j University AAA

III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

PROBLEM STATEMENTS
THERMAL ENGINEERING
GROUP 823.

1 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

INDEX

1 542 University of Zaragoza 5

1 542 University of Zaragoza 6
1 542 University of Zaragoza 7
1 542 University of Zaragoza 8
1 542 University of Zaragoza 10
1 542 University of Zaragoza 12
j University 14
Zaragoza 14
1 542 University of Zaragoza 15
1542 University of Zaragoza 16
1 542 University of Zaragoza 18
1 542 University of Zaragoza 19
1 542 University of Zaragoza 21
1 542 University of Zaragoza 22
1 542 University of Zaragoza 24
1 542 University of Zaragoza 27
1 542 University of Zaragoza 28
1 542 University of Zaragoza 29
1 542 University of Zaragoza 30
1 542 University of Zaragoza 32
j University 36
Zaragoza 36
j University 38
in Zaragoza 38
1542 University of Zaragoza 40
1 542 University of Zaragoza 44
j University 45

2 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
ill Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
45
1 542 University of Zaragoza 46
1 542 University of Zaragoza 47
1 542 University of Zaragoza 48
1 542 University of Zaragoza 49
1 542 University of Zaragoza 50
1542 University of Zaragoza 51
j University 52
Ini Zaragoza 52
j University 54
in Zaragoza 54
1 542 Zara University enjoys 56
1 542 University of Zaragoza 58
1 542 University of Zaragoza 60
, . . .. ,/2 H \ 60
. . , , ..... ,( 1 60
1542 University of Zaragoza 61

3 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 1. COMBUSTION.

1. A gaseous fuel contains the following components by volume: hydrogen 3%, methane 60% and
ethane 37%. If 25% excess air is used and the air conditions are 0.95 bar and 30ºC, calculate the
required air-fuel ratio (kgair/kgfuel), the equivalence ratio and the volume of dry air required per kg and
per kmol of fuel. 20.88 kg air/kgcom, 0.80, 396.16 m3/kmolcom.

2. Propane (C3H8g) is reacted with 85% of the theoretical air required. Obtain the chemical equation.
C3H8+ 4.25O2+ 15.98N2 + 1.5CO+ 1.5CO2+ 4H2O+ 15.98N2.

3. Propane gas is burned with 130% theoretical air at a pressure of 0.95 bar. If dry air enters, calculate
the molar analysis of the product gases assuming complete combustion; the dew point temperature of
the gas mixture and the percentage of water that condenses if the gases are cooled to 15ºC. Repeat
the calculations if the air contains 0.01kg moisture/kg dry air. 49ºC, 3.47 moles H2O/molcom, 3.97 moles
H2O/molcom.

4. If propane reacts with dry air in a proportion such that the dry gas analysis gives 12% CO2, 2.5% O2

and 0.5% CO, calculate the theoretical percentage of air used during the process. 108.4%.

5. An unknown fuel CxHy reacts with dry air. Analysis of the combustion gases gives 13% CO2, 4% O2

and 1% CO. Obtain the chemical equation for the actual reaction and the fuel composition, the air-fuel
ratio used and the percentage of excess or deficient air used. C14H17, 23, 16.25 kgair/kgcom, 19.1%.

6. Gaseous methane is initially burned at 500K with 40% excess air entering the combustion chamber
at 600K. The reaction is complete at 1 atm and the product gases exit at 1800K. Calculate the heat
transferred in kJ/kmol of fuel. Data (hT-h298)CH4=7676 kJ/kmol. -167720 kJ/kmolCH4.

7. In a stationary process, liquid methane is initially burned at 300 K with 200% of the theoretical air
at 700K. Calculate the adiabatic combustion temperature assuming complete combustion. ∆hvapCH4= -
21060 kJ/kmol. 1808K.

8. A coal whose elemental composition by weight is: sulfur 1.1%, hydrogen 4.4, carbon 66%, nitrogen
1.5%, oxygen 7.9%, ash 5.6% and water 13.5%, SCP 27420 kJ/kg. Write the reaction and calculate the
air-fuel ratio for complete combustion at 25% CO.
1 542 University of Zaragoza

excess air. If the reactants enter the combustion chamber at 25ºC and are cooled to 600K, obtain the
heat transferred in kJ/kg of fuel. -22273.3 kJ/kgcom.

4 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
9. A boiler uses a fuel composed of 85% methane, 10% ethane and 5% propane. The burner power is
100 kW and its dimensions are 2 x 2 x 1 m. The air enters at 25ºC and the gases exit at 247ºC. An
analysis of the dry gas composition is performed and results in 3% vol of oxygen and 10 ppm of CO.
Determine the stoichiometric amount of air for combustion, the actual air and the boiler performance
by the indirect method (assume losses due to purges and radiation of 4.25%). 85.52%.
10. For the reaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen, calculate: (a) the standard enthalpy of reaction;
(b) the enthalpy of reaction at a temperature of 700ºC. (a) -282990 kJ/kmol; (b) - 282155 kJ/kmol; -
287437 kJ/kmol.
11. Complete combustion of ethane (C2H6) is carried out with an air-fuel ratio of 18 kgas/kgcomb.

Determine (a) excess or defect of air; (b) analysis of the combustion gases on a dry and wet basis; (c)
dew point temperature at 1 atm; (d) volume of the combustion gases at 120 ºC and 1 atm. (a) 12.12%;
(c) 53.7ºC; (d) 21.61 m3/kgcomb.
12. The composition of a natural gas is as follows: 82% CH4, 10% C2H6, 3% C3H8, 2% N2, 3% CO2. If
there is complete combustion with humid air at 1 atm and the dew point temperature is 60ºC for the
combustion gases, determine the relative humidity present in the combustion air. 60%.
13. A synthesis gas has the following composition by volume: 30% CH4, 20% C2H6, 40% H2, 10% N2. The
composition of the flue gases on a dry molar basis: 8.2% CO2, 0.6% CO, 4.1% O2, 87.1% N2. Determine
the air-fuel ratio and equivalence ratio. 8.578 kmolas/kmolcomb, 0.832.
14. In an adiabatic reactor operating in a steady state, gaseous acetylene (C2H2) is completely burned
at 25ºC and 1 bar with 150% of the stoichiometric air under the same conditions. If the products exit at
400K and 1 bar, calculate the heat transferred from the reactor (kJ/kmolcomb). -1198445 kJ/kmolcomb.
15. We have the diesel boiler C of PCS= 45377 kJ/kg, whose composition by weight is: 86.9% C, 12.5%
H2, 0.5% S, 0.1% Z. The boiler power is Qutil= 1500Mcal/h. Under complete combustion conditions and
20% excess air, the flue gas output is TGC1= 300ºC and its efficiency based on PCS is 80%. If an
economizer is installed as a preheating stage of the feed water, the gas outlet is TGC2 = 150ºC.
Determine: (a) fuel economy, (b) overall performance. Data: cp;GC= 0.3 kcal/kgºC, cp;Z= 1000 J/kg K. 13
kg/h; 86.6%.
1 542 University of Zaragoza

16. Methane (CH4) entering a boiler at 25ºC is burned together with dry air at 17ºC. A dry volumetric
analysis of the combustion products results in 5.2% CO2; 0.33% CO; 11.24% O2 and 83.23% N2. The
combustion gases exit at 700 K. Under these conditions, calculate: a) the theoretical percentage of air
used; b) the dew point temperature of the exhaust gases; c) the heat released in the boiler; d) the
energy efficiency of the boiler with respect to the PCS. 200%; 45.7ºC; 66.11%; 59.57%.

17. A heating boiler, whose thermal power at full load at the burner is 80 kW, consumes natural gas
with a volumetric composition of 90% methane (CH4), 4% ethane (C2H6) and 6.0% nitrogen ( N2). The
flue gases leave the boiler at 70ºC, with 5% by volume on a dry basis of O2 and 1% by volume on a dry

5 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
basis of CO. Knowing that air and fuel enter the boiler at 25ºC and that losses through the walls are
negligible, the following are requested: a) Excess air and composition of the flue gases; b) PCS and PCI
of the fuel; c) Energy efficiency of the boiler; d) Heat released by the flue gases (kW); e) Composition of
the flue gases if these gases leave the boiler at 35ºC; f) Increase in the energy efficiency of the boiler if
the flue gases leave the boiler at 35 ºC. 24.8%; CO2 8.2%; O2 5.0% N2 85.8%; PCS 863690 kJ/kmol; PCI
779190 kJ/kmol; Q 732855 kJ/kmol; 94.1%.

18. Gaseous octane (C8H18) at 25ºC and air at 500K enter a combustion chamber. The volumetric air
flow is 500 Nm3/h. It operates at 1 bar (~1 atm), in steady state and with 150% theoretical air. Find the
fuel flow in kmol/h and the heat flow transferred in the combustion chamber if the temperature of the
product gases is 1000 K. 250 moles/h; 242.4 kW.

19. A boiler uses completely dry biomass (0% humidity) as fuel with a PCS of 20687 kJ/kg and whose
elemental analysis (gravimetric) is as follows: 52.89% C; 6.65% H; 0.38% N; 39.46% O; 0.04% S; and
0.58% ash. Assuming that combustion is complete with 20% excess air, calculate a) the composition of
the exhaust gases; b) the dew point temperature of the exhaust gases; c) the heat released in the
boiler, taking into account that the gases leave the boiler at 450 K and that the reactants enter at 298
K; d) the energy efficiency of the boiler with respect to the PCI. 14.4% CO2, 3.1% O2, 48ºC, 17770
kJ/kmol, 92.4%.

20. Butane (C4H10) at 25ºC and air at 500 K enter a combustion chamber operating in a steady state.
The products of complete combustion come out at 1600 K and during combustion a heat of 944000
kJ/kmol of fuel is used. Determine: a) The theoretical percentage of air used. b) If the boiler is operating
with the same excess air

6 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

that in section a, the combustion gases are cooled to 1000 K, how much would the energy efficiency
increase, calculated with respect to the PCI? 130%, 35.5%, -1906000kJ/kmol, 71.7%.
21. A heating boiler uses as fuel a mixture consisting of 90% methane (CH4) and 10% ethane (C2H6).
Both fuel and air required enter the boiler at 25ºC. In a maintenance review the following values are
obtained in the exhaust gases: Tg = 200ºC, [O2]v= 4.0% , [CO]v= 100 ppm. (a) Calculate the PCI and PCS of
the fuel; (b) Calculate the boiler efficiency based on the PCI; (c) What is the dew point temperature of
the exhaust gases? 2.6015, 865118 kJ/kmol, 957485 kJ/kmol,
91.54%, 82.1%, 54.8ºC.

22. The figure shows a steam generator with a natural gas burner. Steam water for process feeding

The reagents enter the boiler at 25°C with 16% excess air. It is
requested: a) Composition of the combustion products at the boiler
outlet, knowing that combustion is complete and the volumetric UUUU
composition of natural gas is: 80% CH4, 5% C2H6 and 15% N2; b) Gas

natural, ——>
Mass flow of steam produced, knowing that saturated steam is 231 m3th 1 Boiler' ।

16% ' r. You

obtained in the steam generator at 20 bar and that the feed water Air in 1P excess-----------------------------Yo

is liquid water at 20 bar and 50°C. The natural gas flow rate is 231 1
Nm3/h and the gases leave the boiler at 207°C. c) Dew point Products of the

temperature of combustion products (flue gases). CO2 9.9% O2

3.14%. 0.71 kg/s (Q=-652087 kJ/kmol), 55ºC

23. The heating boiler of a building operates by consuming natural gas whose volumetric composition
is 90% CH4, 6% C2H6 and 4% C3H8 with 12% excess air. Air and fuel enter the boiler at 25ºC, flue gases
leave the boiler at 110ºC and heat losses through the walls are considered negligible. It is requested to
calculate, assuming complete combustion: 1) Percentage by volume of combustion gases (%) 2)
Instantaneous efficiency (%) on PCS and on PCI of this boiler applying the indirect method, also called
separate losses, and the useful heat utilized [in kJ/kmol of fuel] 3) Assuming that the boiler has a
thermal power of 150 kW on PCI, and the average efficiency is 95% of the value estimated in section 2)
m3N
during the entire winter operation (1,500 h), calculate the natural gas consumption in . 10.6% CO2;
2.47% O2; 889696 kJ/kmol; 983830 kJ/kmol; 96.22%, 8701%; 22.3 Nm3.
24. The energy efficiency of a boiler needs to be determined. The fuel burned in the boiler is natural
gas with a volume composition of 85% Methane and 15% Ethane. After a test in which the ambient
temperature value is 25ºC (T0=25ºC) the following measurements have been taken: Exhaust gases: [ O2]
dry base 5%, [CO] dry base 1.5%, Temp. gases

1 542 University of Zaragoza

combustion: 87ºC. a) Excess air and composition of the flue gases, b) Lower calorific value of the fuel,

7 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
c) Energy efficiency of the boiler for the test conditions (ignoring heat losses through the walls), d) Has
water condensation occurred in the flue gases? Because? Justify your answer. 2.225, excess 23%, 54ºC,
896096 kJ/kmol, 91.26%.

25. Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustion chamber at 25ºC and 1.013 bar with a mass flow of
0.05 kg/min, where it is mixed with 50% excess air that enters the combustion chamber at 7ºC and
1.013 bar. In the combustion process all the hydrogen is oxidized to form H2O, but only 90% on a molar
basis of the carbon is oxidized to CO2, with the remaining 10% on a molar basis forming CO. If the flue
gas outlet temperature is 1500K, you are required to calculate: a. the composition of the flue gases; b.
air mass flow (expressed in kg/min); c. PCI and PCS of the fuel (expressed in kJ/kmol); d. the heat
released in the combustion chamber (expressed in kW); e. the dew point temperature of the flue gases
(expressed in ºC). CO2 7.13%. 1.18 kg/min. PCI 2028030 kJ/kg. PCS 2204970 kJ/kg. -363.880 kJ/kg.
6.89 kW.

26. A house is heated by a boiler whose useful heat output is 25 kW. The boiler consumes natural gas
whose volumetric composition is 89% CH4, 5% C2H6, and 6% C4H10 with 12% excess air. Knowing that
the air enters at 47ºC and the gases leave the boiler at 82ºC, it is requested to calculate: a.
Composition of gases at the outlet (%), b. Calculate the PCS and PCI in kJ/kmol of that natural gas, c.
Calculate the heat released for each kmol of fuel consumed in the boiler operating under those
conditions, d. Calculate the hourly consumption of natural gas ( m3N/h), e. instantaneous efficiency (%)
on PCS and PCI of this boiler. Note: For calculations, complete combustion can be considered and losses
through walls due to convection and radiation can be ignored. 2.1%O2, 9.0%CO2. PCI -945.098 kJ/kg. -
929.280 kJ/kg. 2.17 Nm3/h. 98.3%PCI.

27. A boiler uses completely dry biomass as fuel (0% humidity) with a PCS of 21,000 kJ/kg and whose
elemental analysis (gravimetric) is as follows: 60% C; 7% H; 1% N; 31% O and 1% ash. Assuming that
combustion is complete with 20% excess air, calculate a) the composition of the exhaust gases; b) the
dew point temperature of the exhaust gases; c) the heat released in the boiler, taking into account that
the gases leave the boiler at 450 K and the air enters at 320 K and the biomass at 298 K; d) the energy
efficiency of the boiler with respect to the PCI. 3.3%O2, 14.9%CO2. 47.7ºC. 17770 kJ/kg, 92.4%

28. In a combustion chamber, gaseous octane (C8H18) is used, which enters at 298K, together with
excess air that enters at 400K. The composition of the combustion gases (dry) is measured and the
concentrations of CO and O2 are found to be 1.2 and 10% respectively. Determine the

8 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

composition of the gases and the excess air required. If the flue gases leave the boiler at a temperature
of 400K, find the boiler efficiency. What will be the efficiency if the gases exit at 26.8ºC? ea75.7%.
92.8%. 103.9%.

9 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 2. THERMAL SYSTEMS.

