VIGNAN'S INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN

Cloud Computing-Unit 1

UNIT-I
Introduction to Cloud computing
Brief history of cloud computing:

Cloud computing has evolved significantly over the years, transforming the way we use and
access computing resources. Here's a brief history of its development:

• Early Concepts (1950s - 1990s): The roots of cloud computing can be traced back to the 1950s
when mainframe computers were being used by large organizations. During the 1960s, the idea
of time-sharing emerged, allowing multiple users to access a single mainframe simultaneously.
This laid the groundwork for the concept of sharing computing resources remotely.
• Internet and Virtualization (1990s): The expansion of the internet in the 1990s provided a critical
platform for the development of cloud computing. Virtualization technology also played a
significant role, allowing multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical server, enabling
better resource utilization and isolation.
• Salesforce and SaaS (Software as a Service) (late 1990s): Salesforce, founded in 1999, is often
credited with popularizing the concept of SaaS. They offered customer relationship management
(CRM) software over the internet on a subscription basis. This marked the beginning of cloud-
based applications accessible through web browsers.
• Amazon Web Services (AWS) (mid-2000s): In 2006, Amazon Web Services (AWS) launched its
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage Service (S3). AWS provided on-demand
computing resources and storage to users over the internet. This marked a significant shift
towards infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) and provided the foundation for the modern cloud
computing industry.
• PaaS and IaaS Expansion (2008 - 2010s): Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offerings like Google
App Engine and Microsoft Azure App Services gained popularity, allowing developers to build,
deploy, and manage applications without worrying about underlying infrastructure. Additionally,
the expansion of IaaS offerings from various providers made it easier for businesses to scale and
deploy applications globally.
• Hybrid Cloud and Multi-Cloud Strategies (2010s): As cloud adoption grew, organizations began
to adopt hybrid cloud and multi-cloud strategies. Hybrid cloud involves a mix of public and
private clouds, while multi-cloud refers to using multiple cloud service providers for different
needs. These strategies offered flexibility, improved redundancy, and reduced vendor lock-in.
• Serverless Computing (mid-2010s): Serverless computing (often referred to as Functions as a
Service or FaaS) emerged, allowing developers to run code without managing the underlying
infrastructure. This approach further abstracted server management and provided a more granular
pay-per-use model.
• Edge Computing (2010s): As the Internet of Things (IoT) gained momentum, the need for
processing data closer to the source emerged. Edge computing involves processing data at the
edge of the network, closer to the devices generating it. This reduces latency and bandwidth
usage and enhances real-time applications.

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• Continuous Innovation (Present): Cloud computing continues to evolve rapidly, with ongoing
advancements in AI-driven cloud services, quantum computing research, enhanced security
measures, and increasingly tailored solutions for specific industries and applications.

In September 2021, cloud computing has become a fundamental pillar of modern technology
infrastructure, powering businesses and organizations across the globe with its scalable, flexible,
and cost-effective solutions.

What is cloud computing?

Cloud computing is renting resources, like storage space or CPUCycles, on another company’s
computers. You only pay for what you use. The company providing these services is referred as
a cloud provider. Some example providers are Microsoft, Amazon and Google.
The cloud provider is responsible for the physical hardware required to execute your
work, and for keeping it up-to-date. The computing services offered to vary by cloud provider.
However, typically they include:
• Compute power: such as Linux servers or web application
• Storage: such as files and databases
• Networking: such as secure connections between the cloud provider and your company
• Analytics: such as visualizing telemetry and performance data.
“Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These resources
include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.”
Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device, cloud-based
storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long as an electronic device has
access to the web, it has access to the data and the software programs to run it.
Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number of reasons
including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and security.
• Cloud computing is one of the most popular technologies that has become an integral part
of the computing world nowadays.
• The usage and popularity of cloud computing is increasing every day and is expected to
increase further.
• Many frequent Internet users are heavily dependent on cloud-based applications for their
day-to-day activities in both professional and personal life.
• Cloud computing has emerged as a technology to realize the utility model of computing
while using Internet for accessing applications.
• The past decades have witnessed the success of centralized computing infrastructures in
many application domains.

