DIP Unit-5
DIP Unit-5
1. Point Detection
Point detection aims to identify isolated points of interest within an image. These points
can represent corners, intersections, or other significant features.
How it works:
Methods:
How it works:
Methods:
● Hough Transform: This technique maps image points onto a parameter space,
where lines are represented as points. By accumulating votes in the parameter
space, lines can be detected.
● Line Fitting: After detecting edge points, line fitting techniques like least-squares
fitting can be used to approximate lines.
3. Edge Detection
Edge detection aims to identify abrupt changes in image intensity, which often
correspond to object boundaries.
Methods:
Often, a combination of these techniques can be used to achieve more robust and
accurate segmentation. For example, edges can be detected to outline objects, and
points or lines can be used to refine the segmentation or identify specific features within
the objects.
Applications
● Image Segmentation: Detecting edges and lines can help segment images into
meaningful regions.
● Object Detection: Identifying objects in images can be facilitated by detecting
their contours and features.
● Feature Extraction: Discontinuities can be used to extract relevant features for
image analysis and computer vision tasks.
● Medical Image Analysis: Detecting edges and points in medical images can aid
in diagnosis and treatment planning.
By effectively detecting and utilizing discontinuities, we can enhance the accuracy and
robustness of various image processing and computer vision applications.
After detecting edges, the next step is to connect them into meaningful boundaries.
Here are the primary approaches:
Local Processing
Local processing involves linking edges based on the similarity of neighboring pixels.
This approach is simple but can be sensitive to noise and gaps in edges.
In this example, edges are linked based on the similarity of gradient magnitude and
direction of neighboring pixels. However, gaps in the edges can lead to incorrect linking
How it works
The process begins at an arbitrary edge point and examines neighboring points, adding those that
meet the similarity criteria to the current edge set. This continues until no more points can be linked,
prompting the selection of a new starting point to repeat the process. The algorithm concludes when
all edge points have been considered for linking. Various strategies, including relaxation labeling,
graph or tree search, and dynamic programming, have been developed to enhance edge linking
efficiency and accuracy
Global Processing via Hough Transform
The Hough Transform is a powerful technique for detecting shapes in images, including
lines, circles, and ellipses. It works by mapping image points to parameter space, where
each point represents a possible shape. By accumulating votes in parameter space, the
Hough Transform can identify dominant patterns.
Example:
In this example, edge points are mapped to the Hough space, where lines are
represented by points. The peaks in the Hough space correspond to the most likely
lines in the image.
Example:
edge linking using minimum spanning tree
In this example, edge pixels are represented as nodes in a graph, and edges connect
similar pixels. A minimum spanning tree is then constructed to group the pixels into
connected components, representing the boundaries of objects.
It is used to partition an image into distinct regions based on the topology of the image's
intensity values.
Morphological Watershed Segmentation: A Professional Overview
Core Principles:
represent elevation.
○ Higher intensity pixels correspond to peaks, while lower intensity pixels
represent valleys.
markers.
○ These markers represent the starting points for the flooding process.
○ The image is flooded from the markers, simulating the flow of water
downhill.
○ As the water level rises, it fills the basins formed by the peaks.
4. Segmentation:
regions.
Advantages:
the image.
segmentation.
suitable markers.
segmentation, practitioners can effectively apply this technique to a wide range of image
analysis tasks, including medical image analysis, remote sensing, and object
recognition.
Thresholding is a simple yet effective technique for image segmentation. It involves partitioning
an image into two or more classes based on intensity values.
Basic Idea: