Class XII Session 2024-25 Subject - Physics Sample Question Paper - 7 ‘Time Allowed: 3 hours ‘Maximum Marks: 70 General Instructions: 1. There are 33 questions in al. All questions are compulsory. 2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. 3. All the sections are compulsory. 4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of. five marks each . There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one ‘question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions. 6. Use of calculators is not allowed. Section A 1. Inthe mide of the depletion layer of reverse biased p-n junction, the: wt 2) potential is maximum by potential is zero | 1 ©) electric field is zero 6) electric field is maximum 1 1 2. ‘Two bulbs each marked 100 W, 220 Vare connected in series across 220 V supply. The power consumedby [1]! them, when lit, i 1 1 a) 220 W b) zero { ©) 100 W a)50w 3. Ina compound microscope, maximum magnification is obtained when the final image a 2) coincides with the objective is formed at the least distance of distinct ©) coincides with the object, 4) is formed at infinity 4, ‘The magnetic moment (j4) of a revolving electron around the nucleus varies with principal quantum number n as [1] anon bux t 1 po d) pon? 5. The capacitors, each of 4F are to be connected in such a way thatthe effective capacitance of the combination [1] Page 1 of 1910, cre is 648. This can be achieved by connecting a) Two of them connected in parallel and the —_b) Two of them connected in series and the combination in series to the third. combination in parallel to the third. ) All thre series 4) All three in parallel ‘An equilateral triangle is made by uniform wires AB, BC, CA. A current I enteres at A and leaves from the mid- [1] point of BC. If the lengths of each side of the triangle is L, the magnetic field B at the centroid O of the triangle 4 8 © a e(Z) aD) oR(f) ¢) zero A coll of wire of a certain radius has 100 turns and a self-inductance of 15 mH. The self-inductance of a second [1] similar coil of 500 turns will be: a) 15 mH b) 375 mit ©) 45 mH, @) 75mH ‘Consider the two idealised systems: (i) a parallel plate capacitor with large plates and small separation and (ii) a (4 long solenoid of length L > > R, radius of eross-section. In (i), E is ideally treated as a constant between plates and zer0 outside. In (i), magnetic field is constant inside the solenoid and zero outside. These idealised assumptions, however, contradict fundamental laws as below: a) case (i) contradicts Gauss's law for b) case () contradicts Gauss's law for magnetic fields. lectrostatic fields. 6) case (i) contradicts en f Hdl = Ton 4) case () agrees with f B.dl = In Huygens’ theory, light waves a a) are transverse waves and require no medium —_b) are longitudinal waves and require a totravel. medium to tavel. ©) are transverse waves and require a medium _d) are longitudinal waves and require no towavel. medium to wavel. ‘An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field can experience 0 a) always a force and a torque. b) neither a force nor a torque. ©) a force but not a torque. 4) a torque but not a force. “The current inthe circuit shown in the figure considering ideal diode is i 32v_) 1m 3y — Pt a) 200A b)2x 104A Page 2 of 1912, 13, 14, 16. 17, 18, 19. 2A D2 103A A microscope is focused on a mark. Then a glass slab of refractive index 1.5 and thickness 6 cm is placed on the [1] mark. To get the mark again in focus the microscope should be moved a) 9m upward b) 2cm downward ©) 40m upward ) 2.0m upward Assertion (A): In the process of photoelectric emission, all emitted electrons have the same kinetic energy. ir Reason (R): According to Einstein's equation Ey = hy - do. a) Both A and Rare true and Ris the correct —_b) Both A and R are true but R is not the explanation of A. correct explanation of A. ©) Ais true but R is false. d) Ais false but R is true. Assertion (A): Two adjacent conductors of unequal dimensions, carrying the same positive charge have a in potential difference between them. Reason (R): The potential of a conductor depends upon the charge given to it. a) Both A and Rare true and Ris the correct —_b) Both A and R are true but R is not the explanation of A. correct explanation of A. ©) Ais true but R is false ) Ais false but R is true. Assertion (A): To observe diffraction of