“Technology that you know, Knows You”

Nathaniel Jimera, Albert Suva Lalaguna, Gemnic Vem Laput

I. Background of the Study

Introduction to Machine Learning
The term Machine Learning was first coined by Arthur Samuel in the year 1959. Looking
back, that year was probably the most significant in terms of technological
advancements. If you browse through the net about ‘what is Machine Learning’, you will
get at least 100 different definitions. However, the very first formal definition was given
by Tom M. Mitchell: “A computer program is said to learn from experience E with
respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P if its performance at tasks
in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.” In simple terms, Machine learning
is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) which provides machines the ability to learn
automatically & improve from experience without being explicitly programmed to do so.
In the sense, it is the practice of getting Machines to solve problems by gaining the
ability to think. But wait, can a machine think or make decisions? Well, if you feed a
machine a good amount of data, it will learn how to interpret, process, and analyze this
data by using Machine Learning Algorithms, to solve real-world problems. Before
moving any further, let us discuss some of the most used terminologies in Machine
Learning.
Machine Learning Definitions Algorithm:
A Machine Learning algorithm is a set of rules and statistical techniques used to learn
patterns from data and draw significant information from it. It is the logic behind a
Machine Learning model. An example of a Machine Learning algorithm is the Linear
Regression algorithm. Model: A model is the main component of Machine Learning. A
model is trained by using a Machine Learning Algorithm. An algorithm maps all the
decisions that a model is supposed to take based on the given input, to get the correct
output. Predictor Variable: It is a feature(s) of the data that can be used to predict the
output. Response Variable: It is the feature or the output variable that needs to be
predicted by using the predictor variable(s). Training Data: The Machine Learning model
is built using the training data. The training data helps the model to identify key trends
and patterns essential to predict the output. Testing Data: After the model is trained, it
must be tested to evaluate how accurately it can predict an outcome. This is done by
the testing data set.

II. Statement of the Problem

Machine Learning can be used with bad intentions because technology that will be
developed will always create opportunities for it to be abused or used in a detrimental
manner. This exists because it is still an emerging technology that still has a massive
room for growth and development. Machine Learning can also be considered biased
because of the developer(s) have a massive control on what the system will become.
This is a problem because it loops back to bad intentions and the morals of the
developers. Machine Learning is a tool that does not have a set of parameters
regarding ethics. This exists because it is a machine that functions with logic and
numbers which means that they only function based upon the data they acquire.

III. Objectives
The objectives of this research wish to achieve is to find a way in which machine
learning will be used without violating the rights of a person and limit the detrimental
effects of machine learning. This will be made possible if there is evidence in which the
said emerging technology is beneficial and can be seen in actively being used properly
in different fields. This is possible because of the abundance of information that exists
inside of the current Netscape on the making of this research. The focus will be on the
evidences that has existed 5-years prior till present that supports the claim of the
possibility of the objectives. When the evidences line up to provide a concise insight of
the matter then further research and data synthesizing will be made in order to form a
solid conclusion. The three main objectives of this research are:

-Define the current status quo of machine learning in modern society.

-Identify the use of machine learning in the industry.
-To define the reasoning on why the development of machine learning is
controlled.