1. The initial conditions of a standard air Otto cycle operating at a compression ratio of 8:1 are 0.95
bar and 17ºC. The volume of the cylinder at PMI is 2.20 l and the heat supplied at constant volume is
3.60 kJ. Calculate the pressure and final temperature of each of the processes in the cycle and find the
efficiency and the average effective pressure of the cycle.
2. The inlet conditions of a theoretical Diesel cycle operating with a compression ratio of 18 are 0.965
bar and 15.5ºC. The cutting ratio is 2. Calculate the final pressure and temperature of each of the
processes in the cycle, the thermal efficiency and the average effective pressure of the cycle.
3. The inlet conditions for a standard dual air cycle operating at a 15:1 compression ratio are 0.95 bar
and 17ºC. The pressure ratio during constant volume heat supply is 1.5:1 and the volume ratio during
constant pressure heat supply process is 1.8:1. Calculate the temperatures and pressures in the cycle,
the heat supplied and released in the cycle in kJ/kg and the thermal efficiency.
4. An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of compression the air is at 95
kPa and 27ºC. A heat flow equivalent to 750 kJ/kg is introduced into the system during a constant
volume process. Calculate the pressure and temperature at the end of the process at constant volume,
the work done, the thermal efficiency and the mean effective pressure of the cylinder. 3898 kPa, 1539
K, 392.4 kJ/kg, 52.3%, 495 kPa.
5. An ideal Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 20 and uses air as the working fluid. The air
conditions at the beginning of the compression process are 95 kPa and 20ºC. If the maximum cycle
temperature does not exceed 2200K, calculate the thermal efficiency and the mean effective pressure.
Assume constant specific heats. 63.5% and 933 kPa.
6. The compression ratio of a standard air Otto cycle is 9.5. Before the isentropic compression process
the air is at 100 kPa and 35ºC in a volume of 600 cm3. The temperature at the end of the isentropic
expansion is 800 K. Considering constant specific heats, find the maximum temperature and pressure
of the cycle, the amount of heat transferred, the thermal efficiency and the effective mean pressure.
7. A four-stroke, six-cylinder compression engine operates on an ideal Diesel cycle with a compression
ratio of 17 and 2000 rpm. The air is initially at 95 kPa and 55ºC. The engine uses a Diesel with a
calorific value of 42500 kJ/kg, a ratio

10 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

air/fuel ratio of 24 and a combustion efficiency of 98%. Using constant specific heats at 850K find: the
maximum cycle temperature and volume ratio, the net work per cycle and efficiency, the mean
effective pressure, the net power and the specific fuel consumption in g/kWh. 2383 K, 2.7, 4.36 kJ,
0.543, 969 kPa, 72.7 kW, 159 g/kWh.
8. An air-standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 17 and a combustion ratio of 1.23. At the
beginning of compression, pl = 95 kPa and Tx = 310 K. The pressure doubles during the constant
volume heat absorption process. If the mass of air is 0.25 kg, determine: (a) The heat absorbed at
constant volume and constant pressure, both in kJ. (b) The net work of the cycle, in kJ. (c) Heat
released, in kJ. (d) Thermal performance. 130.4 kJ, 204.7 kJ, 130.5 kJ, 61.1%.
9. In an air-standard Diesel cycle, the pressure and temperature at the start of compression are 95
kPa and 290 K, respectively. At the end of heat absorption the pressure is 6.5 MPa and the
temperature 2000 K. Determine: (a) The compression ratio. (b) The combustion ratio. (c) The thermal
efficiency of the cycle. (d) The mean effective pressure, in kPa. 21.38, 2.16, 59.1%.
10. Using diagrams and diagrams, describe and explain: a) The processes that take place in the
different strokes of a 4-stroke reciprocating engine with spark ignition. b) How the efficiency (COP) and
the cooling capacity vary in a vapor compression refrigeration cycle when there is a variation in
temperature b.1) only in the hot source; and b.2) only in the cold source.

11 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
 AAA Department of
|Ü| mechanical
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 4. DRIVING.

1. It is desired to prevent condensation of

atmospheric humidity on a pipe with a diameter
of 50 mm and a thickness of 2.5 mm, through
which a refrigerant circulates, keeping the inner
surface of the pipe at -10ºC. For this purpose, a
thermal insulator with k=0.06 W/mK is
available. The thermal conductivity of the tube
metal is 386 W/mK. Calculate the minimum
thickness
necessary if the ambient conditions are a temperature of 22ºC, a coefficient of
convection of 11.6 W/m2K and a humidity such that condensation begins at 14ºC
(dew point temperature). 12.8 mm.

2. A flat roof with an area of A=275 m2 is built, consisting of a steel cover (ka=
52 W/mK) with a thickness of La=3 mm, Lb=38 mm of insulation (kb=0.035 W/mK) and an asphalt
layer of
thickness Lc=9 mm (kc=0.17 W/mK). The air temperature inside is Tf,1=21ºC and outside Tf,2=-1ºC. The
convection coefficients are respectively h1=11 W/m2K and h2=34 W/m2K. Solar radiation hits the roof at
a rate of Gs=785 W/m2 and the effective radiant temperature of the environment is Tr=-20ºC.

εα
Considering = =1 for the outer surface. How much heat is lost? 215875 W.

3. In a manufacturing process, a transparent film

p has to be glued to a substrate. The thicknesses q0´´ You, h

are Lp=0.25 mm and Ls=1.0 mm, the thermal

conductivities are kp=0.025 W/mK and ks=0.05 Movie, LP
T0
W/mK. The joint is formed by heating the interface
Substrate, Ls
to a temperature To, for which T1

uses a radiant source that produces the

net absorption of a heat flux qo”. The back face of the substrate is maintained at a certain
temperature T1, while the surface of the film is exposed to an air stream at temperature Te with a
convection coefficient h. Assuming very large flat walls, draw the corresponding thermal circuit.
Calculate the value of qo” necessary to maintain To=60ºC if T1=30ºC, Te=20ºC and h=50 W/m2K. 2833.3
W/m2.

12 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
jj University
University AAA Department of
III mechanical
Zaragoza
Zaragoza Engineering
1542
1 542
1 542 University of Zaragoza

4. A high-temperature gas nuclear reactor

consists of a number of spherical cells of uranium
oxide. The reaction is approximately equivalent to
a uniform volumetric heating q of the fuel
material. Each cell is contained within a spherical
graphite shell cooled by helium at atmospheric
pressure. In a steady state, the gas temperature is
Tf=500K, the convection coefficient (assumed
uniform over the spherical surface) equals h=270
W/m2K and the external temperature of the shell is
Ts,e=1300K. Thermal radiation from the gas is
negligible. The diameters are Di=10 mm and De=12 mm. The thermal conductivities of uranium and
graphite can be taken equal, ku=kg=2 W/mK. How much power does each cell transfer to the helium
stream? How much is the warming produced by the nuclear reaction? What is the temperature Ts,i at
the fuel-casing contact surface? What is the maximum temperature reached by uranium oxide?
1819 K.

5. Let's consider a wall composed of L= 0.2 —-3-

two layers 20 cm thick such that one V t = X5 w(uV

of its sides is completely insulated and V = 20 CuV

ACC© • lu
its temperature on said surface is
50ºC. Knowing that the thermal -TA s Sot

conductivity of the layers are

respectively 15 and 20 W/mK and
that the first layer generates heat at a
rate of 1000 W/m3. Calculate the temperatures at the junction of the walls and at the exterior wall.
46.7 ºC.

6. A surgical technique called cardiac ablation is used to repair heart dysfunctions

and consists of heating damaged areas of the myocardium using microwaves
from an antenna introduced
with a catheter. Given the cylindrical and elongated shape of the antenna, of
radius Ra, it can be considered that the area heated by it is the cylindrical crust of
radius Ra (A) Assuming that the heat generated per unit volume by the
microwaves, q´´´ is uniform, that the radial temperature gradient at point Ra is
zero and that the temperature at point Ro is known and equals To, obtain the is
symbolic expression that gives the radial variation of the temperature T(r),
between Ra and Ro. (B) If Ta= T(r=Ra)= 80ºC, To= T(r=Ro)= 37.5ºC,

13 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
 AAA Department of
|Ü| mechanical
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

Ra=1mm, Ro= 1cm and the thermal conductivity of the myocardium is 0.45 W/mK, calculate q´´´ (W/m3).
810425.7 W/m3.