light, the size of the obstacle/aperture should be of the order of 10°7 m, [41 Reason (R): 10°7 is the order of the wavelength of visible light. a) Both A and Rare true and Ris the correct _b) Both A and R are true but R is not the explanation of A. correct explanation of A. ©) A is true but R is false 4) Ais false but R is true. Assertion (A): Ifthe frequency of the applied AC is doubled, then the power factor ofa series R-L circuit a decreases. Reason (R): Power factor of series R-L circuit is given by cos. = qo a) Both A and Rare true and Ris the correct _b) Both A and R are true but R is not the explanation of A. correct explanation of A. ©) A Is true but Ris false 4) As false but R is tue. Section B Poynting vectors S is defined as a vector whose magnitude is equal to the wave intensity and whose direction is [2] along the direction of wave propogation. Mathematically, itis given by S = 1B x B. Show the nature of S vs ‘graph. Distinguish between diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials in terms of eI} i. susceptibility and their behaviour in a non-uniform magnetic field Determine the number density of donor atoms which have to be added to an intrinsic germanium semiconductor [2] to produce an n-type semiconductor of conductivity 5 2! cm”, given that the mobility of electron in n-type Ge {is 3900 cm? /Vs, Neglect the contribution of holes to conductivity. Page 3 of 192 2, 2 24, 25. 26, 27. An a-particle moving with initial kinetic energy K towards a nucleus of atomic number Z approaches a distance [2] at which it reverses its direction, Obtain the expression for the distance of closest approach d in terms of the kinetic energy of a-particle K. {A proton and an alpha particle having the same kinetic energy are, in tum, passed through a region of the pI uniform magnetic field, acting normal to the plane of the paper and travel in circular paths. Deduce the ratio of the radii of the circular paths described by them. oR ‘Which one of the following will describe the smallest circle when projected with the same velocity v perpendicular to the magnetic field B: (i) a-particle, and (i) 6-particle? Section C A homogeneous poorly conducting medium of resistivity p fills up the space between two thin coaxial ideally [3] ‘conducting cylinders. The radii of the cylinders are equal to a and b with a i. Which one of the two metals has higher threshold frequency? fi, Determine the work function of the metal which has greater value ‘We are given the following atomic masses: BI 238 = 238,05079 u 4He = 4.00260 u 27h = 234.04363 LHr= 1.00783 u 2” Pa = 23705121 u Here the symbol Pa is for the element protactinium (Z.= 91). 4. Calculate the energy released during the alpha decay of 238U ii, Calculate the kinetic energy of the emitted a-particles. ili, Show that 335 can not spontaneously emit a proton. a. Using the Bohr’s model, calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in then= 1, 2and3levels. (31 b. Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels. Define the term wavefront, State Huygen’s principle. Consider a plane wavefront incident on a thin convex lens. [3] Draw a proper diagram to show how the incident wavefront traverses through the lens and after refraction Page 4 of 1928, 29, focusses on the focal point of the lens, giving the shape of the emergent wavefront. Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQRS in which arm RS of length I is movable. The loop is kept in a [3] uniform magnetic field B directed downward perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm RS is moved with a uniform speed v. xp Xx x +S + > x % Fa xQ™ x MRK x Deduce an expression for i, the emf induced across the arm RS ii, the external force required to move the arm and ili, the power dissipated as heat. oR Define the term self-inductance of a solenoid. Obtain the expression for the magnetic energy stored in an inductor of self-inductance L to build up a current I through it. Section D Read the text carefully and answer the questio 4) A stationary charge produces only an electrostatic field while a charge in uniform motion produces a magnetic field, that does not change with time. An oscillating charge is an example of accelerating charge. It produces an ‘oscillating magnetic field, which in turn produces an oscillating electri fields and so on. The oscillating