IV. Areas of Consideration

A. Internal Factors
The Machine Learning process involves building a Predictive model that can be used to
find a solution for a Problem Statement. To understand the Machine Learning process
let us assume that you have been given a problem that needs to be solved by using
Machine Learning.
The problem is to predict the occurrence of rain in your local area by using Machine
Learning. The below steps are followed in a Machine Learning process:
Step 1: Define the objective of the Problem Statement At this step, we must understand
what exactly needs to be predicted. In our case, the objective is to predict the possibility
of rain by studying weather conditions. At this stage, it is also essential to take mental
notes on what kind of data can be used to solve this problem or the type of approach
you must follow to get to the solution.
Step 2: Data Gathering At this stage, you must be asking questions such as, what kind
of data is needed to solve this problem? Is the data available? How can I get the data?
Once you know the types of data that is required, you must understand how you can
derive this data. Data collection can be done manually or by web scraping. However, if
you are a beginner and you are just looking to learn Machine Learning you do not have
to worry about getting the data. There are 1000s of data resources on the web, you can
just download the data set and get going. Coming back to the problem at hand, the data
needed for weather forecasting includes measures such as humidity level, temperature,
pressure, locality, whether you live in a hill station, etc. Such data must be collected and
stored for analysis.
Step 3: Data Preparation The data you collected is almost never in the right format. You
will encounter a lot of inconsistencies in the data set such as missing values, redundant
variables, duplicate values, etc. Removing such inconsistencies is very essential
because they might lead to wrongful computations and predictions. Therefore, at this
stage, you scan the data set for any inconsistencies, and you fix them then and there.
Step 4: Exploratory Data Analysis Grab your detective glasses because this stage is all
about diving deep into data and finding all the hidden data mysteries. EDA or
Exploratory Data Analysis is the brainstorming stage of Machine Learning. Data
Exploration involves understanding the patterns and trends in the data. At this stage, all
the useful insights are drawn and correlations between the variables are understood.
For example, in the case of predicting rainfall, we know that there is a strong possibility
of rain if the temperature has fallen low.
Based on the explanation and sample given from above it could be said that the
strengths of machine learning fall into continue improvement because new data will
allow a model’s accuracy and efficiency to make decisions will also improve with more
training. It can also allow automation for mostly everything because of its ability to
automate various tasks that require decision-making. Another strength is the ability to
identify patterns from a huge pool of data in which it can influence in making decisions
and increase efficiently. Lastly is that machine learning is used in every industry in the
modern era.
The weaknesses of machine learning stem from the difficulty of data acquisition. This
ranges from survey to questionnaires there also the possibility that a large volume of the
data is bogus or incorrect. This leads to poor accuracy of the models. Automating
everything sounds good but it is also highly error-prone because sometimes the data is
improper which in turn create incorrect results. A machine learning problem can use
various algorithms to find a solution but this is a manual tedious task to identify the most
accurate algorithm to use. Lastly is that processing huge volumes of data is time
consuming and it is most likely to increase the time consume as more data are to be
processed.
B. External Factors
A.I. and Machine Learning and its Impact on Education Technology
A.I. or Artificial intelligence and Machine learning are some of the terms which are
creating a buzz all around the world. The importance of machine to our lives has given
its growth at a rapid pace. A.I. and Machine learning are the next level of the
technological revolution where the machine meets human knowledge and intelligence. It
sounds interesting and complicated too. But in a true sense, it has a great deal of
importance in almost every sector of our lives, including the education system. That
means the machines will be filled with human intelligence to understand the level of
human intelligence! Let us simply the factor for a better understanding.
AI and machine learning are currently crucial part of our lives we at times don’t even
realize we are using it at an extensive level. When anyone calls an Uber or Lyft for a
ride, he/she gets to know the details of everything, from the distance to the expected
reaching time, the car’s location, name and number of the driver for contact, and these
are nothing but simple way ML providing information to the users. Facebook is a perfect
