Operating Systems 301402

Laboratory practice 1

Jorge Alberto Cortes Montoya

Code: 1.039.596.480
Group: 18

Susana Uribe
Code: 1.039.758.561
Group: 18

Tutor: Marco Antonio Lopez Ospina

National Open and Distance University

CEAD Medellin
March 2017
 Introduction

In carrying out this laboratory 1 of the Operating Systems course, we have first
carried out the installation of the Ubuntu Linux Operating System and then we
have carried out the execution of basic and administrative codes. Once this
entire process has been carried out, the entire laboratory is documented.

Next, the course begins with the completion of Laboratory 1 of the Operating
Systems course, putting into practice the knowledge acquired by executing it.

Goals
 Install and configure basic instances of the GNU/Linux Ubuntu operating
system distribution as a work server in the virtual machine called
VirtualBox.

 Identify the hardware and software components and how they are
managed by the installed Ubuntu Linux operating system.

 Identify memory management techniques in an operating system and

their implications on the performance of a computing system's resources.

 Know the LINUX Ubuntu operating system and its main functions.

THEORY REGARDING THE TOPIC:

LINUX (or GNU/LINUX, more correctly) is an Operating System like MacOS,
DOS or Windows. That is, Linux is the software necessary for your computer to
allow you to use programs such as: text editors, games, Internet browsers, etc.
Linux can be used through a graphical interface like Windows or MacOS, but it
can also be used through the command line like DOS.
Linux has its origins in Unix. This appeared in the sixties, developed by
researchers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, of the Bell Telephone
Laboratories.
Andrew Tanenbaum developed a Unix-like operating system (called Minix) to
teach his students operating system design. Because of Minix's educational
focus, Tanenbaum never allowed it to be modified, as this could introduce
complications into the system for his students.
A Finnish student named Linus Torvalds, finding that Minix could not be
extended, decided to write his own Unix-compatible operating system. At that
time, the GNU (GNU's Not Unix) project, which Richard Stallman had started
almost ten years earlier, included an almost complete basic system. The most
important exception was the kernel, which controls the hardware. Torvalds
decided to take advantage of the GNU system and complete it with his own
kernel, which he named Linux (Linux Is Not UniX). The whole system (GNU
tools and Linux kernel) forms what we call GNU/Linux.
It is recommended that before installing Linux you try it out to see if you like it
and get an idea of what the operating system is like. If you can and like it, you
can proceed to install it. You should know what you need from this operating
system and find out how to install Linux. And finally we must verify the minimum
resources you require to install this distribution.
The recommended requirements for good performance of our Linux operating
system are:
 Processor: Intel 80386 (M); Pentium, i486 and any Intel clone (O)
 RAM: 8 MB (M); from 32 MB to 2 GB
 Graphic card: VGA (M); SVGA or XFree86 supported card (O)
 Hard disk: 125 MB (M); 500 MB or more (O)
 Bus: All (M = O)
 CD-ROM drive: x2 speed (M); x8 or faster (O)
 Mouse: Microsoft, Logitech or compatible (M=O)
 Network Card: None (M); Any supported (O)

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRACTICE

1. Ubuntu installation process on VirtualBox.

 Have a Ubuntu Linux installation drive and boot it from the virtual
machine once the drive boots the following screen will appear:

 We must choose the language and select whether we want to

install Linux or just try it before installing.

 At this point it asks us if we want to download updates during the

installation or if we want to install third-party software.
 At this point it allows us to properly configure the storage units.

 We configure the site where we are, this is to configure the time

zone.
 We choose the keyboard layout, we must be very careful in this
part because if we select the wrong one, some keys will be lost or
activated with the wrong key.

 Finally we must choose our username and password.

 Now all the files start to be copied and the OS installation begins.

 We reboot the machine.

This completes the installation process of Linux Ubuntu and you can begin to
learn about all the functions of this Operating System and how to use the
different commands that can be used.