electric ‘and magnetic fields regenerate each other as a wave which propagates through space. Direction of —> Propagation . . (@) Magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by B = Bp sin(kx + wt)j T [Expression for corresponding electric field will be (Where cis speed of light.) a) B= Boe sin (kx + wt) & vim b) B= -Boe sin (kx - wt) Vim ©) B= -Bocsin (kx + wt) Vim 0) B= #2 sin (kx + 0) & vim (b) The electric field component of a monochromatic radiation is given by # = 2Egi cos kz cos wt. Its magnetic field B is then given by 21 25 BF sin ka sin wt sin kz. sin wt b) 0) © j sin ke cos wt d) 2 § cos kz cos wt (©) A plane em wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in a free space along x-direction. At a particular point in space and time, E = (6.3 j) V/m. What is magnetic field at that time? a) 0.089 rT b) 0.124 wT Page 5 of 199) 0.021 wT 4) 0.095 wT OR A plane electromagnetic wave travels in free space along x-axis. At a particular point in space, the electric field along y-axis is 9.3 V ml. The magnetic induction (B) along z-axis is a) 3.1 x 10°T 3x 10ST 93x 108T D93 x 10ST (@ A plane electromagnetic wave travelling along the x-direction has a wavelength of 3 mm. The variation in the electri field occurs in the y-direction with an amplitude 66 V mt, The equations for the electric and magnetic fields as a function of x and tare respectively a) Ey = 11cos2m x 10" (t~ 2), b) By = 66cos 2m x 10" (t~ =), B, = 11% 1077 cos2x x 10" (t— B, = 2.2 x 1077 cos 2x x 10" (t— ©) E, = 38cosa x 10" (t— £), d) Ey = 38cosx x 10" (t— £), B,=11x10-Tcosmx 10" (t- 2) BL=1.1 x 10T cos 10" (t= Read the text carefully and answer the questions: (4) Net electric flux through a cube is the sum of fluxes through its six faces. Consider a cube as shown in figure, having sides of length L. = 10.0 cm. The electric field is uniform, has a magnitude E = 4.00 x 103NC*l and is parallel to the xy plane at an angle of 37° measured from the 4x -axis towards the +y -axis. 36% fi A tetany dussisi| t vs - (@) Electric flux passing through surface Sg is a) -24Nm?C? >) 32Nm?Ct ).32Nm?C? 4) 24m? Ct (b) Electric flux passing through surface S, is. a) .32 Nm? ct >) .24Nm? CT )32Nm?ct ®) 24Nm?ct (©) The surfaces that have zero flux are a) Spand Sa ) Sgand S¢ ©) Si and Sy 4) Sand Sy (@) The total net electric flux through all faces of the cube is ®) 24Nm?ct )enm?ct -8Nm2C1 @) ze10 Page 6 of 19OR ‘The dimensional formula of surface integral § E- dS of an electric field is, a) (M1L3 TS A] DIM? T Ay O [MLA T? ant] D (MLA TFA] Section E 31. A biconvex lens with its two faces of equal radius of curvature R is made of a transparent medium of refractive [5] index j1y. It is kept in contact with a medium of refractive index j1z as shown in the figure, ( wey Pe a. Find the equivalent focal length of the combination, ’. Obtain the condition when this combination acts as a diverging lens. . Draw the ray diagram for the case pn. > “4, when the object is kept far away from the lens. Point out the nature of the image formed by the system, or Figure shows an outline of Lloyé's mirror experiment. M is a plane mirror; S is a narrow slit illuminated by some source of light (not shown) and S'is the image of S in M. M, S and S' are in a plane perpendicular to the paper. O is the line of intersection of the mirror and the screen. a. What isthe origin of fringes observed on the screen? 'b. Why is the slit $ placed so as to have very oblique angle of incidence of light striking the mirror? . The two path lengths PS and PS' are equal when P coincides with O. Yet the fringe at 0 is found in the experiment to be dark not bright. What does this observation imply? 32, Derive an expression for potential due to a dipole for distances large compared to the size of the dipole. How is [5] the potential due to dipole different from that due to a single charge? OR Page 7 of 1933 ‘Two point charges q and -q are located at points (0, 0,-a ) and (0, 0, a) respectively. i, Find the electrostatic potential at (0,0, 2) and (x,y, 0). How much work is done in moving a small test charge from the point (5, 0, 0) to (-7, 0, 0) along the X-axis? How would your answer change ifthe path of the test charge between the same points is not along the x-axis but along any other random path? iv. Ifthe above point charges are now placed in the same positions in a