example for A.I. conducts which scatters from suggesting the names by identifying the
face for tagging a person, or offering relevant pictures to create a particular album. The
shopping sites too suggest probable preferences as per one’s previous searches and
browsing history. All these are nothing but getting the help of the world of A.I. and M.L.
for us.
When A. I. and M.L. have left no stone untouched, it will be underestimating the power
of A. I. and M.L., if they are not thought for the educational advancement. In fact, it is
making quite an improvement in this sector. Till the recent past the world was only
known to one method of leaning and that is interactive and mostly instructive between
the teachers and students. But this method includes some faults and Machine Learning
and Artificial Intelligence can deal with them professionally, to create a positive impact
on the students. Let’s get to know how?
A school or any institution allots one teacher for a good number of students, and these
students can be very different in their personalities, and the weaknesses and the
strengths of these students are different. But it is not possible for a teacher to
understand them all while focusing for the course.
There is still very limited recourse in this world to educate the specially-abled students.
The scarcity of teachers and the proper equipment and method of teaching them, are
some of the major issues. But A. I. and M.L. are the powerful resources which can solve
these issues perfectly and efficiently.
‘A teacher for every student’ is a concept that is still farfetched for this massively
populated world. But with the artificial intelligence, it will be easy to provide the teaching
guide for every student in every corner of this world.
Elimination of bias attitude of a human teacher is one of the best parts of A.I. and
Machine learning. The fact is understandable that, it is difficult for a teacher to see every
student of him/her in the same light. There are preferences which can reflect in the
method of teaching or providing grades.
Leaning at one’s ease and in own pace is the most scientific method of learning, rather
than pushing the students to learn something in an allotted time, as every student has
their own ability to grasp something. This factor gets denied in our education system.
But when there will be the option for ‘a teacher for each student’ and the teacher (A. I.
and M.L.) will be most patient to deal with the need and ability of each student, study
will never be a nightmare for the kids.
There are already a number of apps which are proving assistance to be a great help for
the kids for learning, which one can avail for better learning. But there is still a massive
scope to enhance the quality of the sector of education through A.I. and machine
learning.
Machine Learning Applied to Domain Modelling
Some of the institutions have already started with the procedure of adding the help of A.
I. and M.L. in their training process, but the majority of world institutions are still to
improve in the latest aid of technology. The future is too promising for the coming
generation to avail the opportunities to learn in the most unique way possible to become
more resourceful for the need of the time. A report suggested that “While 16% of U.S.
jobs will be lost over the next decade as the result of artificial intelligence and
technology, 13.6 million jobs will be created during that time due to the trend.” So, the
need for A.I. educated students will be escalated in the future and it is high time to get
our future generation prepare for it.
The business opportunities of automation technology are potentially limitless, but they
will require radically new strategies and structures. Automation technologies will cause
mining companies to rethink nearly everything they do, including actively nurturing a
new range of skills in their future workforce. The field of machine learning will provide
direction, strategy and tools.
Structures and inter-relationships between mining processes and mining data are being
discovered through the use of new generation smart tools including augmented
intelligence and machine learning.
Enterprise systems that incorporate machine learning approaches will drive the need for
personnel who are skilled in more than collecting, analyzing and reporting data.
Interrogating data in the context of a mine’s operational model, and inferring
connections between data and processes will be key to unlocking future productivity
gains and establishing best practice.
Maptek’s new machine learning engine provides the ability to generate domain
boundaries direct from drillhole sample data into a block model. This eliminates the
need for time consuming manual digitization and slow and cumbersome mathematical
functions.
Embracing new technologies such as digital transformation and automation is a proven
way to speed up the strategic planning cycle. Applied to resource modelling, it
empowers miners who are looking to new strategies to exploit valuable resources,
address issues such as stakeholder demands, talent shortages and risk management.

