Galilean Transformations Lorentz Transformations

x" c2t2
Ma Ci-Vt Boost
·
+
y2 + 22 =

S
=

*a =
YA
=
Yi
·

Proper time -2 = -
cit2 +2 + y2 +22

2A
·
For x-motion only :
=
Zi
. Time is universal
[] [ coShSi]] =

cosh -sinh = 1 Ep Ea + 3
2 Principle of Extremal
=
Action ,

xa V (x + Utp)
E ta
=
the
SSpath] is extremized when

path is the actual path taken =

- (ti +)
S =
(2( i) et ,
·

Velocity addition : VA =
V + Vi

1 +
V
E-Lid() Principle of Equivalence ,
GR

for observers
Gravity is equivalent all non-inertial
4-Vectors , Dynamics We can choose a frame whose acceleration cancel

UM Con ) VerF(Tare en that of In this frame essentially only SK

gravity
=
o re ,
,
.

,,
...
en
, , , ,

redefinition
4 known as locally freely falling observer
·

Proper time :

= AXuAX
ds2
gap(a) dada
· =

At
4 Timelike de -ds2
-gap(x) dic de
: = =

·
General Dot Producti
·
Flat Spacetime (2D) : ds2 = -X2dT2 + dX2
=Z vmwe
V W
Vale
· =

v 4
gas
=
( - 07
·

Timelike : AT =
-AXuAXM In curved spocetime :
·

Spacelike : Al = AXuAXM ·
Area da =
gigaz dal'da

Volume du da' da de
gigzages
·
=
·

Proper time parametrization :

4D Volume dV = decodecidedec
-googigzagas
S
·

t(s) = -
de +
dird + dads

dt zds
2
= E-ci -j -

UxU =
-1 , papa =
-m2 Definitions
·
fu =
0
·
Metric depending on cord system and
: Matrix .

geometry that defines lengths of curves and angles

·
fa = (rF . T, vF)
·
Event : a defined moment and location in spacetime
pu =
mun =
(me mar) ,
·
Worldline : time development of particle/object
Rapidity Analogons to velocity
: (direction -

dependent) ,
accounts

for the finite velocity limit of