle between two given lines.
ii) W hether both given lines are perpendicular or not, but the angular bisectors of these lines
will always be mutually perpendicular.
iii) The bisectors of the acute and the obtuse angles:
Take one of the lines and let its slope be m1 and take one of the bisectors and let its slope be
m1  m 2
m2. If  be the acute angle between them, then find tan  =
1  m1m 2
 C

A 
P  x, y 
M
B

If tan  > 1 then the bisector taken is the bisector of the obtuse angle and the other one will
be the bisector of the acute angle.
If 0 < tan  < 1 then the bisector taken is the bisector of the acute angle and the other one
will be the bisector of the obtuse angles.
iv) consider the lines are a1 x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, where c1  0, c2  0
then,
a1 x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b2 y  c2

a 12  b12 a 22  b 22
will represent the equation of the bisector of the acute or obtuse angle between the lines
according as a1a2 + b1b2 is negative or positive.
v) The equation of the bisector of the angle which contains a given point :
The equation of the bisector of the angle between the two lines containing the point  x1 , y1  is

a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b 2 y  c2 a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b 2 y  c2
= or =–
a b
2
1
2
1 a 22  b 22 a12  b12 a 22  b 22
according as a1x1 + b1y1 + c1 and a2x1 + b2y1 + c2 are of the same signs or of opposite signs.
vi) For example the equation of the bisector of the angle containing the origin is given by
a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b 2 y  c2
a12  b12
=+ a 22  b 22
for same sign of c1 and c2 (for opposite sign take –ve sign

in place of +ve sign)

vii) If c 1c 2 (a 1 a 2 + b 1b 2) < 0, then the origin will lie in the acute angle and if
c1c2 (a1a2 + b1b2) > 0, then origin will lie in the obtuse angle.
viii) Equation of straight lines passing through P(x1, y1) and equally inclined with the lines
a1x + b1y + c1= 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are those which are parallel to the bisectors between
these two lines and passing through the point P.
W.E-17 :
For the straight lines 4x + 3y – 6 = 0 and 5x + 12y + 9 = 0, find the equation of the -
(i) Bisector of the obtuse angle between them is
ii) Bisector of the acute angle between them is
(iii) Bisector of the angle which contains origin is
(iv) Bisector of the angle which contains (1, 2) is
Sol: after making c1 >0 and c2 >0 ;
a1a2+b1b2 = (-4)(5)+(-3)(12) = -56 <0
i) The bisector of the acute angle is
 4 x  3y  6 5x  12 y  9
(4)  (3)
2 2 =
52  12 2
=7x + 9y – 3 = 0
ii) The bisector of the obtuse angle is
 4 x  3y  6 5x 12 y  9
(4)  (3)
2 2 = 
52 122
9x – 7y – 41 = 0
(iii) The bisector of the angle containing the origin
 4 x  3y  6 5x  12 y  9
(4)  (3)
2 = 2
52  12 2
7x + 9y – 3 = 0
(iv) For the point (1, 2),
4x + 3y – 6 = 4 × 1 + 3 × 2 – 6 > 0
5x + 12y + 9 = 12× 2 + 9 > 0
Hence equation of the bisector of the angle containing the point (1, 2) is
4 x  3y  6 5x  12 y  9
=
5 13
9x – 7y – 41 = 0
Optimization:
 Let A and B are two points on same side of line L  ax  by  c  0
i) The point P such that PA + PB is minimum, is intersection of L = 0 and the line joining
A to image of B
or line joining B to image of A w.r.to L = 0
ii) The point is P such that PA  PB is
Maximum, is point of intersection of line L = 0 and line joining A and B.
W.E-18: A light ray emerging from the point source placed at P(2, 3) is reflected at a point ‘Q’ on
the y-axis and then passes through the point R(5, 10). Coordinate of ‘Q’ is -
Sol: Image of point P(2,3) in Y-axis is P1  2,3
Equation of P1R  y  3  1 x  2 
x  y5  0
P1R meets the Y-axis at Q(0,5)
Reflection in surface:

N
I R

 
Tangent
P

IP = incident ray
PN = normal to the surface
PR = reflected ray
 IPN =  NPR
 Angle of incident = Angle of reflection
No. of lines, no. of triangles and no. of circles:
 No. of lines drawn through the point A which are at a distance d from the point B
a) If AB = d then the no. of lines through A at a distance d from B is 1
b) If AB>d then the no. of lines through A at a distance d from B is 2
c) If AB<d then the no. of lines through A at a distance d from B is 0
 No of right angled traingles in a circle depends on height h of the traingle and radius r of the
circle
a) If h = r, no. of right angled traingles = 2
b) If h < r, no. of right angled traingles = 4
c) If h > r, no. of right angled traingles = 0
 No. of circles touching three lines
a) No circle if the lines are parallel
b) one circle if the lines are concurrent
c) 2 circles if two lines are parallel and third cuts them
d) 4 circles if the lines are not concurrent and no two of them are parallel.
W.E-19: Let A= (1,2), B= (3,4) and C=(x,y) be a point such that(x–1) (x–3)+(y–2)(y–4)=0. If
area of  ABC=1 then maximum number of positions of C in the xy plane is
Sol: Ends of diameter are A= (1,2), B= (3,4)

 
1 1
Area of the triangle is equal to 1  2 2  h  =1  h 
2 2
AB 5
radius = =
2 2
 number of traingles= 4 ( h < r)
 Image of orthocentre of D ABC w.r.t. a side of the triangle lies on circumcircle of
D ABC
Proof :From diagram,BHD,BTDare congruent triangles Þ T is image of H w.r.t. BC
A

0
90 -c D c
B 0 C
90 -c c

 If the perpendicular bisectors of sides AB , AC are perpendicular then

i) Ð BAC is 900
ii) point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors is mid point of BC
Proof :
A
0
90

900 0
90
900
B C

 For an equilateral D ABC , ex-centres I1 , I 2 and I 3 are images of A,B and C w.r.t.
.t.
BC , CA & AB respectively
Proof : D BAC , D B I 1C are similar triangles.
Þ I1 is image of A w.r.t. BC

0 0
30 30

0 0
B 600 60 C
60 0
60

I1

 In a right angled triangle, the sum of the lengths of the legs is equal to
the sum of the diameters of the inscribed and the
circumscribed circles.
Proof :c =2R ( R is circum radius )
In-radius = r = ( s-c ) tan C/2
 2r  a  b  c  2 R  2r  a  b
 B

a c

C A

 If the sides BC , CA and AB of a triangle ABC are divided by the points D,E,F in
the same ratio, then the centroids of D ABC, D DEF are coincide.
Proof : Let the points D,E,F divides BC , CA and
AB in the ratio of 1 : l respectively..
æ l x + x3 l y2 + y3 ÷ö
D = çç 2 , ÷,
çè l + 1 l + 1 ÷ø
æ l x + x1 l y3 + y1 ÷ö
E = çç 3 , ÷
çè l + 1 l + 1 ÷ø
æ l x + x2 l y1 + y2 ö÷
F = çç 1 , ÷
çè l + 1 l + 1 ø÷
æ x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 ÷ö
Centroid of D D E F = Centroid of D ABC = ççç , ÷÷
è 3 3 ø
 In an isosceles triangle the sum of the distances from any point of the base to the
lateral sides is constant.
Proof :

h1 h2

B C
P

Let P be a point of BC ,
1
Let h1 , h 2 are ^r distances from P to AB, AC area of DABP, D1 = AB h1
2
1
area of DACP, D2 = AC h2
2
 2 2D 2 1
h1 + h2 = (D1 + D2 ) = = . ( AC) h
AC AC AC 2
h1 + h2 = h ( h is altitude from B to AC )
sum of the distances is equal to the length of altitude drawn to a lateral side of the
triangle.

 The line in the family of lines L1 + l L2 = 0 which is at maximum distance from a point
P is perpendicular to PA , where A is point concurrence of the family of lines.