7. An infinite flat wall with a thickness of 0.10 m

and thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/m K releases iq h=1500W/m2K
energy by the Joule effect at a rate of 15000 W/ . m3
q"=1000W/m2 "i T,=209C On
its left side, a net radiation flux of 1000 W/ m2
is Yo
received; its right side is in contact with a fluid that ii
remains at a constant temperature of 20 ºC and e=10mm
1 kf=0.2W/mK
with a convection coefficient of 1500 W/m2 K.
-Yo---------
Analytically determine: 1) The temperature
distribution in the wall thickness direction, T(x). 2) The heat flux reaching the fluid in W/ m2. T= -37500x2-

8750x
+542.9.
8. The walls of a refrigerator are usually built with sandwich panels consisting of a layer of insulation
between two metal panels. Consider a wall made of fiberglass as an insulating material with thermal
conductivity λa= ka= 0.046 W/(m K) and a thickness La= 50 mm and the metal panels, each with a
thermal conductivity λm= km= 60 W/(m K) and a thickness Lm= 3 mm. If the wall separates the air inside
the refrigerator, which is at Tfi= 4ºC, from the ambient air at Tfe= 25ºC, what is the heat flow per unit
area of the wall? It represents the equivalent thermal circuit. The convection coefficients associated
with the inner and outer surfaces have the same value and are hi= he= 5 W/(m2 K). 14.1 W/m2.

14 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University •TO*
III
Department of
mechanical Engineering
1542 University of Zaragoza
iii Zaragoza
1542

15 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 5. STATIONARY DRIVING.

1. The cooling of a transistor can be increased by inserting it into an

aluminum socket (k=200 W/mK) that has 12 longitudinal fins on its
outer surface. The transistor has a radius r1=2 mm and a height H=6
mm, the fins measure L=10 mm in length and are of uniform thickness
e=0.7 mm. The thickness of the base of the cap is r2-r1=1 mm ( r2=3
mm) and the contact resistance at the interface with the transistor
10-3 m2K
Rt,c”= /W. When cooled with air at Tf=20ºC, the component casing
reaches a temperature T1=80ºC on its surface, with the average
convection coefficient estimated at h=25 W/m2K. How much power is
being dissipated? 1.52 W.

2. An annular aluminium fin (k= 177 W/mK) is attached to a circular tube

with an external diameter of 25 mm and a surface temperature of 250ºC.
The fin is 1 mm thick and 10 mm long. The adjacent fluid is at 25ºC and
has a convective coefficient of 25 W/m2K. What is the heat lost by a fin? If
200 of these fins are arranged 5 mm apart, what is the heat lost per linear
meter of tube? 2935.5 W.

80 cm
Thickness = 10
cm

L 345**8
B/A
DsoVua
0 2 0.6 AA,

T at 130 c
Tea 30'c

16 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

6. The cylinder body of a motorcycle engine is constructed from an aluminium alloy (k=186 W/mK). Its
dimensions are 0.15 m high and 50 mm outer diameter. For
To increase heat transfer to the
environment, five annular fins of 6 mm
thickness and 45 mm external radius are
added, equally spaced and made of the same
material. Under typical operating conditions,
the cylinder surface reaches a temperature
of 500K exposed to ambient air at 300K with
a convection coefficient of h=50 W/m2K. The
exchange by thermal radiation is assumed to
be negligible. Calculate the transferred
power. 704.7 W.

7. The aim is to determine the temperature inside a hemispherical igloo with an internal radius of 2.0
m and ice walls 1.0 m thick (ice conductivity 2.0 W/mK). Inside the igloo the convection coefficient is
expected to be 6 W/m2K, while outside it rises to 15 W/m2K due to the speed of the Arctic wind. The
temperature of the Arctic wind is –20ºC and that of the ice sheet on which the igloo sits is –30ºC. The
expedition members spread a thermal blanket on the ground with a thickness of 5 cm and thermal
conductivity of 0.1 W/mK. The heat generation of the people inside the igloo amounts to 800 W.
Calculate the air temperature inside the igloo. For future expeditions, they are considering increasing
the thickness of the igloo to 1.25 m or using a 20 cm thick thermal blanket for the floor. Which option
do you think will increase the internal temperature of the igloo the most? -7.3ºC. blanket.
8. A Duralumin fin with a rectangular cross section (insulated free end) is designed to evacuate heat
(50 W) from a wall that is 200ºC to the environment, which can be taken at 15ºC. If the width of the fin
is 100 mm and its thickness is 1.5 mm, determine the required length and efficiency of the designed fin.
The convection coefficient is 25 W/m2K. 0.068 m.
9. Consider configuring square fins on a
-------------53 mm----------
surface in the figure to improve heat transfer
for cooling a chip surface. The base surface
(without fins) is rectangular, measuring
53mm x 57mm. The fins are of cross section

17 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

square (1 mm x 1 mm) 30 mm long and made from a die-cut aluminium alloy with a thermal
conductivity of 175 W/(m K). The total number of fins on the surface is equal to 54 (9x6). The system is
cooled with air at T∞ = 25 ºC and with a convection coefficient of h=125 W/( m2K). The maximum
temperature of the chip is 75 ºC. It is requested: a) Draw the equivalent thermal circuit indicating the
thermal resistances that appear in it. b) Calculate the heat transfer resistances that appear in the
equivalent thermal circuit from the chip ( Tb) to the air (T∞); c) What is the efficiency of a fin? d) What is
the effectiveness of a fin? e) Calculate the heat transfer through a fin and through the entire system.
73.75%; 0.468 W; 43.79W.
10. The maximum
temperature that an integrated
circuit (chip) can withstand
determines the amount of heat
it has to dissipate. To maximize
heat dissipation, a configuration —
Contact
of pin-type copper fins arranged resistance,

in a 4 x 4 matrix is soldered to
the external surface of a 12.7
mm square chip, as shown in the figure, is proposed. a) Draw the equivalent thermal circuit assuming
one-dimensional and steady heat transfer, neglecting the thermal contact resistance between the base
of the fin and the fin. b) Calculate the thermal resistances that appear in the thermal circuit. c) What is
the heat dissipated by the surface with the fins when the base of the chip is at 75ºC? NOTE: The
diameter of the fins is Dp=1.5mm and Lp=15 mm, h0= 1000 W/(m2K), T∞,0=20ºC, hi=40 W/(m2K) and λb =400
W/mK and Lb=0.005. 2.7 W; 50.47 W.
11. Given a rectangular brass fin whose thermal conductivity is k=111 W/(mK) of length L=10 mm,
thickness t=1 mm and width w=1m. The base temperature is Tb=100ºC and the fin is exposed to an air
current at 20ºC. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the surface and the air stream is
h=80 W/(m2K). Considering the boundary condition at the tip as an adiabatic tip to be acceptable, it is
requested to determine: a) the heat flux dissipated by the fin, qa; b) the thermal resistance, Rt,a; c) the
efficiency, η; d) the temperature at the tip, T(L); If 333 rectangular fins like the one analyzed were
arranged on a 1 m side square plate of the same alloy separated by 2 mm, the following is requested:
e) What would be the total heat dissipated by the finned surface?; f) What would then be the
equivalent thermal resistance of the finned surface? 122.3W; 95.4%; 94.6ºC; 44934 W.
12. The diagonal of a very long triangular bar is very well insulated, while the other faces are kept at
constant and uniform temperatures on the surface (Ta and

18 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

Tb respectively as shown in the figure). For the stationary case, it is

requested that: A square mesh with five nodes be established along
the uninsulated surfaces and the nodal equations for the interior
nodes be stated. For the central node of the isolated surface define
a suitable control volume and deduce the corresponding nodal
equation. Detail all the assumptions you make. How would the
nodal equation for the central node of the isolated surface be if there were an internal generation in
the bar q̇ (W/m3)? .

13. The blades of a gas turbine

mounted on the turbine rotor are
subjected to a stream of hot
gases that are at T∞ = 1200 ºC,
the convection heat transfer
coefficient between the gases

and the blades is h = 250 W/( m2 K). The blades are made of INCONEL, with a thermal conductivity λ=
10-4 m2
20 W/(m K), they have a length of L= 50 mm. The blade profile has a cross-sectional area Ac= 6x
and a perimeter P= 110 mm. A system is proposed to cool the blade which consists of circulating air
inside the blade support, so that the base of the blade is at a temperature of Tb = 30ºC. a) If the
maximum temperature that the blade can withstand is 1050ºC and it is assumed that it can be
considered as if it were a fin with an adiabatic tip, is the proposed blade cooling system valid? b) For
this proposed cooling system, what is the heat transfer from each blade to the coolant? 1037ºC, 508
W.

