Computer system

Introduction
A computer system is a basic, complete and functional computer, including all the
hardware and software necessary for it to be functional for a user.

A computer system is one that has the capacity to store and process data, to exchange
any information, to build new processes.

Computer systems go through different phases in their life cycle, from requirements
capture to maintenance. Nowadays, numerous computer systems are used in public
administration, for example, police operators, customer service, among others.

Development
It began as an arithmetic calculating machine known as the analytical engine. However,
we can place the origin of computers in a strict sense in the year 1936, when Konrad
Zuse invented the Z1, the first programmable computer. Here begins the so-called first
generation, which spans until 1946, having basically military purposes. It was in this
decade that new computing protocols were implemented, one of which led to the first
steps of the Internet of that time (ARPANET).

We remember:

- The Hardware: physical part of the computer. Set of plates, integrated circuits, chips,
cables, printers, monitors, etc. (what we can touch)

- Software: are the programs, that is, the instructions to communicate with the
computer and make its use possible (we cannot touch it).
A computer system is defined as an information system based on the use of
computing. In this sense, hardware, software and human resources are interrelated.
Computer systems are usually structured into subsystems:
 Physical subsystem: associated with the hardware. It includes, among other
elements: CPU, main memory, motherboard, input and output peripherals, etc.
 Logical subsystem: associated with software and architecture; includes
operating system, firmware, applications and databases.

What is a computer system for?

The main function of a computer system is the processing of stored data. Thanks to the
utility of computer systems, they are adaptable to almost any sector or economic
activity and can be used almost without restrictions.

Goals
The objective of information systems is to understand and analyze how the adoption
of information technologies impacts the managerial and administrative decision-
making processes of companies.

 Automate operational processes

 Provides information that supports the decision-making process.
 Achieving competitive advantages

Evolution
1950 - 1960: electronic data processing, transaction processing system
During this period, the role of IS was primarily to perform activities such as transaction
processing, record keeping, and accounting. SI was mainly used for electronic data
processing.
EDP is described as the use of computers to record, classify, manipulate and
summarize data. It is also called information processing or automatic data processing.

1960 to 1970: Management information systems

During this era, the role of IS evolved from TPS to Management Information Systems
(MSI). MSI processes data into useful, informative reports and provides managers with
the tools to efficiently organize, evaluate and manage departments within an
organization. MSI delivers information in the form of pre-specified screens and reports
to support business decision making. Some examples of MSI outputs include cost trend
reporting systems, sales analysis, and production performance.

1970 to 1980: Decision support systems

In this era, an important development was the introduction of personal computers (PCs).
With the introduction of PCs, computing or processing power was distributed
throughout the organization. The IS function is strongly associated with management
rather than a technical focus in an organization. The paper focused on "computer-based
interactive systems" to help decision makers solve problems.
1980 to 1990: Executive Information Systems
This period gave rise to departmental computing as many organizations purchased their
own hardware and software to meet their departmental needs. Instead of waiting for
indirect support from the centralized corporate service department, employees could use
their own resources to support their work requirements. This trend gave rise to new
challenges of data incompatibility, integrity and connectivity across different
departments. In addition, senior executives did not use DSS or MSI, so executive
information systems (ESI) or executive support systems (ESS) were developed.

1990 to 2000: Knowledge management systems

During this era, the rapid growth of intranets, extranets, the Internet, and other
interconnected global networks dramatically changed IS capabilities in business. It
became possible to circulate knowledge to different parts of the world regardless of time
and space.
This period also saw an emergence of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. ERP
is a specific form of strategic information system organization that incorporates all
components of an organization, including manufacturing, sales, resource management,
human resource planning, and marketing.

2000 - present: E-Business

The Internet and related technologies and applications have changed the way businesses
operate and people work. The functions of information systems in this period remain the
same as they were 50 years ago: record keeping, report management, transaction
processing, support management, and organizational management processes. It is used
to support business processes, decision making, and competitive advantages.

History
Computer science as we know it today emerged in the wake of World War II in the
1940s. In those years, the concept of "Operating System" did not even exist and
programmers interacted directly with the computer hardware, working in machine
language (that is, in binary, programming only with 0s and 1s).

The concept of Operating System emerged in the 1950s. The first Operating System in
history was created in 1956 for an IBM 704 computer, and basically all it did was start
the execution of a program when the previous one finished.

In the 60s a revolution took place in the field of Operating Systems. Concepts such as
multitasking system, multiuser system, multiprocessor system and real-time system
appear.

It was in this decade that UNIX appeared, the basis of the vast majority of Operating
Systems that exist today.
In the 1970s, there was a boom in personal computers, bringing them closer to the
general public in a way that was previously unthinkable. This led to development
multiplying, creating the C programming language (designed specifically to completely
rewrite UNIX code).

As a consequence of this exponential growth of users, the vast majority of whom had
no knowledge of low or high level languages, in the 1980s the priority when designing
an operating system was ease of use, thus giving rise to the first user interfaces.

In the 80s, systems such as MacOS, MS-DOS, Windows were born.

In the 1990s, Linux appeared, publishing the first version of the kernel in September
1991, which would later join the GNU project, a completely free operating system,
similar to UNIX, which lacked a functional kernel to operate. Nowadays most people
know Linux as the Operating System that is actually called GNU/Linux.