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• Then, the emergence of the Internet brought numerous users of remote applications based
on the technologies of distributed computing.
To start with, unit 1 aims to give a brief description about available paradigms of computing.
This provides the required basic knowledge about computing paradigms to start with cloud
technology.

Computing Paradigms
The term paradigm conveys that there is a set of practices to be followed to accomplish a
task. In the domain of computing, there are many different standard practices being followed
based on inventions and technological advancements. In this chapter, we look into the various
computing paradigms: namely
• High performance computing
• Parallel computing
• Distributed computing
• Cluster computing
• Grid computing
• Cloud computing
• Bio-computing
• Mobile computing
• Quantum computing
• Optical computing
• Nano computing
• Network computing
As computing systems become faster and more capable, it is required to note the features
of modern computing in order to relate ourselves on cloud computing, and therefore it becomes
essential to know little on various computing paradigms.
1. High performance computing:
In high-performance computing systems, a pool of processors (processor machines or
central processing units [CPUs]) connected (networked) with other resources like memory,
storage, and input and output devices, and the deployed software is enabled to run in the entire
system of connected components.
The processor machines can be of homogeneous or heterogeneous type. The legacy
meaning of high-performance computing (HPC) is the supercomputers; however, it is not true in

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present-day computing scenarios. Therefore, HPC can also be attributed to mean the other
computing paradigms that are discussed in the forthcoming sections, as it is a common name for
all these computing systems. Thus, examples of HPC include a small cluster of desktop
computers or personal computers (PCs) to the fastest supercomputers. HPC systems are normally
found in those applications where it is required to use or solve scientific problems. Most of the
time, the challenge in working with these kinds of problems is to perform suitable simulation
study, and this can be accomplished by HPC without any difficulty. Scientific examples such as
protein folding in molecular biology and studies on developing models and applications based on
nuclear fusion are worth noting as potential applications for HPC

Dig 1.1.HPC Cluster Architecture

The following are the benefits of HPC:

• High performance computing is a highly recommended computer in scientific discoveries

and game changing environments.
• High performance computing applications are the foundation for industrial and
scientific/gaming advancements.
• It is widely used in various technologies such as IoT (internet of things), Artificial
intelligence, and 3D evolutional images. All these applications use a large amount of data
exponentially.
• High performance computing applications solve complex problems with respect to
Artificial intelligence, nuclear physics, and climate modeling, etc.
• HPC has gained popularity, because of its usage in Warehouse management and
transaction processing.
• This type of computing application offers time consuming operations.
• HPC finishes the operations under given deadlines and performs high level operations.
• HPC is a fast computing application, so we can use it parallel with CPU and GPU.

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2. Parallel Computing:
Before taking a toll on Parallel Computing, first, let’s take a look at the background of
computations of computer software and why it failed for the modern era.

Conventional Computing System:

Computer software was written conventionally for serial computing. This meant that to
solve a problem, an algorithm divides the problem into smaller instructions. These discrete
instructions are then executed on the Central Processing Unit of a computer one by one. Only
after one instruction is finished, next one starts.
A real-life example of this would be people standing in a queue waiting for a movie ticket
and there is only a cashier. The cashier is giving tickets one by one to the persons. The
complexity of this situation increases when there are 2 queues and only one cashier.
One can distinguish between conventional (also known as serial or sequential or Von
Neumann) computers and parallel computers in the way the applications are executed.
In serial or sequential computers, the following apply:

• It runs on a single computer/processor machine having a single CPU.

• A problem is broken down into a discrete series of instructions.
• Instructions are executed one after another.

Fig .Conventional Computing

Look at point 3. This was causing a huge problem in the computing industry as only one
instruction was getting executed at any moment of time. This was a huge waste of hardware
resources as only one part of the hardware will be running for particular instruction and of time.
As problem statements were getting heavier and bulkier, so does the amount of time in execution
of those statements. Examples of processors are Pentium 3 and Pentium 4.
Now let’s come back to our real-life problem. We could definitely say that complexity will
decrease when there are 2 queues and 2 cashiers giving tickets to 2 persons simultaneously. This
is an example of Parallel Computing.
Parallel computing System:
• Parallel computing is also one of the facets of HPC.

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• A set of processors work cooperatively to solve a computational problem.