uniform external electric field #, what would be the potential energy of the charge system in its orientation of unstable equilibrium? Justify your answer in each 1. Draw the diagram of a device which is used to decrease high ac voltage into a low ac voltage and state its (1 ‘working principle. Write four sources of energy loss in this device. A small town with a demand of 1200 kW of electric power at 220 V is situated 20 km away from an electric plant generating power at 440 V. The resistance of the two wire line carrying power is 0.582 per km. The town gets the power from the line through a 4000-220 V step-down transformer at a sub-station in the town. Estimate the line power loss in the form of heat OR With the help of a diagram, explain the principle and working of a device which produces current that reverses its direction after regular intervals of time. ii, Ifa charged capacitor C is short-circuited through an inductor L, the charge and current in the circuit oscillate simple harmonically. a. In what form the capacitor and the inductor store energy? b. Write two reasons due to which the oscillations become damped. Page 8 of 19Solution Section A (0 electric field is zero Explanation: When a p-n junction is reverse biased, the width ofthe depletion region increases. As a result, the electric field is greatly reduced. Practically, it becomes zero, (sow Explanation: 50 W (b) is formed at the least distance of distinct vision Explanation: Magnification of compound microscope is given by =)(1 + 2) when final image is formed at near point Whereas, m (2) ., when final image is formed at infinity. Hence, magnification is maximum when final image is formed at near point (least distance of distinct vision). @pon Explanation: Orbital magnetic moment of an electron, pant be, pon (b) Two of them connected in series and the combination in parallel tothe third Explanation: Two of them connected in series and the combination in parallel to the third. (@) zer0 Explanation: Equal current flows in part 1 and 2 of triangular loop as shown in the figure. As both part of the triangular loop is symmetric about point O, so magnetic field at O due to both parts is equal and opposite to each other. Thus magnitude of magnetic field at O due to part 1 cancel out the magnitude of magnetic field at © due to part 2. Hence net magnetic field at 0 (b) 375 mH Explanation: L oc a= (2) = (BBY x amit 2375 mt (a) case Explanation: case (i) contradicts Gauss's law for magnetic fields. mtradicts Gauss's law for magnetic fields, (b) ate longitudinal waves and require a medium to travel Page ¢ of 19Explanation: According to Huygens, light waves are longitudinal waves and require a material medium to travel. For this, reason Huygens assumed the existence of a hypothetical medium called luminiferous aether. (@) always a force and a torque. Explanation: always a force and a torque. (@2* 103A \ Esplanation; = 22-2 0 x 102A toon 1 (4) 2.cm upward ' at Explanation: htt = (5!) Satsang he given da we get 2em upward B (@)Aistase bat Rise Explanation: A false but Ris tre 4 (b) Both A and R are true but R snot the correct explanation of A. Explanation: Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. 15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Diffraction is prominent when the sizeof the obstacle or the aperture is comparable tothe wavelength of light used. 16. (©) A iste but Ris false, Explanation: cong — 4 When w is doubled, power factor (cos) decreases. So, A is true but R is false. Section B 17. Poynting vectors Sis defined as a vector whose magnitude is equal to the wave intensity and whose direction is along the direction of wave propagation. In an electromagnetic wave, let E be varying along y-axis, Bis along z-axis and propagation of, wave be along x-axis, Then E x B will tell the direction of propagation of energy flow in electromagnetic wave, along x-axis Let B= Bg sin (ut - kx) j B= Bo sin (ot- kx) & 8= L(x B) = LmBysin® (ut ~ ke)(j x i) in? (wt — kr)i (As j x k= i) Since sin? (wot - kx) is never negative, 5 (x, 1) always points in the positive X-direction, ic, in the direction of wave propagation. ‘The variation of |S] with time T wil be as given in the figure below: T=2nw =5_ 5m lity for diamagnetic materi ield and temperature (except for bismuth at low temperature). ‘Susceptibility for ferromagnetic material Page 10 of 19‘The susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials decreases steadily with Increase in temperature. At the Curie temperature, the ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic. ii, Behaviour in non-uniform magnetic field: Diamagnetic substances are feebly repelled, whereas ferromagnets are suongly attracted by non-uniform field. 