Machine learning fosters a more agile approach that delivers results with accuracy that
compares favorably to traditional resource modelling methods. This allows resource
geologists and analysts to review multiple projects in a much shorter time frame, such
as to take advantage of commodity pricing, investment environment or takeover
window. Spending months to generate models and test geological assumptions is
guaranteed to result in lost acquisition and project opportunities.

Machine Learning Applied to Health and Healthcare

The healthcare landscape is one of the few sectors that have greatly benefited with the
use of technology. Their early adoption of integrating technology towards their field of
work has greatly improved their benefits towards it, especially since this sector will most
likely the first to be developed when there are new and further technological advances.
In our modern era healthcare go hand in hand with technology and part of it is machine
learning. Machine learning plays an important role in many sectors related to health
because of its capabilities and its nature to be customizable to suit the needs of the
healthcare industry. There are many examples of the application of machine learning
towards healthcare and it will be discussed in the follow paragraphs.
A few years ago, there are only few ways of identifying diseases and diagnosis. These
techniques of identifying diseases are also not as accurate compared at present date.
Machine Learning (ML) gave a chance for identifying and making diagnosis for hard-to
diagnose ailments. This includes everything from cancer because of its difficulty to be
detected during its early stages, or other generic diseases that are hard to catch.
Scientists are also adapting the use of Machine Learning Models or ML Models so that
they can use it to predict the susceptibility of the disease. Further ML developments has
been trained with the use of mammograms and patient follow-up data so that it is able
to identify patterns that are not obvious or even unseen by human clinicians. This would
result in a far more precise and predictive at pre-diagnosis.
Electronic Health Records or EHRs are another form of applied machine learning due to
its capacity to generate actionable insights that ranges not just from the improvement
patient risk score system but until predicting the onset of diseases which could
streamline hospital operations. EHRs basically provides a huge amount of data that can
be used to answer clinical questions. EHRs by its essence is a part of a smarter health
records system. Technology may have made it easier for data entry processes but
despite of this it is still exhausting and takes a lot of time. The role of machine learning
here is that it eases the processes so that it can save effort, time, and money.
Machine Learning is also used for discovering new types of drugs and developing the
existing ones. Machine Learning can help in manufacturing these drugs and all of this is
possible because these machines are given a chance to be involved in unsupervised
learning which creates a chance to identify patterns of data without the need of
providing any predictions. This is all part of the early stage of drug discovery process.
Nevertheless, machine learning has created the opportunity to create drugs and at a
lower cost.
Computer Vision is considered as a breakthrough in the medical sector and it is the
culmination of the use of machine learning and deep learning. Developed by Microsoft
and accepted by the InnerEye initiative, it differentiates tumors from healthy anatomy
with the use of 3D radiological images that helps medical experts in radiotherapy and
surgical planning. The growth in medical imaging with undoubtedly contribute into the
development of AI-driven diagnostic process.
Clinical Trial and Research is a sector that costs a lot of time, resources, and money,
especially since it could take years to complete many cases. With the help of ML-based
predictive analytics, it could identify potential clinical trial candidates that can help
researchers to draw accurate and specific information from a large amount of variety of
data. This in turn saves a lot of funds and money in finding the right candidates that that
will suit the clinical trials and help further the researches in the field of healthcare.
One of the most relevant application of Machine Learning today is using it for outbreak
predictions. AI-based technologies and machine learning are used to monitor and
predict the epidemics that exists all around the globe. With the use of satellites, social
media, website information, etc... scientists are able to use a neural network that will
streamline all of this data in order to create real-time information and predict outbreaks
of infectious diseases and the like. This becomes crucial to developing countries that
does not possess the medical infrastructure and education system because it predicts
possible outbreaks of diseases and allows them to contain it before it spreads further.
Due to the nature and flexibility of machine learning and its possibility to be modified
into becoming a problem solver in every industry, its opportunity in the market is
massive. Its’ ability to cut costs while increase productivity inside of an organization or in
a business is a massive advantage towards other competitors in the same sector of
industry. As mentioned above, machine learning can be used in health, education,
businesses, mining, entertainment, and society as a whole.
This usefulness however does not come without a cost because machine learning is
susceptible from different types of risks and threats. One of the threats to machine
learning is that the system can be fooled by having malicious inputs given to it. A
sample of this is showing a picture that does not exist in the real world and force it to
make decision based on it. Another threat would be data poisoning and since machine
learning requires data for it to learn, giving it false, wrong, or malicious data can break
the system apart. Most machine learning system are already trained with a machine
learning model so it can be said that it is generic and made to be tweaked to accomplish
a special purpose. That is where a transfer learning attack will be deadly, especially if
the chosen machine learning model is popular then the attackers can launch attacks
that can fool task specific machine learning model. Lastly, the development of machine
learning system requires specialized education in order to make it operate effectively.
This means that there is a possibility of lacking personnel that can incorporate a
machine learning system into a field of labor.
V. Conclusion
Based on the information and evidences that the researchers gathered, machine
learning possesses the characteristics for it to be labeled as an emerging technology.
Machine learning is a developing technology that have its strengths and its
weaknesses, its advantage and disadvantages, its innovation and destruction, it opened
up so many opportunities that it cannot be confined into a single spectrum. Previous
researchers in the past provided both possibilities and dangers of continued
development of machine learning but despite of it is still being used in the modern era.
Machine learning has already found a place in modern society because all the
contribution it had for further improvement of society’s way of life and quality of living.
This also led to the overall development of all the sectors in industry because it
incorporated developing technology to automate, analyze, and make decisions that can
increase the efficiency and effectiveness the industry. This success does not guarantee
the full utilization of machine learning because of its flaws and it is simply a machine.
This is where the extreme side of machine learning comes in because ethics and
morals to distinguish what can be considered as humane or not. Machine learning can
be weaponized and used for warfare in which its danger becomes apparent because it
has the means to become lethal. This is where proper-use, education, discipline, and
ethics come along in order to limit the field application of machine learning. Its
complexity and the patience needed to effectively use it wards off individuals that
prefers to use it against other people with malicious intent. Nevertheless, after being
applied to all forms of labor and despite of the ambiguity of its future it already has
made a lot of impact towards other areas.
VI. Recommendation(s)
VII. References
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