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Scheme of Valuation/Answer Key
(Scheme of evaluation (marks in brackets) and answers of problems/key)
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
FIFTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE(R/S) EXAMINATIONS, DECEMBER 2022
(2019 Scheme)
Course Code: CET 307
Course Name: HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
(Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks) Marks
1 Interpretation of IDF curve 1 mark (3)
The applications of IDF curves range from assessing rainfall events, classifying
climatic regimes, to deriving design storms and assisting in designing urban
drainage systems, etc (1 marks)
Figure (1 mark)
2 (3)
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Figure (1.5 marks)
Working (1.5 marks)
3 PMF: Flood resulting from the most severe combination of critical (3)
meteorological and hydrological conditions that rare reasonably possible in the
region, an estimate of the physical upper limit to storm rainfall over the
catchment. (1.5 marks)
SPF: Flood resulting from the most severe combination of meteorological and
hydrological conditions considered reasonably characteristic of the region, may
be taken as the largest storm observed in the region of the watershed. It is not
maximized for the most critical atmospheric conditions but it may be
transposed from an adjacent region to the watershed under consideration.
(1.5 marks)
4 It is defined as the travel of a water particle from the hydraulically most remote (3)
point in the basin to the outflow location. It is the time taken from the end of
the net rainfall to the point of inflection of the falling limb of the hydrograph.
5 GCA = 10000 ha (3)
CCA = 7500 ha
Area under irrigation in Rabi season = 4500 ha
Area under irrigation in Kharif season = 2250 ha
Discharge for Rabi = 4500/2500 = 1.8 cumecs (1 mark)
Discharge for Kharif = 2250/1000 = 2.25 cumecs (1 mark)
Discharge required at the head of the distributory = 2.25 cumecs (1 mark)
6 Any 3 differences (3*1 = 3 marks) (3)
7 (i) Valley slope (3)
(ii) Stream load
(iii) Discharge
(iv) Bed and side resistance etc.
Any three factors with explanation (3*1=3 marks)
8 EXPLANATION (3 marks) (3)
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9 Constant level pumping test and recuperation test ( 1 mark) (3)
Explanation of any one method(2 marks)
10 Q = 2.72kbs / log 10 (R/r) (1 mark) (3)
On substitution, Q = 4352 m3/day (2 marks)
PART B
(Answer one full question from each module, each question carries 14 marks)
Module -1
11 a) Finding whether arithmetic average method or normal ratio method is suitable (8)
(2marks)
Equation (2.5 marks)
Substitution (2.5 marks)
PD=99.407cm (1 mark)
b) (i) A new thiessen diagram is required if there is an addition or deletion of rain (6)
gauge station for the basin
(ii) No account is taken of the orographic features of the catchment
(iii) The assumption of linear variation of precipitation between two stations is
not desirable
(iv) Does not consider topographic features and other barriers
(Any 4 drawbacks 4*1.5 = 6 marks)
12 a) Convective precipitation, Orographic precipitation and Cyclonic precipitation (6)
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with explanation (2*3 = 6 marks)
b) Computation of mean precipitation = 118.6cm (2marks) (8)
Computation of S.D.=35.04 (2marks)
Computation of Cv =29.54 (2marks)
Computation of N=9stations (1mark)
6 stations are not sufficient. Optimum number is 9. Hence three more
additional stations are needed. (1mark)
Module -2
13 a) (i) It can’t be applied to very large(A>5000 km2) and very small (A<2 km2) (6)
catchment areas
(ii) The principle of linearity is not strictly valid
(iii) Precipitation must be from rainfall only
(iv) Not applicable for basins having a high variation of rainfall intensity
Any four limitations (4*1.5 = 6 marks)
b) Net rainfall = [(40-35) + (120-35) + (85-35) + (45-35) + (45-35)]* (30/60) = (8)
80mm (3 marks)
Total rainfall = (34+40+120+85+45+45+30)*(30/60) = 199.5mm (3 marks)
W- index = (199.5-80)/(210/60) = 34.14mm/hr (2 marks)
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14 a) Time Ordinates Lagged by Lagged by Ordinates Ordinates (10)
Of 4 hr 4 hr 8hr of direct of 12hr
UH runoff UH
hydrograph
0 0 0 0
4 20 0 20 6.66
8 80 20 0 100 33.33
12 130 80 20 230 76.66
16 150 130 80 360 120
20 130 150 130 410 136.66
24 90 130 150 370 123.33
28 52 90 130 272 90.66
32 27 52 90 169 56.33
36 15 27 52 94 31.33
40 5 15 27 47 15.66
44 0 5 15 20 6.66
48 0 5 5 1.66
52 0 0 0
(2 marks) (2 marks) (1 mark) (5 marks)
b) More intense rainfalls are generally distributed over a relatively smaller area; a (4)
stream collecting water from a small catchment area is likely to give greater
runoff intensity per unit area. In the case of fan shaped catchment all the
tributaries are approximately of the same size. Such catchment gives greater
runoff since the peak flood from the tributaries is likely to reach the main
tributaries. In case of a fern leaf catchment, the tributaries are generally of
different lengths, and meet the main stream at the regular intervals. In such a
narrow catchment, the peak flood intensity is reduced since discharges are
likely to be distributed over a long period of time.