• These processor machines or CPUs are mostly of homogeneous type. Therefore, this
definition is the same as that of HPC
• It is broad enough to include supercomputers that have hundreds or thousands of
processors interconnected with other resources.
• One can distinguish between conventional (also known as serial or sequential or Von
Neumann) computers and parallel computers in the way the applications are executed.

It is the use of multiple processing elements simultaneously for solving any problem.
Problems are broken down into instructions and are solved concurrently as each resource that has
been applied to work is working at the same time.

In parallel computing, since there is simultaneous use of multiple processor machines, the
following apply:

• It is run using multiple processors (multiple CPUs).

• A problem is broken down into discrete parts that can be solved concurrently.
• Each part is further broken down into a series of instructions.
• Instructions from each part are executed simultaneously on different processors.
• An overall control/coordination mechanism is employed.

Fig. Parallel computing

Applications of Parallel Computing
There are various applications of Parallel Computing, which are as follows:
• One of the primary applications of parallel computing is Databases and Data mining.

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• The real-time simulation of systems is another use of parallel computing.

• The technologies, such as Networked videos and Multimedia.
• Science and Engineering.
• Collaborative work environments.
• The concept of parallel computing is used by augmented reality, advanced graphics, and
virtual reality.

3. Distributed Computing:
• Distributed computing is also a computing system.
• It consists of multiple computers or processor machines connected through a network,
which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, but run as a single system.
• The computers that are in a distributed system can be physically close together and
connected by a local network, or they can be geographically distant and connected by a
wide area network.
• The heterogeneity in a distributed system supports any number of possible configurations
in the processor machines, such as mainframes, PCs, workstations, and minicomputers.
• The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single computer.

• Distributed computing systems are advantageous over centralized systems, because there
is a support for the following characteristic features:
1. Scalability: It is the ability of the system to be easily expanded by adding more
machines as needed, and vice versa, without affecting the existing setup.
2. Redundancy or replication: Here, several machines can provide the same services, so
that even if one is unavailable (or failed), work does not stop because other similar
computing supports will be available.

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Fig. Distributed Computing

Distributed system is a collection of autonomous computers linked by a computer a network &
all this equipped with distributed system software (middleware).
Distributed system software with all this computers to coordinate all their different
computer activities to share resources like H/W, S/W and data.
Components
There are several key components of a Distributed Computing System
• Devices or Systems: The devices or systems in a distributed system have their own
processing capabilities and may also store and manage their own data.
• Network: The network connects the devices or systems in the distributed system,
allowing them to communicate and exchange data.
• Resource Management: Distributed systems often have some type of resource
management system in place to allocate and manage shared resources such as computing
power, storage, and networking.
The architecture of a Distributed Computing System is typically a Peer-to-Peer Architecture,
where devices or systems can act as both clients and servers and communicate directly with each
other.
Applications
Distributed Computing Systems have a number of applications, including:

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• Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing systems are a type of distributed computing

system that are used to deliver resources such as computing power, storage, and
networking over the Internet.
• Peer-to-Peer Networks: Peer-to-Peer Networks are a type of distributed computing
system that is used to share resources such as files and computing power among users.
• Distributed Architectures: Many modern computing systems, such as micro services
architectures, use distributed architectures to distribute processing and data storage across
multiple devices or systems.

4. Cluster Computing System:

• A cluster computing system consists of a set of the same or similar type of processor
machines connected using a dedicated network infrastructure.
• All processor machines share resources such as a common home directory
• The individual computers in a cluster can be referred to as nodes.
• All Processor Machines have a software such as a message passing interface (MPI)
implementation installed to allow programs to be run across all nodes simultaneously.
• Cluster computing system is also a kind of HPC category.
• The reason to realize a cluster as HPC is due to the fact that the individual nodes can
work together to solve a problem larger than any computer can easily solve.
• The nodes need to communicate with one another in order to work cooperatively and
meaningfully together to solve the problem in hand.

Fig. Cluster Computing

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Types of Cluster computing :

1.High Performance(HP) cluster:

HP clusters use computer clusters and supercomputers to solve advance computational problems.
They are used to performing functions that need nodes to communicate as they perform their
jobs. They are designed to take benefit of the parallel processing power of several nodes.
2. Load-balancing clusters :
Incoming requests are distributed for resources among several nodes running similar programs or
having similar content. This prevents any single node from receiving a disproportionate amount
of task. This type of distribution is generally used in a web-hosting environment.
3. High Availability (HA) Clusters :
HA clusters are designed to maintain redundant nodes that can act as backup systems in case any
failure occurs. Consistent computing services like business activities, complicated databases,
customer services like e-websites and network file distribution are provided. They are designed
to give uninterrupted data availability to the customers.

Classification of cluster:

1. Open Cluster :
IPs are needed by every node and those are accessed only through the internet or web. This type
of cluster causes enhanced security concerns.
2. Close Cluster :
The nodes are hidden behind the gateway node, and they provide increased protection. They
need fewer IP addresses and are good for computational tasks.

Applications of Cluster Computing:

• Various complex computational problems can be solved.
• It can be used in the applications of aerodynamics, astrophysics and in data mining.
• Weather forecasting.
• Image Rendering.
• Various e-commerce applications.
• Earthquake Simulation.
• Petroleum reservoir simulation.

5. Grid Computing System:

Grid computing is a computing infrastructure that combines computer resources spread

over different geographical locations to achieve a common goal. All unused resources on
multiple computers are pooled together and made available for a single task. Organizations use
grid computing to perform large tasks or solve complex problems that are difficult to do on a
single computer.

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• The computing resources in most of the organizations are underutilized or non utilized or
unused, but are necessary for certain operations.
• The idea of grid computing is to make use of such nonutilized computing power by the
needy organizations, and thereby the return on investment (ROI) on computing
investments can be increased.
• Thus, grid computing is a network of computing or processor machines.
• These processor machines are managed with a kind of software such as middleware.
• The middleware is used to access and use the resources remotely.
• The managing activity of grid resources through the middleware is called grid services.
• Grid services provide access control, security, access to data including digital libraries
and databases, and access to large-scale interactive and long-term storage facilities.

Grid computing is more popular due to the following reasons:

• Its ability to make use of unused computing power, and thus, it is a cost-effective solution
(reducing investments, only recurring costs)
• As a way to solve problems in line with any HPC-based application
• Enables heterogeneous resources of computers to work cooperatively and collaboratively
to solve a scientific problem.

Fig: Grid Computing

Researchers associate the term grid to the way electricity is distributed in municipal areas for the
common man. In this context, the difference between electrical power grid and grid computing is
worth noting(Table)
TABLE1:
Electrical Power Grid and Grid Computing
Electrical Power Grid Grid Computing
1. Never worry about where the electricity that 1. Never worry about where the computer
we are using comes from; that is, whether it is power that we are using comes from; that is,

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from coal in Australia, from wind power in the whether it is from a supercomputer in
United States, or from a nuclear plant in Germany, a computer farm in India, or a
France, one can simply plug the electrical laptop in New Zealand, one can simply plug in
appliance into the wall-mounted socket and it the computer and the Internet and it will get
will get the electrical power that we need to the application execution done.
operate the appliance.
2. The infrastructure that makes this possible 2. The infrastructure that makes this possible
is called the power grid. It links together many is called the computing grid. It links together
different kinds of power plants with our home, computing resources, such as PCs,
through transmission stations, power stations, workstations, servers, and storage elements,
transformers, power lines, and so forth. and provides the mechanism needed to access
them via the Internet.
3. The power grid is pervasive: electricity is 3. The grid is also pervasive in the sense that
available essentially everywhere, and one can the remote computing resources would be
simply access it through a standard wall- accessible from different platforms, including
mounted socket. laptops and mobile phones, and one can
simply access the grid computing power
through the web browser.
4. The power grid is a utility: we ask for 4. The grid computing is also a utility: we ask
electricity and we get it. We also pay for what for computing power or storage capacity and
we get. we get it. We also pay for what we get.

6. Cloud Computing:

What is cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These
resources include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking, and
software.
Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device, cloud-based
storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long as an electronic device has
access to the web, it has access to the data and the software programs to run it.
Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number of reasons
including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and security.
Services can be both public and private-public services are provided online for a fee
while private services are hosted on a network to specific clients.