14. Two cast iron pipes (k= 52 W/(m K). 3 m long, 0.4 cm thick
and 10 cm in diameter water vapor conducting tubes are
connected to each other by means of two 1 cm thick flanges
whose outer diameter is 20 cm. Steam flows inside the tube at
an average temperature of 200°C with a heat transfer
coefficient of 180 W/(m2 K). The outer surface of the tube is
exposed to an environment at 12°C, with a heat transfer
coefficient of 25 W/(m2 K). a) If the flanges are discarded,
determine the average temperature of the outer surface of the
pipe. b) With this temperature for the base of the flange and if
the flanges are considered as fins, find the efficiency of the

19 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

fin and the heat transferred. c) To what length of pipe is the section of the flanges equivalent for the
purposes of heat transfer? 175.1ºC, 226.7 W, 0.177 m.
15. A thin brass tube with an outer diameter of 3 cm carries hot water at 85°C. It is proposed to place
straight circular brass fins (k= 100 W/(m K)) of 0.8 mm thickness on the tube to cool it. The fins are 8
cm in diameter and 2 cm apart. It is determined that the interior convection coefficient will be equal to
200 W/(m2 K) and the exterior is 15 W/( m2 K) in the fins. If the ambient temperature is 22°C, calculate
the heat loss per meter of pipe before and after adding the fins. 82.85 kW. 324.53 kW.
16. It is desired to design a handle made of AISI 302
stainless steel (k=15.1 W/(m K)) and with a length of
150 mm for a saucepan that will have a temperature
of 150°C. A team of engineers proposes two
solutions: (1) a solid handle with a circular section of
20 mm in diameter, and (2) a hollow steel handle
filled with insulating material (which we can consider
perfect) with the same external diameter and 2 mm thick. We want to compare (calculate) the heat
transferred and the minimum temperature of the handle when the outside temperature is 20°C and
there is a convection coefficient of 20 W/( m2 K). The relationship between the handle diameter and the
radius of curvature is such that the curvature can be neglected and the handle approximated to
cylindrical geometry. 90.6ºC (q=16.85 W). 53.2ºC (q=11.61W).
17. An air heater
It consists of a very long hot
cylinder with a diameter of
D=20 mm, encapsulated in a
square section heatsink (40
mm) with fins (N fins of
length L and thickness t)
made of aluminium (thermal conductivity 240 W/mK) as shown in the figure (N=16, L=20 mm and t=4
mm). Under stationary conditions, the surface temperature of the heater is Ts= 300ºC, if the
m2K
surrounding air is at Taire= 50ºC and the associated convection coefficient is 500 W/ , calculate the
heat transfer per unit length of the heater. 74367 W/m.

18. Given a rectangular brass fin whose thermal conductivity is k=111 W/(m K) of length L=10 mm,
thickness t=1 mm and width w=1m. The base temperature is Tb=100ºC and the fin is exposed to an air
current at 20ºC. The heat transfer coefficient by

20 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

convection between the surface and the air stream is h=80 W/( m2 K). Considering the boundary
condition at the tip as an adiabatic tip to be acceptable, it is requested to determine: a) the heat flow
dissipated by the fin, qa, b) the thermal resistance, Rt,a, c) the efficiency, η, d) the temperature at the tip,
T(L). If 333 rectangular fins like the one analysed were arranged on a 1 m square plate of the same
alloy, separated from each other by 2 mm, the following is asked: e) What would be the total heat
dissipated by the finned surface?, f) What would then be the equivalent thermal resistance of the
finned surface?

19. An aluminium rod of length

L=40 cm and circular section of 1
cm diameter is welded to the wall
of an oven and passes through a
thickness e=20 cm of an insulator
(k= 0.01 W/mK) before exiting into
the air surrounding the oven. The
furnace gases are at a
temperature Tgas= 600ºC and heat
the furnace wall made of AISI 304
steel and thickness t=2 cm with a convection coefficient of hgas=200 W/m2K. Calculate the heat lost by the
bar and the temperature of the end if the air is at Taire=25ºC and a convection coefficient of haire=15
m2K
W/ is considered. 7.4 W. 76.7ºC.

21 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 6. TRANSITIONAL CONDUCTION.

1. A cake is heated in a microwave oven, so that from an initial temperature of 20ºC, 60ºC is reached
in 2 min. The air inside the oven is kept at 20ºC, with h=5 W/ m2K. Using the lumped capacity model,
estimate the heating power per unit volume q (assumed uniform and constant) that is equivalent to

the microwave action. Cake: ρ=720 kg/ m3

, c=3500 J/kgK, k=1.5 W/mK. Assimilate it to a cylinder with
m3
a diameter and height of 5 cm. 850 kW/ .

2. A steel oil pipeline ( ρ=7800 kg/ m3

, c=430 J/kgK, k=50 W/mK) has a diameter of 1 m, a wall
thickness of 40 mm and is well insulated on its outer surface. Initially it is at a uniform temperature of –
20 °C. The oil flow at 60 °C suddenly creates a heat convection with h = 500 W/ m2K on the inner surface.
It is desired to know the temperature on the outer surface of the duct, the heat flow on the inner
surface and the energy transferred per meter of pipe when 8 minutes have elapsed from the start.
42.5ºC, 45.5ºC, 43.5ºC 26.8*106 J/m.
3. In a certain manufacturing process, a cylindrical piece, L=40 cm long and R=2.5 cm radius, must be
cooled from an initial temperature of 45 °C to a temperature of 5 °C in the center of the material. To
carry out the cooling, the piece is introduced into a chamber where it is cooled with air that evacuates
heat with h=35 W/m2K. If the process is to be carried out in one hour, what temperature should the air
be? How much heat is lost? How much has been transferred 15 minutes after starting the cool down?
What temperatures are the center and the surface of the cylinder at that instant? The properties of the

solid are k=0.29 W/mK and α=2.8×10 – 7 m2

/s. 32.608 J. 20.4ºC, 10.2ºC and 24,459 J.

4. The cooling of a sphere of radius R=5 mm is carried out in two stages. The object is initially in
equilibrium at 400°C inside a furnace. It is suddenly removed and cooled with air at 20°C for a time ta,
until the center of the sphere reaches 335°C. The convection coefficient is estimated at 10 W/ m2K. The

piece is then immersed in water at 20°C, with h=6000 W/ m2K. Material: ρ=3000 kg/ m3
, c=1000 J/kgK
and k=20 W/mK. Calculate the time ta required to complete the first stage, and the time tb required for
the second stage if the core temperature is to continue to fall from 335°C to 50°C. 94 and 3 s.
5. A cylindrical piece of copper, length 100 mm and diameter 50 mm. It is initially at a temperature of
20°C. The two bases are subjected to an intense heating process, which raises their temperature to
500°C. Simultaneously, the lateral surface is

22 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

comes into contact with a gas flow at 500°C, causing a convection coefficient of 100 W/ m2K. After 8 sec.
From the beginning, determine the temperature at the center of the cylinder, at the center of the bases

and at the central circumference of the lateral surface, as well as the transferred energy. Material: ρ
=8933 kg/m3, k= 379 W/mK, c= 417 J/kg·K. 230.7ºC, 500ºC and 225,744 J.
6. A very long post, with a square section of
12.7 mm on each side, and made of

stainless steel ( ρ=7900 kg/m3, k=14.9

W/mK, c=477 J/kgK) is initially at a
temperature Ti =425K. Suddenly, an air
current appears at Tf = 275K which causes an
average convection coefficient h = 80 W/m2K
over all surfaces. Determine after 3 min.

temperature that will reach a point on the axis of the bar at 15 mm of the upper face
since the beginning of refrigeration. 316.2
K.

7. A cylindrical piece of 10 cm diameter and 10 cm

height is inside an oven at a uniform temperature of
1500ºC. After removing it from the oven and after 30
minutes, the temperatures are measured in the center
of the upper face and on the upper face 4 cm from the
center, resulting in 80ºC and 65ºC respectively. If the
environment is at 25ºC and it is assumed that the piece
is cooled with an equal convection coefficient on all its
faces of 30 W/m2K, calculate the thermal conductivity
of the material, the temperature at the center of the cylinder at 30 minutes and the thermal diffusivity.
121.7ºC.

