7.

2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

KEY CONCEPT
Phenotype is affected by many different factors.

Essential Question: How is inheritance of traits more

complex than simple dominant/recessive relationships?
Punnett Squares
Incomplete Dominance
In the basic Mendelian
Incompletely inheritance of plant hight,
dominant traits do not tall plants are dominant
over short plants.
follow Mendelian
inheritance patterns.

Not all traits follow

The dominant allele Mendelian inheritance
does not mask or patterns.
Traits that are
“cover up” the incompletely dominant
will result in a different
recessive allele.
phenotypic pattern: red,
white and pink flowers!
Punnett Squares
Incomplete Dominance
A heterozygous (hybrid)
organism’s phenotype will
often look like a “blend” of
the dominant and recessive
trait.
i.e. Flower color:
Red (RR) - dominant
White (R’R’) - recessive
Pink (RR’) - incompletely dominant
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent Gene / Alleles -
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents -
segregated
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent Gene / Alleles - flower color
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
RR - red Parents - RR’ x RR’
segregated R’R’ - white
4. Fill in the Punnett Square RR’ - pink
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent Gene / Alleles - flower color
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R
of offspring. R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R
of offspring. R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R
of offspring. R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R R R’
of offspring. R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R T t
of offspring. R’ R R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R R R’
of offspring. R’ R R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR R’
of offspring. R’ RR’ R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR R’
of offspring. R’ RR’ R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR’
of offspring. R’ RR’ R’R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR’ x RR’
segregated Gametes R and R’ for both parents
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR’
of offspring. R’ RR’ R’R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Genotypes -
segregated Phenotypes -
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR’
of offspring. R’ RR’ R’R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Genotypes - 1 RR : 2 RR’ : 1 R’R’
segregated Phenotypes -
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR’
of offspring. R’ RR’ R’R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Genotypes - 1 RR : 2 RR’ : 1 R’R’
segregated Phenotypes - 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR’
of offspring. R’ RR’ R’R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes Two pink flower are crossed. What is the
2. Determine the gametes from probability of having red flower offspring?
each parent 1 out of 4 chance
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Genotypes - 1 RR : 2 RR’ : 1 R’R’
segregated Phenotypes - 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R’
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR’
of offspring. R’ RR’ R’R’
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
Punnett Squares
Codominance
In the basic Mendelian
Codominant traits do inheritance of plant hight,
not follow Mendelian tall plants are dominant
over short plants.
inheritance patterns.

There is more than

Not all traits follow
one dominant allele Mendelian inheritance
for the trait. patterns.
Traits that are
codominant will result in
a different phenotypic
pattern: red, white and
red and white coats!
• Codominant alleles will both be completely expressed.
– Codominant
alleles are
neither
dominant nor
recessive.
– The ABO blood
types result
from
codominant
alleles.
• Many genes have more than two alleles (multiple alleles).
Punnett Squares
Codominance
A heterozygous (hybrid)
organism’s phenotype will
express both dominant alleles
at the same time.
i.e. Coat color in animals:
Red (RR) - dominant
White (WW) - dominant
Red and White (RW) -
codominant
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Gene / Alleles -
segregated Parents -
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Gene / Alleles - coat color
segregated RR - red Parents - RR x WW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square WW - white
with the possible genotypes
RW - roan
of the offspring.
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Gene / Alleles - coat color
segregated Parents RR x RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square Gametes RR and RW
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
of offspring.
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R
of offspring. W
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R
of offspring. W
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R
of offspring. W
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R R R
of offspring. W
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R T t
of offspring. W R R
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R R R
of offspring. W R R
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR R
of offspring. W RW R
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR R
of offspring. W RW R
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR
of offspring. W RW RW
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Parents RR x RW
segregated Gametes RR and RW
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR
of offspring. W RW RW
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Genotypes -
segregated Phenotypes -
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR
of offspring. W RW RW
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Genotypes - 2 RR : 2 RW : 0 WW
segregated Phenotypes -
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR
of offspring. W RW RW
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring?
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Genotypes - 2 RR : 2 RW : 0 WW
segregated Phenotypes - 2 red : 2 roan : 0 white
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR
of offspring. W RW RW
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
 Setting up a Punnett Square

1. Determine the gene, alleles

and parent genotypes A red bull and a white cow are crossed.
2. Determine the gametes from What is the probability of having roan
each parent offspring? 2 out of 4 chance
3. Draw a Punnett Square with
each allele from the gametes
Genotypes - 2 RR : 2 RW : 0 WW
segregated Phenotypes - 2 red : 2 roan : 0 white
4. Fill in the Punnett Square
with the possible genotypes
of the offspring.
R R
5. Summarize possible
genotypes and phenotypes
R RR RR
of offspring. W RW RW
6. Celebrate and feel proud!
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

• Many genes may interact to produce one trait.

• Polygenic traits are

produced by two or
more genes.

Order of dominance:
brown > green > blue.
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

• The environment interacts with genotype.

• Phenotype is often a
• combination of genotype and
environment.
• The sex of sea turtles
depends on both genes
and the environment
• Height is an example of a
phenotype strongly affected
by the environment.