(3 marks)
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Sketch (1 mark)
Module -3
15 a) Crop Duty of Base Delta Area Volume of (8)
water period (m) under each water
(ha/cumec) (days) crop required
(hectares) (hectare-m)
Wheat 1800 120 0.576 8000 4608
Sugarcane 1700 360 1.83 8000 14640
Cotton 1400 180 1.11 4000 4444
Rice 800 120 1.29 6000 7776
Vegetables 700 120 1.48 6000 8886
(1 mark) (1 mark) (2 marks)
Total 40354
Total volume of water required by the crops = 40354 hectare-meters (2 marks)
Reservoir capacity = 40354/(0.8*0.9) = 5.605*10 4 hectare-meters (2 marks)
b) Any six methods (1 mark each) (6)
(a) Proper ploughing (b) Crop rotation (c) Lined canals (d) Frequent cultivation
(e) Good quality of water (f) Farmers should be trained etc.
(1*6= 6 marks)
16 a) dw = Sg * d* (Fc – m0) (1.5 marks) (8)
= 1.4 * 80* (0.25 – 0.11) = 15.68cm (1 mark)
Daily consumptive use = 15.68/10 = 15.68mm
Total water required in 10 days = A* dw (1 mark)
= 4547200m3 (1 mark)
Discharge in the canal = 4547200/(10*24*3600) = 5.263 cumecs (3.5 marks)
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b) (i) Crop Period : The time period that elapsed for the instant of the sowing of (6)
the crop to the instant of its harvesting
(ii) Base period: Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation
from the time when irrigation water is first issued for preparation of the ground
for planting the crop, to its last watering before harvesting.
(iii) Crop ratio: It is the ratio of the area irrigated in Rabi season to the area
irrigated in Kharif season.
(iv) Intensity of irrigation: It is defined as the percentage of culturable
commanded area proposed to be irrigated during either a crop season or during
a year.
(v) Paleo irrigation: First watering before sowing the crop.
(vi) Root zone depth: The maximum depth of soil strata in which the crop
spreads its root system and derives water from the soil.
(6*1 = 6 marks)
Module -4
17 a) (6)
Sketch (3 marks)
Explanation (3 marks)
b) (8)
Reservoir sedimentation (1.5 marks)
Sketch (1.5 marks)
Reservoir sediment control methods (Any 5 methods 5*1 = 5 marks)
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(i) Selection of reservoir site
(ii) Adequate design of reservoir
(iii) Control of sediment inflow
(iv) Control of deposited sediment
(v) Removal of deposited sediment
(vi) Erosion control in the catchment area
18 a) (6)
Procedure (4 marks)
Sketch (2 marks)
b) Area velocity method (1 mark) Figure (1 mark) (8)
The velocity is measured using
(i) Surface float
(ii) Subsurface float
(iii) Velocity rod
(iv) Current meter
(v) Pitot tube
Any 4 methods for measuring velocity should be mentioned (4*1 = 4 marks)
Other methods commonly used for measurement of discharge are
(i) Chemical method
(ii) Weir method
(iii) Meter flume method
(iv) Stage discharge curve method
Any two of the above methods should be listed (2*1 = 2 marks)
Module -5
19 a) An aquifer is a geological formation that contains sufficient permeable material (6)
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which permits storage as well as transmission of water under ordinary field
conditions. e.g, Unconsolidated sands and gravel.
An aquiclude is a geological formation of relatively impermeable material
which permits storage of water but is not capable of transmitting water in
sufficient quantity. e.g, clays.
An aquitard is a geological formation of poorly permeable material or
semipervious material which permits storage of water but obstructs
groundwater movement and does not yield water freely to wells. e.g, sandy
clay.
An aquifuge is a geological formation of relatively impermeable material which
neither contains nor transmits water. e.g, solid granite.
1 mark for definition of the four geological formations (4*1 = 4 marks)
0.5 marks for examples of each category (4*0.5 = 2 marks)
b) Q = 2.72kbs / log10(R/r) (2 marks) (8)
Case 1 r = 0.1m
Q1= 0.125m3/sec) (2 marks)
Case 2 r = 0.2m
Q2= 0.1370m3/sec) (2 marks)
Percentage increase in discharge = 9.42% (1 mark)
The size of the well has little influence on the discharge obtained from the well.
(1 mark)
20 a) 1. Aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic and of infinite aerial extent. (6)
2. The velocity of flow is proportional to tangent of hydraulic gradient and
not sine.
3. The flow is horizontal and uniform throughout the vertical section.
4. Entire thickness of aquifer is contributing water to the well.
5. Coefficient of transmissibility remains constant at all places and all the
time.
6. Flow is laminar and Darcy’s law is applicable.
7. Ground water conditions remain constant all the time.
Any 6 assumptions (6*1 = 6 marks)
b) Q = 2.72kb(s1-s2) / log 10(r2/r1) (2 marks) (8)
On substitution, k = 0.00143m/s (2 marks)
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Let s be the drawdown in the test well. Applying the above equation between
the test well and the first observation well,
0.1 = 2.72*0.00143*20*(s-4) / log 10(10/0.25) (2 marks)
s = 6.06m (2 marks)
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