19, Here o = 50 em”, pp = 3900 cm? Vt Me I we neglect the contribution of holes to conductivity, then alee a= beret 1 . Becton density, 1 = : : ' Pe tae — Tasco s3000 ' a0 8.01 x 105 em? When alpha particle approaches Nucleus, Kinetic energy of alpha particle will be converted into potential energy of the system. Kinetic energy of a-particle is given as, here dis the distance of closest approach, ord= 224. ‘This i the required expression for the distance of closest approach d in terms of kine Derivation of ratio ofthe radi ofthe circular paths r= 22 bat B= bs p= VEE = on aoe Since, charge of alpha particle qq = 24 mass of alpha particle my = dm energy K. [aay on = deithaw 1 | oy75 ‘Thus §-particle will describe the circle of smallest radius. Section € >. The current will be conducted radially outwards from the inner conductor (say) to the outer. The area of cross section for the conduction of the current is, therefore, the area of an elementary cylindrical shell and which varies with radius. The length of the conducting shell is measured radially from radius a to radius b, Consider an elementary cylindrical shell of radius r and thickness dr. Its area of cross section (normal to flaw of current) = 2art and its length = Hence, the resistance of the elementary cylindrical shel ofthe medium is GR alt] ‘The resistance of the medium is obtained by integrating for r from ato b. Page 11 of 1924 25, 26. Hence required resistance ote e i e RBIS Filoe lt = (5 og Condition: For a transistor to act as an amplite, it must be operated close tothe centre ofits active region. Input restance: Vie 0 (SE poem Its value is determined from the slope of ly versus Vp curve at constant Vey. Current amplification factor, fue = [22 is vale denied fom el: Veuve pled wh teen vas! |. Einstein's photoelectric equation is given by, hy= orev vaee-2.®) 4 (1) represent straight line given by line Pand Q, © represents negative intercept on the Y-axis, Since (has greater negative inercept, wil have greater ¢ (work function) and hence higher theshold frequency. ‘To know work function of Q, we put V= On (), 0= Bf pohy 6 = 6.6 x 10°! x 6 x 1045 = Seeete "eV = 25eV ‘The alpha decay of 3$°U. The energy released in this process is given by:- Q=(My-Mm= Mud 2 Q= (238.05 = (0.00456 uy 2 (0.00456 u) (931.5 MeViu) = 425 MeV ‘he kinetic energy ofthe a-particle Ba = (43) Q= 3 x 4.25Mev = 4.18 MeV 112350 spontaneously emits a proton, the decay process would be i807 +37 Pa. + LT ‘The Q for this process o happen is = (My~ Mpa ~My) 2 = 234,04363 - 4,00260)u x <2 += (238.05079 - 237.05121 - 1.00783) u x e2 = (- 0.00825 u) — (0.00825 u)(931.5 MeV/u) =7.68 MeV ‘Thus, the Q of the process is negative and therefore it cannot proceed spontaneously. We will have to supply an energy of 7.68 MeV 10a 3U nucleus to make temita proton a.Now,v = Sa, BEE - 00073 30,0078 = 2.19 10° m/s where a = sath Page 12 of 1927. 28, =P x 0.0073 = 1.095 x 10%m/s wat y= 282 5 00078 = 7.8 « 10'm/s ©. Orit perio, 0.58 x 10-m 2x0 5910" 1 9 ye 19-10 T= Ppa — 152% 10 rand 1 A Ty =8x 1.52 x 10s ry and vy 2 7 Ty = 27 x 1.52 x 10-M's= 4.1 x 10-5 ‘When light is emitted from a source, then the particles present around it begins to vibrate. The locus ofall such particles which are ‘vibrating inthe same phase is termed as wavefront Huygens’ principle: Every point on a wave-front may be considered a source of secondary spherical wavelets which spread out in the forward direction at the speed of light. The new wave-front is the tangential surface to all ofthese secondary wavelets. [Now when a plane wavefront (parallel rays) is incident on a thin convex lens, the emergent rays are focused on the focal point of the lens. Thus the shape of emerging wavefront is spherical. .216 x 10s UY Retracted neent plane ‘sphencal wavehiont wavetront is Let RS moves with speed v rightward and also RS is at distances x, and x2 from PQ ati Change in flux, dip = 2 ~ y = Bl (22 ~ 2) (+ magnetic flux, @ = B. A= BAcos(” = Bl | + a¢=Blix> $= BIE Bw [v= +] tants ty and ta, respectively. = If rsistance of lop is , then I = 22 i, Magnetic force = BIT sin 90° wat) py — a8 (#)a=4 Now, Exteral force must be equal to magnetic force w External force = 222 2, om)? eee was, P=PR= (3f)' x R= 282 R P on Using formula, | ~ | = Lt 121 Als then =| —a] Self inductance of the coil is equal to the magnitude of induced emf produced in the coil as "xpresion for magnet emay If when the current varies at rate 1 Increasing Wheo a ine varying current flows though the cll, back emt (-) produces, which opposes the growih ofthe current flow. It reams some work needs tobe done against induced emt in establishing a current. This work done wil be stored as magnetic potential energy For the cute at any instant, the ate of work done i wae Only for inductive effect of the coil | — «| Page 13 of 1929, Read the text carefully and answer the questions: Section D A stationary charge produces only an electrostatic field while a charge in uniform motion produces a magnetic field, that does not change with time. An oscillating charge is an example of accelerating charge. It produces an oscillating magnetic field, wihich in turn produces an oscillating electric fields and so on. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other as a wave ch propagates through space Direction of —> rropapaion © @B=Bycsin hx + wt) Vim Explanation: Given: B= Bo sin (kx + co) 7T Eues Zork=cB “The electric field component i perpendicular othe direction of propagation andthe direction of magnetic field “Therefore the electric fie component along z-axis is abtained as E'= cB sin kx + wt) Vim ‘The relation between electric and magnetic field is, ©) S jsinkesinwt Explanation: 2 & 2 Egk sin kz cos wt 2 Fok sin kz cost +2 Fok sin kf cos wt dt fod sinkzsnat 2B sntesinat-, B= 22 sinta sine j Bsalong ydrecon andthe wave propagates along xan .B shouldbe ina dietion perpendicular to bath and y-axis (i) (0021 er Explanation: Here, E= 63 j ‘The magnitude of B is B,-2=8h x 10% mis 1x 108T O21 pT oR (ai x 087 93m 10 Explanation: Ata particular point, Magnetic field atthe same point = 3a x 108 T w 2.2% 10-7 cos2n x 10! (¢— 2 66 cosw(t~ 2), 3mm m0 Sac Swnck=3 x 108 x or = 2m x 1011 Page 14 of 19=22 x 107 cos 2x x 10" (¢~ 4) 30, Read the text carefully and answer the questions: Net electric flux through a cube isthe sum of fluxes through its six faces. Consider a cube as shown in figure, having sides of length L = 10.0 cm. The electric field is uniform, has a magnitude E = 4,00 x 10?NC"7 and is parallel tothe xy plane at an angle of 37° measured from the +x -axis towards the +y -axis. dais 1 (ron (otto) © (@-32Nmct Explanation: Electic flux, 6 = B- A = EAcos0 where A= Ait For electric flux passing through Sg, fs, sy = (4 « 109 NCY(0.1 my? cos 37° 32m?" CQ) 24Nm Ct Explanation: For electric flux passing through Sy, fig, = —} (Left) "3, = (4 x 107 NCY(0.1 m}* cos 90°= 0 24m? ct (a) Szand Sq Explanation: Here, fis, = + (Top) bs; (4 x 10° NC*1(0.1 mj? cos 90°= 0 = +7 (igh) fh ‘kt (Bottom) bs, = (4 x 10 NCV(0.1 m)? cos 90°= 0 And, fis, = +i (Eront) db, = 14 10° NCO. m)? cos 37 =32NmC? Sp and S4 surface have zero flux. (iv) (Ad) zero ‘Explanation: As the field is uniform, the total flux through the cube must be zero, i.e., any flux entering the cube rust leave it oR oOMeTay Explanation: Surface integral f Z'- dS is the net electric flux over a closed surface S. ou lés] IML Ay Section E 31. a If refraction occurs at first surface in a0) Page 15 of 1922. * If refraction occurs at second surface, and the image ofthe first surface acts as an object, mse Gy ‘On adding equation (i and (i), we get If rays are coming from infinity, Le,, u= —o0 then v wah 2p Lamm fo oe ». If the combination behave a a diverging system then f <0. This possible only when 21 — wa -1<0 21