Application of Computer Systems

Applications are a type of computer program designed as a tool to enable users

to perform one or more types of work. This mainly differentiates them from other
types of programs such as operating systems (which run the computer), utilities (which
perform maintenance or general-use tasks), and programming languages (with which
computer programs or applications are created).

It is often a computer solution for automating certain complicated tasks such as

accounting, document writing, or warehouse management. Some examples of
application programs are word processors, spreadsheets, and databases.
Such custom-developed applications often offer great power because they are
exclusively designed to solve a specific problem. Others, called integrated software
packages, offer less power but include several applications, such as a word processing
program, a spreadsheet program, and a database program.

Other examples of application programs may include: data communication programs,

multimedia, presentations, graphic design, calculations, finance, email, file
compression, construction budgets, business management, etc.

Some companies group together various programs of different nature to form a

package (called suites) that are satisfactory for the user's most pressing needs. Each
and every one of them serves to save the user time and money, by allowing him to do
useful things with the computer; some with certain features, others with a certain
design; some are more user-friendly or easier to use than others, but under the same
principle.

Representation of Data in Computer Systems

In computing, data is a set of symbols necessary to express a number, value, word or

concept.
Data is usually a mix of types.  A Uniform representation of all data types is used. 
The input data to a computer is transformed into the uniform representation when
used and stored by the PC.  This uniform representation or universal format is called
BIT PATTERN.
The computer is a machine designed to process information.
The computer represents information in zeros and ones (0 –1).
This notation is called “Binary Code”
Each digit is represented by a different voltage in its circuits. (on and off)
It is easier to build circuits that discriminate between 2 voltages than between 10
different ones.
 Bits and Bytes

Bit is identified as the acronym for “binary digit”, which translates into Spanish as
“binary digit”. According to this definition, a bit is a digit in the binary numbering
system, which is represented by two values, 0 and 1.
In computing, a bit is the smallest unit of information. It is used to represent the
contrast between two values (on and off, false and true, open and closed).
In telecommunications and computing, bits are usually computed as a whole. So we
have 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, etc.
While the bit is the smallest unit of information, a byte is a fixed set of bits. Although
there are exceptions, in most cases (especially in relation to the computer sector), a
byte has 8 bits, hence its comparison with the concept of "octet".
The standard partitioning of bytes into groups of 8 bits is in turn based on the ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character encoding. On the
other hand, gradual equivalence in computing is based on bytes, for easier calculation.
Therefore, if 1 byte equals 8 bits, 1 kilobyte (kB/Kbyte) equals 1024 bytes and so on
(megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, peta bytes, etc.)

Number Systems

The purpose of a number system is to allow the counting of the elements of a set. The
system is made up of n units in successive order that increase by n. According to n, the
number of units needed to move from one order to another is defined.

One of the conditions for using any numerical system is that it allows basic operations
to be performed on the set N in a simple way.

Another condition is that for each element N there must correspond a written symbol.

It is worth mentioning that an element in the set N can always have two kinds of
values:

Individual value, Eg. In 58, the 8 represents 8 units in the decimal system.

The value that corresponds to its position, Eg. In 80, the 8 represents 8 tens.
A numbering system is a set of symbols and generation rules that allow all valid
numbers to be constructed. A numbering system can be obtained as: \mathcal{N} =
where: \mathcal{N} is the numbering system considered. S\, is the set of symbols
allowed in the system.

5G Networks

In telecommunications, 5G is the acronym used to refer to the fifth generation of

mobile phone technologies. It is the successor to 4G technology which provides
connectivity to most current mobile phones. According to the GSM Association, by
2025, 5G networks are expected to have more than 1.7 billion subscribers worldwide.
Like its predecessor, 5G networks are cellular networks, whose service area is divided
into small geographic regions called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are
connected to the Internet and the telephone network by radio waves through an
antenna on the cell.

The most notable advantage

of this technology is that it
will support greater
bandwidth which will
translate into higher
download speeds, which can
exceed 10 gigabits per second
(Gbit/s). Due to the aforementioned increase, it is expected that these networks will
not only be used by telephones as is the case with current telephone networks, but
that they can also be used for general use on desktop or laptop computers. For this
same reason, new applications are expected in areas such as the Internet of Things
(IoT) and machine-to-machine. 4G cell phones will not support the new networks,
which will need support for 5G.

Conclusion
The low band of 5G uses the same frequency range as a 4G terminal, that is, 600-850
MHz, guaranteeing a speed higher than that of 4G: 30-250 megabits per second
(Mbit/s). As you might expect, a low-band cell tower has similar range and coverage to
a 4G tower. On the other hand, the 5G mid-band, the most widely used service level,
uses radio waves between 2.5 and 3.7 GHz, allowing speeds of 100-900 Mbits/s, where
each cell tower provides service to several kilometers within its radius. Finally, the high
band of 5G, which is the one expected to be used in the near future, works with
frequencies between 25 and 39 GHz, in order to achieve download speeds in the range
of gigabit per second (Gbit/s), which is an amount comparable to that achieved by
cable Internet. The disadvantage of this band is its limited range, which means that
many more cells are required to guarantee quality of service.

Bibliographies
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