2. Identify the commands found in Table 1, indicating what each one is

used for.
  Basic Commands

ls: List the files in a specific directory

ls –l: Add information about attributes
mkdir: Create a new folder inside the directory.
Rmdir: Remove empty directory
Cat: Concatenates and displays a file
More: Display a file screen by screen.
Mv: Move a file or directory.
Rm: Delete a file
Cat: Concatenates and displays a file
Clear: Clears the screen.
Cp: Copy files
W: Shows who is logged into the system and what they are doing.
Bash: set of parameters used for system administration and configuration
pwd: Displays the path of the current directory
cal: Displays a calendar of the month/year
date: Displays the time and date
tree: displays files and folders in a tree format starting from the root.
cd: Change directory
cd ..: Main directory
sudo: Allows users to perform actions with root security privileges, safely.
file: This command performs a series of checks on a file to try to classify it,
showing its characteristics.
man: Provides the manual for any command in the terminal itself.
who: Displays information about users connected to the system.
 Administrative Commands

Top: Information about CPU and memory usage of system processes.

PS –AF: This is the best way to display the processes that are active.
PS –AL: list processes
Kill [PID]: Find the process to kill and memorize the number in the PID column
(process id).
kill -9 [PID]: Check if a process has already ended.
killall [Process_name]: ends the process that we indicate
kill –STOP [PID]: stop the process
kill –CONT [PID]: resume the process
pstree [-pna]: Show the tree of running processes.
df dev: Displays information about hard disk usage.
Cat /proc/cpuinfo: Displays information about CPU usage
cat /proc/meminfo: shows all the information about our RAM memory
cat /proc/interrupts: Contains information about interrupts in use and the
number of times the processor has been interrupted
cat /proc/version: shows us information about the version of our Linux system
distribution.
cat /proc/net/dev: Display network adapters and statistics.
cat /proc/mounts: Show the mounted filesystem.
Lspci: Reports connected PCI cards.
lshw –C: list hardware.
free m: shows the amount of free and used memory the system has
ifconfig: shows us the IP
lsusb: Displays information about devices connected to USB ports.
Lsdev: Display information about installed hardware.
lsof: list open files
lsmod: Lists the modules loaded in the Kernel.
3. Using the Linux system through commands, create a folder with your
name and inside it create folders with the name of the courses you are
working on this academic period in the home directory.
4. Inside the operating systems folder, using commands, create folders
with the names of 5 known operating systems. Run the tree command
from the HOME folder.
5. Using commands, modify, copy and delete directories.
Modify:

Copy
 Eliminate

6. Using the Linux command line to identify the operating system's

process and processor management What are the process management
features in Linux?

This is one of the most used as it is simple and useful and allows us to view the
processes in real time as it is updated every 3 seconds.
While inside the application, pressing 'h' shows a help of the possible
commands that allow configuring top, for example, pressing 's' asks for the
update time in seconds, etc.
7. Using the Windows 7 operating system tools, check the management of
processes, processor and system memory.

8. What elements identify a process and what are its characteristics?

Processes identify which system resources they are using and their
characteristics are: process name, CPU usage, memory, disk.

9. Using the Linux operating system, execute commands to operate the

different states in which a process can be. Please indicate what they are
and how these actions are executed in Linux.
Processes
Stop a process: Kill -stop

Resume process: Kill -cont

Kill process: kill

10. Display information about Hardware installed on the machine using
Linux command line cpu, ports, cards.

11. Display hard drive information using LINUX commands.

12. Display memory management information in Linux using commands.

13. Describe the file system that the Linux and Windows operating
systems have.
 CONCLUSIONS

As a conclusion of this laboratory practice 1, it can be said that you learn to

know much more about what a computer is made of, since this is of utmost
importance because without it the computer does not turn on.

What we saw in this practice is the use from the beginning of the Linux
Operating System, as well as the basic and administration commands, the
functions and characteristics of this OS.

A description of the characteristics and similarities that may exist between

Windows 7 and Linux through process management was also made.
 LITERATURE

 Linux Ubuntu Operating System. Retrieved on March 11, 2017 from the
following link: http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/download

 Virtual Box. Retrieved on March 11, 2017 from the following link:
https://www.virtualbox.org

 Virtualization. Retrieved on March 18, 2017 from the following link:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VotGx4VPvkc

 Linux Ubuntu. Retrieved on March 18, 2017 from the following link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndAYZ0DJ-U4

 Resource Management. Retrieved on March 18 from the following links:

http://www.mcgraw-hill.es/bcv/guide/capitulo/8448180321.pdf
http://www.informatica.us.es/~ramon/articulos/AdminAvanzadaLinux.pdf