0. Its possible only when 2p — pa -1>0 [Nature of the image formed is real oR a. Sis the virtual image of source S formed by mirror M. So S and S' act as two coherent sources of light. Light waves coming, directly from the source S and the reflected waves (which appear to come from virtual source S) interfere to produce a fringe pattern ». Very oblique angle of incidence requires the source S to be placed very close to the mirror. In that case the separation between the coherent sources § and S' will be small, as required in Young's double-slit experiment for obtaining broad and distinct interference fringes. «The light wave reflected by the mirror suffers a phase change of 180° which fs equivalent oa change in the pathlength of 3 “Then the path itferece for any point Pon the screen becomes p=SP-sp+4 Consequently, the condition fora dark fing s p=sP-sP+4=@nens orS'P-SP=n\ ‘This conditions satisfied by the cenal fringe for which SP = SP. Hence the cenal fringe in Lloy!s mimmor method is dark. Conse ign tthe cee of poe, As er sperposkon plac poendal ue odpoe wil bee sum of pote deo charges gad vea[4-4] Whe, 1 and stances of poi ram and, n2= rea? 2arcos 8 Page 16 of 1912a +22 +2 arcos 8 ie ise. ing toms up itor nats tee [tases g] 2 fy meat Also,n?=7 [14 2088] With the belp of Binomial heorem, keeping terms upo first arder is shown below: [1 mane]? [1+ feos6] =t[1+ meee}? [1 2c0s6] Aspe aa vaste eco Ve Now, pos = ji. where # is unit vector along pesition vector. Hence electric potential of dipole for distances large compared to size of dipole is given as below in F forra>a For potential at any point on axis, @ 0,7] potentials postive when 8=0 potential is negative when @= Hence, electric potential falls at age distance, as and nat s 2 oR i, Potential at point P(O, 0, 2) due to charge +4(0, 0, a) is y, et Cg = Tee Ha x Potential at point P(O, 0, 2) due to charge -4(0, 0, a) is V. = =~ Total potential at point P(O, 0, 2) is ‘The total potential at point (x,y, 0) will be V=VatV. Points (5, 0, 0) and (-7, 0, 0) are the points on the X -axis Le. these points lie on the perpendicular bisector ofthe dipole. The electric potential at each of these points will be zero. Page 17 of 19‘Work done in moving the test charge q from point & (5, 0, 0) t0 (7, 0,0) is W=q(Vi- V2) = g(0- 0) No, the work done will nat change. This is because the electric field is a conservative field. Work done against this field is path independent, iv. The dipole will be in unstable equilibrium if its dipole moment jis antiparallel to the external field ‘Then its potential energy will be U= +pE 2a The device used to decrease high ac voltage into alow ac voltage is called transformer (step-down transformer). ‘Working principle: ‘Transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, The law of electromagnetic induction states that when magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an em is induced in the coil. Transformer consists of two coils called primary coil and secondary coil. The ac current in primary coil chenges magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil and thus an emf is induced in the secondary coil ac source (~ Sources of energy loss in wansformer Copper loss: The coils of transformer (mace of copper) have a finite resistance due to which some energy in lost as heat. 4i, Tron lass: Due to induced eddy currents in the iron care, some energy is lost inthe bulk. lil, Magnetic loss: Since all magnetic flux in primary coil daes not pass through the secondary coll, there is some loss of energy due to leakage of flux. Iv. Hysteresis loss: alternating magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core cause some loss of energy in form of heat », Demand of electric power = 1200 kW Distance of town from power station Total resistance of line = 40 x 05 ‘The town gets a power of 4000 volts Power = voltage * current 1200310 1200 _ 399 4 10 km Two wire = 20 x 2 100 km ‘The Line power loss in the form of heat 300)? x 2 = 9000 x 20 = 1800 kW oR AC generator: it converts mechanical energy into the alternating form of electrical energy Basic elements of an AC generator: a. Rectangular coil: Also called as an armature », Strong permanent magnets: The magnetic field is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil Slip rings 4. Brushes Page 18 of 19Field Motion Armature coi) Slockwhse magnet SUP Carbs brishes AC generator Principle: Its based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. That is, when a coil is rotated about an axis perpendicular to the direction of the uniform magnetic field, an induced emt is produced across it Working of AC Generator ‘The capacitor stores energy in the form of an electric field and the inductor stores energy in the form of a magnetic field ', Oscillation becomes damped due to : = The resistance of the circuit ‘Radiation in the form of EM waves Page 19 of 19