8. A solid whose exterior surfaces are flat and parallel has a thickness of 0.35my and can be
considered an infinite plate. Initially it is at a uniform temperature of Ti=322ºC and comes into contact
with water at Tf=10ºC, with a heat transmission coefficient between the surfaces and the fluid of
h=10W/m2K. If after a time t 62969.2kJ/m2 have been exchanged on both sides of the body and the

medium. Calculate the time t elapsed in the process. Properties of the solid: cp=1590 J/kgK; ρ=1270
m3
kg/ ; k= 1.75W/mK. 15385 s.
9. A hollow sphere with a radius of 3 cm contains hot and motionless water at 100ºC and is located in
the atmosphere to which it gives off heat with a convective coefficient of 20W/m2K and being

23 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

ambient air temperature of 20ºC. The walls of the sphere have a negligible thickness and the

properties of the water contained in it are: ρ=1000kg/ m3

; cp=4.2kJ/kgK and thermal
conductivity=0.6W/mK. It involves studying the process of cooling water considering that heat spreads
within it exclusively by conduction. Answer the following questions: Can the mass of water be
considered a capacity system? How long must pass for the water located at the center of the sphere to
reduce its temperature to 50ºC? How much heat has the water given off to the outside air up to that
point? 3121 s and 26.970W.
10. To make meat fondue, place a metal pan filled with oil over a small alcohol burner until the oil
reaches a temperature of 120ºC. The pieces of meat are approximately parallelepipeds of 2x2x3 cm
and have a density of 800 kg/ m3, thermal conductivity of 6.0 W/mK and specific heat of 1,500 J/kgK. It
can be assumed that the temperature of the oil remains constant and uniform while the meat is frying.
The convection coefficient is 70W/m2K. If the pieces of meat are initially at a uniform temperature of
15ºC, calculate the time required for frying, considering that this occurs when the centre of the pieces
reaches a temperature of 80ºC. Calculate the amount of heat supplied to each piece of meat during the
previous time. The saucepan has a solid cylindrical handle, 2cm in diameter and 18cm long. The
thermal conductivity of the material is 40W/mK. The environment is at 27ºC and there is a forced
circulation of air, transverse to the handle and with a speed of 10 m/s. The temperature of the surface
of the pot can be assumed to be the same as that of the oil, 120ºC. Calculate the temperature of the
free end of the loop under steady conditions. 69 s, 972J.
11. A tetra-brik of milk (6.0cm x 9.0cm x 12.0cm), initially at 20ºC, is placed in a refrigerator at a
constant and uniform temperature of 5ºC. The average convection coefficient between the brick and
the surrounding air is 40W/m2K. The thickness of the carton can be assumed to be negligible and the
milk to be immobile. Calculate the time needed for the milk in the centre of the carton to reach a
temperature of 10ºC. Calculate the heat released up to that point. Consider the properties of milk to be
the same as those of water. 1 hour and 5 minutes, 51152 J.
12. Human temperature regulation is carried out by the hypothalamus located in the head through
thermoreceptors located in the skin. If the temperature of the hypothalamus falls below 26ºC, there
may be lesions incompatible with life. It is desired to know the maximum exposure time of the head to
an external temperature of 0º with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/ m2K, for which the
head is simulated as a sphere with a diameter of 16 cm at an initial temperature of 37.5ºC (k=0.8

W/mK, ρ=1040 kg/ m3

, c=3600 J/kgK). Consider that the hypothalamus is located at a distance of 4 cm
1 542 University of Zaragoza

from the center. Note. The exercise is purely academic, in reality there are other variables that
influence heat transfer that have not been taken into account. 6.098 s.
13. A hot metal ingot is cooled while resting on the floor by a forced current of air. Calculate how

24 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

long it takes if it has the shape of half a cylinder with a radius of 4 cm and a length of 24 cm, and the
supported face is perfectly insulated. The properties of the metal are: diffusivity: 1.18*10 –5 m2
/s,
m2K
thermal conductivity: 40 W/m K. The convection coefficient is estimated at 500 W/ . Help: As a
criterion for the end of the transient, consider a dimensionless temperature of 0.05 at the center of the
insulated face of the ingot. 442 s.
14. You want to defrost a block of spinach that is in a freezer at a temperature of -20ºC. The spinach
block is cubic in shape with 10 cm sides. It is desired to calculate the time it takes for the center of the
block to reach a temperature of 0ºC in two cases, the first when it is exposed to ambient air
(temperature = 25ºC) with a convection coefficient of 5 W/ m2K and the second when it is introduced into
boiling water (water temperature 100ºC) with a convection coefficient of 4000 W/ m2K. Note: Properties
of spinach ρ = 1000 kg/m3; k = λ =20 W/(m K); cp=3000 J/(kg K) ) 5.878, 45 s.
15. Compare the time required to cool with air (h=100 W/ m2 K, Tf= 25ºC) two steel spheres (k=50

W/mK, α=16* 10-6 m2

/s) that come out of the oven at a uniform temperature of 400ºC, the first has a
diameter of 20 cm and the second 50 cm. The cooling criterion is that the temperature in the centre
reaches 100ºC. For the 20 cm sphere, what will be the temperature on the surface at that instant? And
within a radius of 10 cm? 1806s; 93.1ºC; 97.75ºC; 5014 s.
16. Estimate the time required to cook a hot dog or sausage in boiling water. Suppose the hot dog is
initially at a temperature of 6ºC, the convection coefficient is 100 W/( m2 K), and the final temperature is
80ºC at the centerline. Treat the hot dog as a long cylinder of diameter 20 mm that has the properties
of: ρ=880 kg/m3, c=3350 J/(kg K) and k=0.52 W/(mK). 407 and 419 ff.
17. The strength and stability of tires is increased by heating both sides of the rubber (k= 0.14

W/(mK), α=6.35. 10-8 m2

/s) in a vapor chamber for which T∞=200ºC. In the heating process, a 20 mm
thick rubber wall is brought from an initial temperature of 25ºC to a midplane temperature of 150ºC. If
the vapor flow over the tire surfaces maintains a convection coefficient h=200 W/( m2K), how long will it
take to reach the desired midplane temperature? 1100s.

18. An aluminum disk (properties: ρ=2700 kg/ m3

, cp=900 J/kg-K; λ=240 W/mK, α= 1e-4 m2
/s) of 40
cm diameter and 10 cm thickness is taken out of an oven at a temperature of 500ºC and is put in
contact with a stream of air at 30ºC that provides a coefficient
1 542 University of Zaragoza

convection of 500 W/m2K. Calculate the surface temperature of the edges of the disk after 5 minutes.
What will be the temperature at the axis of the cylinder at a distance of 2 cm from the surface? Also
calculate the heat transferred up to that point. 104.7ºC, 123.2ºC, 117530 J.

19. In cold climates, where ambient temperatures are below 0ºC for long periods of time, freezing of
water in underground pipes is a major concern. Fortunately, the ground remains relatively warm
during these periods and it takes weeks for temperatures below the freezing point of water to reach
the buried pipes. Therefore the ground effectively serves as an insulator. At one particular location the

25 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

ground is covered with a layer of snow at -10°C for a continuous period of 3 months. The soil properties

can be considered constant with a thermal conductivity value equal to λ = k = 0.40 W/(m K) and a
thermal diffusivity equal to α = 0.15 x 10-6 m2
( /s). If we assume a uniform initial ground temperature of
15ºC, what will be the minimum depth at which the pipes must be buried to prevent the water from
freezing? NOTE: Ground temperature is affected only by thermal conditions at a surface, so ground can
be considered a semi-infinite solid. 0.80 m.

20. To celebrate the end of the school year, second-year Thermal Engineering students want to roast a
suckling pig and have a picnic. For calculations, it can be assumed that the piglet is cylindrical, with a
diameter of 26 cm and is initially at a temperature of 25ºC. It is roasted in a propane flame, whose
combustion products have properties similar to air at 280ºC. The hot gas flows at a speed of 2 m/s. The
suckling pig will be cooked when the center reaches 95ºC. If it has to be served at 2:00 p.m., what time

λ
should they start grilling it? NOTE: assume infinite cylinder. Properties k= = 0.40 W/mK, ρ= 900 kg/ m3

and c= 2700 J/(kgK). 9.23 W/m2K, 21560s.

21. How long can we hold a finger (diameter 1.9 cm) in a candle flame at 200°C without burning
ourselves (without reaching a temperature of 65°C on the surface of the finger). Data: initial
temperature of the finger 37°C and convection coefficient 10 W/( m2 K), the properties of the finger can
be assumed to be the same as those of its majority component, which is water. 3 s.

