CHAPTER 3

THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

Presenter: Thi Thu Hang Tran

Email: [email protected]
3.1. BASIC PROCESSES OF IDEAL GAS AND REAL GAS

-3.1.1. BASIC PROCESSES OF IDEAL GAS

MAIN CONTENTS
• Build the process equation
• The relationship between initial state parameters and
final state parameters
• Calculate the expansion work
• Calculate the technical work
• Calculate heat exchanged between system and
surrounding
• Calculated entropy change, enthalpy change, internal
change
3.1.1. BASIC PROCESSES OF IDEAL GAS

TOOLS FOR STUDYING THERMODYNAMIC

PROCESSES
• First thermodynamic law
dq = du + pdv; dq = di – vdp
• The ideal gas equation
pv = RT
• Internal energy and enthalpy change
du = CvdT; di = CpdT
1. Polytropic process (Cn = const)

• Equation of the multi-variable process

dq = CvdT + pdv (1) ; dq = CpdT – vdp (2); dq = CndT(3)
→ (Cn – Cp)dT = -vdp; (Cn – Cv)dT = pdv
→ (Cn – Cp)/(Cn – Cv) = -vdp/pdv = n
dlkt/dl = n (số mũ đa biến)
→ npdv + vdp = 0 → n.dv/v + dp/p = 0
→ ln(vn) + ln(p) = const → pvn = const
p1v1n = p2v2n
1. Polytropic process (Cn = const)

• Relationship of state parameters

pv n = const , p1v n1 = p2v n 2

n 1
p2  v1  v1  p2  n
 =  ; = 
p1  v2  v2  p1 
p1v1 = RT1 ; p2 v2 = RT2
n −1
n −1
T2 p2 v2 T2  v1   P2  n
=  =  = 
T1 p1.v1 T1  v2   p1 
1. Polytropic process (Cn = const)

• Expansion work
Cn − C p Cp Cn − k .Cv n−k
= n; =k  = n  C n = Cv
Cn − Cv Cv Cn − Cv n −1
q = Cn (T2 − T1 ) , u = Cv (T2 − T1 )
q = u + l12  l12 = q − u = ( Cn − Cv )(T2 − T1 )
R R RT1  T2 
Cv =  l12 = (T1 − T2 ) = 1 − 
k −1 n −1 n − 1  T1 
p1v1  p2 nn−1  p1v1  v1 n −1 
l12 = 1 − ( )  = 1 − ( ) 
n −1  p1  n −1  v2 
1. Polytropic process (Cn = const)

• Technical work
lkt12 = n  l12
• Heat exchanged between system and surrounding

q = Cn (T2 − T1 ); Q = Gq = GCn (T2 − T1 )

• Entropy change, enthalpy and internal energy
changes
dq dT  T2 
ds = = Cn  s = Cn ln  
T T  T1 
i = C p .t , I = G.C p .t
u = Cv t , U = G.Cv .t
2. Adiabatic process (Cn = 0)

• Process equation
dq Cn − C p
dq = 0  Cn = =0 n= =k
dT C n − Cv
pv = const
k

So adiabatic polytropic process is polytropic process

with n = k
2. Adiabatic process (Cn = 0)

• Relationship of state parameters

k 1
p2  v1  v1  p2  k
pv = const 
k
=   ; =  
p1  v2  v2  p1 
k −1
k −1
T2  v1   P2  k
p1v1 = RT1 ; p2 v2 = RT2  =   =  
T1  v2   p1 
2. Adiabatic process (Cn = 0)

• Expansion work
q = u + l12  l12 = −u = −Cv (T2 − T1 )
R R RT1  T2 
Cv =  l12 = (T1 − T2 ) = 1 − 
k −1 k −1 k − 1  T1 

• Technical work

q = l kt12 + i, lkt12 = −i = C p (T1 − T2 )

2. Adiabatic process (Cn = 0)

• Heat transfer between system and surrounding

q = 0; Q = 0
• Entropy change
dq
ds = = 0  s = 0, s = const
T
• Enthalpy and internal energy changes:
i = C p .t , I = G.C p .t
u = Cv t , U = G.Cv .t
3. Isothermal process (constant temperature process)

• Equation of process
T = const Cn − C p
dq
dT = 0  Cn = =   n = =1
dT C n − Cv
pv = const
Replace n = 1 for all formula of polytropic process
3. Isothermal process (constant temperature process)

• Relationship of state parameters

p2 v1
pv = const  = ;
p1 v2
T = const  T2 = T1
• Expansion work, technical work, heat transfer
q = u + l12 ; u = Cv T = 0  l12 = q
 v2   p1 
v2 v2
RT
l12 =  pdv = 
v1 v1
v
dv = RT ln 
 v1
 = RT ln  
  p2 
lkt12 = l12
3. Isothermal process (constant temperature process)

• Changes of entropy, enthalpy, internal energy

dq q RT  v2 
ds =  s = = ln  
T T T  v1 
 v2   p1 
s = R ln   = R ln  
 v1   p2 
v2
q = l12 = RT .ln( )
v1
i = C p t = 0
u = Cv .t = 0
4. Isobaric (constant pressure) process (Cn = Cp)

• Equations of constant pressure process

Cn − C p
Cn = C p n= =0
C n − Cv
p = const

• Replace n = 0 for all equations of polytropic process

4. Isobaric (constant pressure) process (Cn = Cp)

• Relationship of state parameters

p = const  p2 = p1
T2 v2
n=0  =
T1 v1
4. Isobaric (constant pressure) process (Cn = Cp)