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Fig: Cloud Computing Architecture

• The computing trend moved from the concept of grid computing to cloud computing.
• Particularly when large computing resources are required to solve a single problem,
• Cloud computing uses the ideas of computing power as a utility and other allied concepts.
• However, the potential difference between grid and cloud is that grid computing supports
leveraging several computers in parallel to solve a particular application, while cloud
computing supports leveraging multiple resources, including computing resources, to
deliver a unified service to the end user.
• In cloud computing, the IT and business resources, such as servers, storage, network,
applications, and processes, can be dynamically provisioned to the user needs and
workload.
• In addition, while a cloud can provision and support a grid
• A cloud can also support non grid environments, such as a three-tier web architecture
running on traditional or Web 2.0 applications.

7. Biocomputing:
In cloud computing, bio-computing is a subcategory of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that
involves exploring the potential of sophisticated algorithms in analyzing data from biometric
sensors. Its main objective is to build applications that can use AI techniques for processing
natural language and speech recognition.
Bio-computing is the use of biological systems to perform computations. This can be
done by using enzymes to perform Boolean logic operations, or by using DNA or RNA to store
and process information. Bio-computing is still in its early stages, but it has the potential to
revolutionize computing. One of the benefits of bio-computing is that it is extremely energy

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efficient. Biological systems can perform computations using very little energy, which is not the
case with traditional computers. Another benefit is that bio-computing is scalable. Biological
systems can be grown or created in a variety of sizes, from very small to very large.This means
that bio-computers can be made to fit a wide range of needs.
Biocomputing systems use the concepts of biologically derived or simulated molecules
(or models) that perform computational processes in order to solve a problem. The biologically
derived models aid in structuring the computer programs that become part of the application.
Biocomputing provides the theoretical background and practical tools for scientists to explore
proteins and DNA. DNA and proteins are nature’s building blocks, but these building blocks are
not exactly used as bricks.
Why use Bio-computing in Cloud Computing?
• Healthcare: Bio-computing is being used by healthcare providers to prevent cyberattacks
on Electronic Medical Records (EMR).EMRs have a large amount of sensitive data,
which gets stored on centralized servers.
• Education: A student’s learning progress can be monitored by the system and the teacher
can be notified if the student’s pace is too slow or fast. The system can offer personalized
suggestions to improve the performance of the student.
• Retail: Bio-computing can be deployed at retail stores to recognize customers, provide
personalized recommendations, and track customer behavior and buying patterns.
• Banking and Finance: Bio-computing can be used to authenticate fraudulent activities,
identify money laundering activities, and prevent cyber attacks from hacking into the
banking network.
• Weather and Climate Change: Bio-computing can be used to analyze and identify
patterns in weather data. This information can then be used to forecast the impact of
climate change.
How does bio-computing work in cloud computing?
• Data Collection: Bio-computing relies on sensor data from various sensors to recognize
patterns and make inferences. Sensors like accelerometers, barometric pressure sensor,
gyroscope, magnetometer, heart rate sensors, and electrocardiograms are used for data
collection.
• Data Processing: Once data is collected from sensors, it is sent to a centralized server
where it is processed and analyzed. Pattern recognition algorithms are run to determine
the user’s behavior, actions, current mood, etc. This data is then sent to a microchip
which is connected with the central server.
• Data Storage: The data collected from sensors is then stored in a distributed database.
This ensures that data is protected against cyber attacks, even if the central server is
hacked.
• Data Analysis: Data stored in the distributed database is analyzed and presented to the
user in a human-readable format. This data can be used to make decisions based on user
actions, current behavior, and other environmental factors.

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8. Mobile Computing:

Cloud computing is used to provide programs to mobile devices via mobile cloud
computing. These mobile apps may be launched remotely with the help of development tools
that offer speed and flexibility. Cloud services may be used to build or update mobile cloud apps
easily.
Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC), which is defined as a mix of mobile computing, cloud
computing, and wireless networks that operate together to give mobile users, network operators,
and cloud computing providers with extensive computational resources.Rich mobile apps are
supposed to run on a variety of mobile devices.