22. A solid cylinder with a circular section and D= 50 mm diameter leaves a furnace at an initial
temperature of Ti= 800ºC. It is cooled in cross flow with an air current at 25ºC and a speed of 20 m/s.
Calculate the temperature of a point in the center of the cylinder at a distance of 1 cm from the end
180 s after removing it from the oven (assume the cylinder is infinite at the other end). The part is

made of an aluminium alloy (c=1154 J/kgK, k=5.7 W/mK, ρ=3970 kg/ m3

). h=75.4 W/m2K. 629.1ºC.

26 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

23. One stage in the manufacturing process of a stainless steel plate (ρ=7000 kg/ m3, c=700 J/(kg K),
k=18 W/(m K)) of 7 cm thickness and very large width and length consists of immersing the plate,
which is initially at a uniform temperature of 350⁰C, in an oil bath at 30⁰C with a convection coefficient
of 515 W/(m2 K). Given the dimensions of the plate, it can be assumed that, if there is a temperature
gradient, it would only exist in the direction of the thickness of the piece. Applying the approximate
method applicable in this situation, it is requested: a. Evaluate whether the approximate capacity
system method can be applied to obtain the evolution of temperatures inside the iron. Justify your
answer, b. Determine the temperature [°C] on the outer surface of the plate after 30 seconds, c.
Determine the time required [s] for the entire piece to reach a temperature below 80°C or lower.
Indicates the method used, as well as the steps followed to obtain the result. 248.4ºC. 886.2 s.

27 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University •A1 Department of
iii Mechanical
Zaragoza University
in Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 8. EXTERNAL FLOW CONVECTION.

1. An air flow ( ρ=1.1614 kg/ ; µ=184.6

m3 10-7 TOÓ at 27 "c. Go to Ao pa4(s)
m2
Ns/ ; k=0.0263W/mK; Pr=0.707) at 27ºC and a
speed of 10 m/s is used to cool electronic
components mounted on a printed circuit board.
Each component, 4x4mm, dissipates 40mW, to be
evacuated from the surface of the board. At the
leading edge there is an irregularity that induces
turbulence throughout the boundary layer. Estimate the temperature of a component located at a
distance of 15 mm. 61.3ºC.
2. The cover of a compartment in which a heating device is to be installed consists of two slabs, one
with a smooth surface A and the other with a slightly rough surface B, exposed to a current of
atmospheric air. If you want to minimize heat loss, which orientation is preferable? If the
environmental and working conditions are Ts=100ºC, T∞=20ºC, u=20 m/s, what is the convection heat
transfer coefficient for the entire surface arranged in the optimal orientation? 39.3W/m2K.
3. Experiments have been carried out with a metal cylinder of D=12.7 mm. and L=94 mm. The
cylinder is heated internally by electricity and cooled by cross-flow air within a low-speed wind tunnel.
Under operating conditions, the upstream air velocity and temperature are v=10 m/s and T ∞=26.2ºC.
The electrical power is 46W and the measured surface temperature of the cylinder is Ts=128.4ºC. It is
estimated that 15% of heat is lost through radiation and conduction at the ends. Determine the
convection coefficient from experimental measurements. Compare this result with the predictions of
the appropriate correlations. 102 W/m2K.
4. A thermocouple is used to measure the temperature
of warm air inside a duct. The sensitive joint ( T1) is welded to
the ends of a steel rod with a length L=0.15 m and diameters
Di=5 mm and De=10 mm. A second Thermocouple (T2)
measures the temperature of the duct wall. Due to the TdC,
the measurement of T1 is different from the measurement of
the fluid which is what we want to know. If the air speed is 3
m/s and the sensors record T1=450K and T2=375K, determine

28 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
 ■A Department of Mechanical
" III Engineering
Zaragoza University

Constant properties: density 0.774 kg/m3; visc.din=251 10-7 Ns/m2; k=0.0373 W/mK;
Pr=0.686, k=35 W/mK. 452 K.

29 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
duct air temperature. Radiation and heat evacuated by negligible cables.
AAA Department of
5. A typical heating system consists of
|Ü| mechanical
heating the air in a bank of tubes through Engineering
which pressurized, high-temperature water
circulates, while the air passes in a cross flow.
Assuming a staggered tube bank of OD=16.4

mm, ST=31.3 mm, SL=34.3 mm. The bank

consists of 7 rows of tubes in the direction of
airflow and 8 tubes per row. Under operating
conditions, the surface temperature of the
tubes is 70ºC, while the air, T∞=15ºC and
u∞=6 m/s. Determine the convection coefficient on the air side and the power transferred by
the bank, 143.7 W/m2K, 20.3 kW.
6. A preheater uses condensing steam at 100ºC inside the tubes of a bundle to heat air
that
enters an atmosphere of 25ºC and is
moves in cross flow over the tubes at 5 to * 25
■' , SN
m/s. Each tube is 1m long and has a
From=10mm. The bank is made up of 196
tubes in a square and aligned arrangement with
/A Va3
ST=SL=15mm. What is the total heat transfer to the air? 56
kW.

30 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
|Ü|
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza Engineering
1542
1 542 University of Zaragoza

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 8. INTERNAL FLOW CONVECTION.

1. The fumes from a furnace are discharged through a thin-walled metal chimney, height
L= 6m and D= 0.5 m. The flow rate is 0.5 kg/s and the inlet temperature is 600ºC. Outside it is
windy and 4ºC, which produces h= 13 W/ m2K. For the study of contaminant dispersion, it is
desired to estimate the gas outlet temperature Tms and the metal temperature at the end of
the chimney Ts,s. Assume fully developed flow at the inlet and approximate the gas properties
by those of air at atmospheric pressure. 539.4ºC,
275.1ºC.

2. A thin pipe
of D= 50 mm,
covered with a
layer of insulation
(k= 0.085W/mK) of
e= 25 mm, 2. \ Leaa (uu Cx) = \OD 'C
It transports SC
steam at atmospheric pressure and is suspended from the ceiling of a ship. The
temperature. The temperature of the incoming steam is 120ºC and that of the outside air is
20ºC, where h∞= 10Wm2K. If the speed of the steam is 10 m/s, at what point in the pipe will
the steam begin to condense? At what distance will it reach a temperature. average of
100ºC?.(No
consider the phase change). 5.04 and 9.50 m.

3. A common practice for recovering waste heat

from gas or oil boilers is to use the combustion

31 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
 fumes to preheat the air. The figure shows an assembly used for this purpose. It is a double
AAA Department of
tube through which gases (inside) flow at a flow rate of 2.1 kg/s and
| Ü air
| (outside). Consider
mechanical
conditions such that the heat flow per unit length with which the airEngineering
is heated is uniform (q´=
1.25*105 W/m) and the exterior wall is perfectly insulated. If the air enters at Ta,1= 300K,
what is the temperature? output? Assuming that the flow in the annular space is fully
developed, calculate the temperatures of the inner tube wall at the inlet and outlet. What is
the temperature? from the outer tube to the inlet? Data: Di= 2m, De= 2.05 m, L= 5 m, ma=2.1

kg/s,

32 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
|Ü|
Department of
mechanical
in Zaragoza
1542
Engineering
1542 University of Zaragoza

Ta,i=300 K. Constant air properties cP=1.030 kJ/kgK, µ=270.10-7 Ns/m2, k=41.10-3 W/mK, Pr=0.68.
544.7ºC and 237.1ºC.

4. The assembly shown in the figure is used to transfer heat between two liquids flowing
through semicircular copper tubes. Each tube
has an e= 3mm and ri= 20mm. Tightly fitting
clamps ensure good thermal contact between
the flat surfaces. The outer surface of the
assembly is perfectly insulated. If hot and cold
water flow through the pipes at a temperature. (average
Th,m= 330K, Tc,m= 290K, what is the length 222/
5m2K
transfer power? The contact resistance of /W. ■
Water properties can be approximated by flows of
m= 800.10-6kg/ms, k= 0.625W/mK, Pr= TdC which is
intensified due to lime conduction through the
semicircular portion of the tube walls. P tube, this
part can be treated by dividing it into two straight
fins with insulated ends). 2706.13 W/m.

5. A triangular duct measuring 20 mm on each

side and 2 m long carries an air flow of 4* 10-4 kg/s at an inlet temperature of 27ºC. The duct
surface is maintained at 100ºC and fully developed flow conditions are assumed. Determine
the outlet air temperature and the power transferred to it along the tube. 87.3ºC, 24.30 W.