• Expansion
v
work
2

l12 =  pdv = p(v

v1
2 − v1 )

• Technical work

lkt12 = n.l12 = 0
4. Isobaric (constant pressure) process (Cn = Cp)

Heat transferred between system and surrounding

Q = GC p (T2 − T1 )
Entropy change
dq C p dT  T2   v2 
s =  = =C p ln   = C p ln  
T T  T1   v1 
Change of enthalpy and internal energy
i = C p t
u = Cv t
5. Constant volume (isometric) process (Cn = Cv)

• Equation of process
Cn − C p
C n = Cv n= = 
C n − Cv
v = const

• Relationship of state parameters

v = const  v2 = v1
T2 p2
n=  =
T1 p1
5. Constant volume (isometric) process (Cn = Cv)

• Expansion work
v2

l12 =  pdv = 0
v1

• Technical work
p2

lkt12 =  − vdp = v( p1 − p2 )
p1
5. Constant volume (isometric) process (Cn = Cv)

• Heat transfer between system and surrounding

Q = GCv (T2 − T1 )

• Change of entropy
 T2   p2 
s = Cv ln   = Cv ln  
 T1   p1 
• Change of enthalpy and internal energy
i = C p t
u = Cv t
Diagram of polytropic processes

p T
0
u>
L>
n=k

n=±∞

n=k
0

±∞
n=

n=
1

0
pv
L>0

=
k

p
C
n
u>0

T/
=c

=
ons

s
/d
dT
t

n=0 n=0 n=1 n=1

pv
=
co
ns n=0
t
n= 0 ∞ T/C v
> ± =
1 q n = /ds q>0
n
= dT
n=±∞

n=k
v s
Practice

Bài 2.7 (SBT)

G = 2 kg N2, t1 = 20oC
P = const
q = 100kJ/kg
L12 = ?
L12 = Q - ∆U = G.q – G.Cv∆t
q = Cp.∆t = k.Cv∆t
L12 = G.q – G.q/k = 2.100 – 2.100/1.4 (kJ) = 57.14 kJ
Bài 2.9
∆i = 125 kJ/kg = Cp. ∆T
V = const, G = 1 kg
Lkt12 = ?
q = ∆i + lkt12
q = Cv .∆t = Cp/k. ∆t =∆i/k=125/1.4=
lkt12= ∆i.(1/k – 1)=q- ∆i
Lkt12 = G.lkt12
Practice

Bài 2.11
P1 = 3 bar, t1 = 16oC
Không khí, V = 0.01 m3
Bình kín
t2 = 30oC
Q=?
G = p1.V/RT1 = 3.105.0.01/((8314/29*(16+273)) = 0.0362 kg
Q = G.Cv∆t = 0.0362 * 20.9/29 * (30-16) = 0.365 kJ
Practice
Bài 2.15
V = 1.4 m3, CO
T1 = 300K, p1 = 500kPa
P2 = 800 kPa
Q=?
Q = GCV (T2 – T1) = 1055.81 kJ
G = P1V1/RT1 = 500000 . 1.4/(8314/28)/300 = 7.86
kg
Cv = 20.9/28 = 0.746 kJ/kgK
T2/T1 = p2/p1 nên T2 = p1T1/p2 = 480 K
Bài 2.14
Q = G.CV.ln(T2/T1) = 0.35 kJ/K
BASIC PROCESSES OF REAL GAS
Contents

• Determine the initial/final state parameters based on

table and diagram
• Calculate the expansion and technical work
• Calculate the heat transferred between system and
surrounding
• Calculate entropy change
1. Determine I, u, s

Enthalpy
∆i = i2 – i1
Internal energy
∆u = u2 – u1 = (i2 - p2v2) – (i1 – p1v1)
Entropy
∆s = s2 – s1
 2. Isometric of real gas

i v2

l12 =  pdv = 0
2 t2
i2
v1
p2

lkt12 =  − vdp
1 p1
x=
= v( p1 − p2 )
i1
1
x1
st
n
co
=
v

q = u + l12
s1 s2 s
= u = u 2 − u1
3. Isobaric process of real gas
i v2

2
t2 l12 =  pdv
i2
v1

= p(v2 − v1 )
p2

lkt12 =  − vdp = 0
i1
1 x=
1
t x1
ns
co p1
=
p

s1 s2 s q = i + lkt 12
= i = i2 − i1
4. Isothermal process of real gas

i s2

p1
q =  Tds

p2
2 t = const
i2 s1

= T (s2 − s1 )
1
i1
x=
x1
1 l12 = q − u

lkt 12 = q − i
s1 s2 s
5. Adiabatic process
i

p1
t1
i1 s2

p2
q =  Tds = 0
1

s = const
s1

ds = 0  s = 0  s = const
i2
2 x
l12 = −u = u1 − u2
=
1

lkt 12 = −i = i1 − i2

s1= s2
Bài 20:
G = 100 kg/s
P1 = 20 bar, t1 = 400oC
Q=0
X2 = 0.95
P2=?, V2 = ?, Lkt = ?
G = 6 kg R22
P1 = 1 bar, v1 = 0.1 m3/kg.
P = const
v2 = 2v1
Q=?
THANK YOU !