Fig: Mobile Cloud computing

Mobile cloud computing apps use this IT architecture to provide the following benefits:
• Improvement of battery life
• Increment of data storage capacity
• Improvement of data processing power
• Due to the platform concept of “store in one place, accessible from everywhere,” data
synchronization has improved.
• Reliability and scalability have both improved.
• Integration is simple.
In mobile computing, the processing (or computing) elements are small (i.e., handheld devices
and the communication between various resources is taking place using wireless media.
Mobile communication for voice applications (e.g., cellular phone) is widely established
throughout the world and witnesses a very rapid growth in all its dimensions including the
increase in the number of subscribers of various cellular networks. An extension of this
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technology is the ability to send and receive data across various cellular networks using small
devices such as smart phones.
There can be numerous applications based on this technology; for example, video call or
conferencing is one of the important applications that people prefer to use in place of existing
voice (only) communications on mobile phones. Mobile computing–based applications are
becoming very important and rapidly evolving with various technological advancements as it
allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or fixed locations.

9. Quantum Computing

Quantum Computing is the process of using quantum-mechanics for solving complex and
massive operations quickly and efficiently. As classical computers are used for performing
classical computations, similarly, a Quantum computer is used for performing Quantum
computations. Quantum Computations are too complex to solve that it becomes almost
impossible to solve them with classical computers.

Fig. Quantum Computing

A Quantum Computer is a device that is used for performing quantum calculations, which are
highly complex in nature. It stores data in the form of Qubits. Qubits are also known as
Quantum Bits. A Quantum Computer can simulate those problems or operations that a classical

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computer (that we currently use) cannot do. Even a quantum computer is capable of solving
computational problems faster than a normal computer.

For example, it is easy to get the product of (589* 187625) through a classical computer,
but it is easy and quick to get the same result through a quantum computer. A classical computer
will take approximately 5 seconds to get the result, whereas a quantum computer will take 0.005
seconds to get the result.

Currently, researchers are working with Quantum computers in the field of cyber security to
break codes and encrypt electronic communications to explore better cyber security and
protected data.

What are Quantum Bits

Quantum Bits or Qbits are the storage unit of Quantum Computers. All the information is stored
in the form of qubits in a quantum computer. Quantum bits are the subatomic particles that are
composed of electrons or photons.

Applications of Quantum Computing

There are the following applications of Quantum Computing:

 Cyber security: Personal information is stored in computers in the current era of

digitization. So, we need a very strong system of cyber security to protect data from
stealing. Classical computers are good enough for cyber security, but the vulnerable
threats and attacks weaken it. Scientists are working with quantum computers in this
field. It is also found that it is possible to develop several techniques to deal with such
cyber security threats via machine learning.
 Cryptography is also a field of security where quantum computers are helping to
develop encryption methods to deliver the packets onto the network safely. Such creation
of encryption methods is known as Quantum Cryptography.
 Weather Forecasting: Sometimes, the process of analyzing becomes too long to forecast
the weather using classical computers. On the other hand, Quantum Computers have
enhanced power to analyze, recognize the patterns, and forecast the weather in a short
period and with better accuracy. Even quantum systems are able to predict more detailed
climate models with perfect timings.
 AI and Machine Learning: AI has become an emerging area of digitization. Many
tools, apps, and features have been developed via AI and ML. As the days passing by,
numerous applications are being developed. As a result, it has challenged the classical
systems to match up accuracy and speed. But, Quantum computers can help to process
such complex problems in less time for which a classical computer will take hundreds of
years to solve those problems.
 Drug Design and Development: Drug designing and development is a typical job to be
done. It is because the development of drugs is based on trial and error method, which is
expensive as well as risky tasks. It is also a challenging task for quantum computers too.

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It is the researcher's hope and belief that quantum computing can become an effective
way of knowing the drugs and their reactions over human beings. The day when quantum
computing will successfully become capable of drug development, it will save a lot of
time and money for drug industries. Also, more drug discoveries could be made with
better results for the pharmaceutical industries.
 Finance Marketing: A finance industry can survive in the market only if it provides
fruitful results to its customers. Such industries need unique and effective strategies to get
growth. Although in conventional computers, the technique of Monte Carlo simulations
is being used, in turn, it consumes a lot of time on the computer. However, if such
complex calculations are performed by a quantum system, it will improve the quality of
solutions and decrease development time.

Classical Computing Vs. Quantum Computing

The differences between classical computing and quantum computing are described in the below
table:

Classical Computing Quantum Computing

Classical Computers are used for classical Quantum Computers make use of the quantum
computing. computing approach.

Data is stored in bits. Data is stored in Qubits.

It performs calculations in the form of It performs calculations on the basis of the object's
binary digits. probability.

It can only process a limited amount of

It can process exponentially more data.
data.

Logical operations are carried out using Logical operations are performed using the quantum
the physical state, i.e., usually binary. state, i.e., qubits.

Fails to solve too complex and massive Quantum Computers deals with complex and massive
problems. problems.

It has standardized programming It does not rely on any specific programming

languages such as Java, C, C++. language.

These systems cannot be used for daily purposes as it is

Classical systems are used for daily purposes.
complex in nature, and scientists or engineers can use it.

It is built with CPU and other processors. It has a simple architecture and runs on the set of qubits.

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It provides security to data but limited. It provides highly secured data and data encryption.

Low speed and more time taking systems. Improved speed and saves much time.

10. Optical computing:

Optical computing (also known as optoelectronic computing and photonic computing) is

a computation paradigm that uses photons (small packets of light energy) produced by laser/
diodes for digital computation. Photons have proved to give us a higher bandwidth than the
electrons we use in conventional computer systems. The optical computers would give us a
higher performance and hence be faster than the electronic ones.

Fig. Optical Computing

The speed of computation depends on two factors: how fast the information can be
transferred and how fast that information can be processed that is data computation. Photons
basically use wave propagation and the interference pattern of waves to determine outputs.
The building block of any conventional electronic computer is a transistor. For optical
computing, we achieve an equivalent optical transistor by making use of materials with non-
linear refractive indices. Such materials can be used for making optical logic gates, which go into

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the CPU. An optical logic gate is simply a switch that controls one light beam by another. It is
“ON” when light is being transmitted, and it is “OFF” when it blocks the light.
Photons are almost massless, hence we need very less amount of energy to excite them.
Also, instead of operating in a serial fashion like most of the classical computers, optical
computing operates in a parallel way, which helps it to tackle complex problems using light
reflection, as well as have increased bandwidth as compared to electron-based systems. Coming
to security, as optical computing processes data while it is in motion, very less data is exposed.
This leads to increased security than the conventional systems.

Advantages:
 Low heating
 Can tackle complex computations very quickly
 Can be scaled to larger networks efficiently.
 Increased computation speed
 Higher bandwidth with very low data loss transmission.
 Free from electrical short circuits.

Disadvantages:

 Components of optical computers would be very costly.

 Size is very bulky.
 Integrating optical gates is complex.
 Interference can be caused by dust or any imperfections.

11. Nano Computing

 Nano computing refers to computing systems that are constructed from Nano scale
components.(Nano scale components enables manufacturers to produce lithium-ion with
higher energy density, loner cycle life and reduced cell impedance all while reducing cost
and carbon footprint.).
 The silicon transistors in traditional computers may be replaced by transistors based on
carbon nanotubes.(A carbon nanotubes is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in the
nanometer range. single walled carbon nanotubes have diameter around 0.5-2.0 nano
meter, about 100000 times smaller than the width of a human hair).
 Researchers are working on this nanocomputing to bring into reality.
 A nanocomputer serves all the purposes of a modern personal computer, but the only
difference is that it is very tiny in size.
 Current devices are already utilizing transistors with channels below 100 nanometers in
length.

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 Therefore, the current goal for researchers and scientists is to come up with a computer
that is smaller than 10 nanometers.
 Nanocomputers are so tiny that they can only be seen using microscopes.
 Nanocomputers work by storing data in quantum dots or spins.
 As the size of nanocomputers is very small, they can fit into any environment, including
the human body.

Top Trends in Nanocomputing:

 DNA nanocomputers are produced using nanoscale structures including biomolecules

such as DNA and proteins.
 DNA nanocomputers are on hype recently as they can produce faster problem solving
through the ability to explore all potential solutions simultaneously.

Fig : Nano computer

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