6. Water flows through a pipe with an internal diameter of 40 mm and a length of 4 m.

The water mass flow rate of 1.5 kg/s enters the tube at 25°C, and the surface temperature of
the tube is maintained at 120°C. What is the outlet temperature of the water under these
conditions? What is the heat transfer to the water over the entire length of the pipe? 56.7ºC.
198669 W.

33 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
1 542
Engineering
University of Zaragoza

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 9. CONVECTION PHASE CHANGE AND NATURAL.

1. A horizontal tube of 50 mm diameter, with a surface temperature of 34ºC, is exposed to

water vapor at 0.2 bar. Estimate the condensate flow rate and heat transferred per unit length
of tube. 29.910 W/m and 0.0123 kg/sm.

2. Saturated water vapour at 0.1 bar condenses on a horizontal bank composed of 10 rows
of 10 tubes of 8 mm diameter in an aligned arrangement. If the surface of the tubes is at 27ºC,
estimate the condensate flow rate per unit length. Data: vf= 1.007.10-3 m3
/kg, vg=22.93 m3
/kg, kf=
10-6
0.628 W/mK, hfg= 2390 kJ/kg, cp,l= 4187 J/kgK, ml= 695. kg/ ms,Tsat= 320K. 0.128 kg/ms.

34 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University •TO*
III
Department of
mechanical Engineering
1542 University of Zaragoza
iii Zaragoza
1542

35 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
1 542 University of Zaragoza
Engineering

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 10. HEAT EXCHANGERS.

1. A single-pass cross-flow heat exchanger uses hot (mixed)

exhaust gases to heat 3 kg/s of (unmixed) water from 30ºC to
80ºC. The gases, whose thermophysical properties can be
compared to those of air, enter at a temperature of 225ºC and exit
at 100ºC. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 200 W/ m2K,
determine the required exchange area. 33.11 m2.
2. Considering the flow conditions and the overall heat 28 w(.2V
transfer coefficient of the previous problem in the case of a
concentric heat exchanger in parallel flow, in which both fluids are
separated by a thin-walled tube of 100 mm diameter. (TO)
Determine the length of the exchanger so that the required
temperatures are reached.
(B) Assuming that the water flow circulating through the inner
tube presents full development conditions, estimate the convection
coefficient on the water side. (C) If the length of the exchanger is
twice the value calculated in section (a), determine the power
transferred and the outlet temperatures of both fluids, assuming
that the overall heat transfer coefficient and the inlet
temperatures are the same as before. (D) If the same exchanger in
the statement works in counterflow, what is the reduction in
length compared to that calculated in (a)? 130 m, 1941.5 W/m2K,
85.1ºC, 87.2ºC and 97 m.
3. In a shell and tube heat exchanger N2,
XTURM©
tubes, with a casing and two passes per
tube, condenses water vapor at 0.14 bar.
The exchanger is made up of 130 brass
tubes. The dimensions of the tubes are: L= 2
m per step, Di= 13.4 mm, De= 15.9 mm. Cold water circulates
through the tubes at an average speed of 1.25 m/s, entering the
exchanger at 20ºC. The convection coefficient on the vapor side is
13500 W/m2K. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient, water
outlet temperature and condensate flow rate. 50900 W/K, 33.6ºC,
1392 kW and 0.548 kg/s.
4. A heat exchanger must be designed to cool 75,000 kg/h of
glycerin (cp= 2.442 kJ/kgK) from 323K to 303.4K, with 35,000 kg/h

36 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
of cold water ( = 4.187 kJ/kgK), whose inlet temperature is 288K.
1 542 cp
Engineering

If the overall heat transfer coefficient is

37 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

In any case U= 1.7kW/m2K, Ac

determine the exchange e
surface required for each of
these two options: (A) 2-pass : 9,922. "H.H.
exchanger in the shell and 4
2. CBcASA A "PASes TUB©
tube passes, with cold water
0. A. Vw(2W,
circulating through the tubes
and glycerin through the
shell. (B) Cross-flow exchanger with both fluids unmixed. 53.33 m2, 53.17 m2 and 59.43 m2.

5. For the design of a water heater, the shell and tube type with a single pass per shell is chosen.
The water to be heated will circulate through the tubes at a rate of 3.8 kg/s, going from 38 to 54ºC.
The hot fluid is also water, which will be supplied at 93ºC and 1.9 kg/s. The hydraulic design specifies
19.05 mm diameter pipes with an average fluid velocity inside of 0.37 m/s. The transfer coefficient
U=1420 W/m2K is estimated and the equipment cannot measure more than 2m in length (excluding
collectors) for space reasons. To finish the number of tubes, the number of steps (1,2,4...) and the
appropriate length per step. 36, 2 steps, 1.5 m/step.

6. A one-pass shell/two-pass tube heat exchanger is used to preheat the feed water of a boiler
with combustion gases. A gas flow of 1600 kg/h ( cp= 850 J/kgK) circulates through the casing, entering
10-4
at 230ºC. 2100 kg/h of water (m=5.56 kg/ms; cp=4186.6 J/kgK; k=0.64 W/mK) at 80ºC are
introduced through the tubes. Estimate the outlet temperatures of both fluids. The characteristics of
the exchanger are: N= 24 tubes, L= 2.5 m/step, Dint= 24 mm, Dext= 30 mm, k= 46.5 W/mK. It is known
m2K
that the convection coefficient on the gas side is hc= 65.2 W/ . As fouling resistances on the gas side
m2K m2K
and water side, R”f,h= 6.45 103 /W and R”f,c≈ 0 /W can be taken respectively. The boiler
manufacturer recommends a minimum temperature on the outside of the tubes of 110ºC, in order to
avoid acid deposits on the metal. Is this criterion met by the intended operation? NO, Tsmin= 85.1ºC.

7. To preheat water using combustion gases in a thermal power plant, a cross-flow heat exchanger
(IC) with 50 countercurrent steps is used, with the liquid inside the tubes. The total exchange surfaces
are Ac= 2133 m2, Ah= 7813 m2. The IC has fins on the gas side, whose total area is Af= 5180 m2. When the
installation is in operation, the actual values are quite far from the design values. As the table shows,
heat recovery is lower and the exhaust gas temperature is higher than expected. The reasons are
discussed at a technical meeting. The IC is supplied with lower flow rates than the nominal ones, so the
convection coefficients are lower and the

38 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA Department of
mechanical Engineering
Zaragoza
154 2
1 542 University of Zaragoza

designer excuses himself from all blame. On the other hand, plant engineers have found that the fins
promote ash fouling and believe that the designer included an incorrect value for the corresponding
thermal resistance in his calculations. Who is right? The IC can be calculated as its pure countercurrent
flow rate. cp,c= 4590 and cp,h= 1108 J/kJK. The average convection coefficients under design conditions
are hc= 8940 and hh= 110 W/m2K. According to correlations for forced convection and considering
.8 .6
constant properties, they vary with the flow rate proportional to mc0 and mh0 respectively. The fin
performance can be considered unchanged, with a value of 0.9. The thermal resistance of the metal of
the tubes is negligible. The tubes do not get dirty on the water side. Engineers.

DESIGN REAL DESIGN REAL ROYAL DESIGN

Tc,i (ºC) 73.0 177.0 mc (kg/s) 58.3 54.0 Th,i (ºC) 424.0 387.0
Tc,o (ºC) 265.8 238.0 mh (ºC) 94.5 87.0 Th,o (ºC) 186.8 230.2

8. Engine oil, at a temperature of 150ºC, is cooled with water, at 20ºC, by means of a shell and
tube heat exchanger, consisting of one shell passage and 8 tube passages (number of tubes 1). The
exchanger tubes can be considered thin-walled and are made of copper tube with internal diameter Di =
1.4 cm. The length of each step in the interchange is 5m. and the overall transfer coefficient that can
be assigned to it is 310 W/ m2K. Water flows through the tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, while oil circulates
through the casing at a rate of 0.3 kg/s. Determine: The heat exchanged between both fluids. The
temperature at which water and oil leave the exchanger. 39406 W, 67.1ºC, 93.9ºC.

9. A shell and tube heat exchanger with one

pass through the shell and four passes 18=20C
through the tubes is used to heat A4-O2 water,
taking water as the hot fluid TES as well. 20 kg/s of
water at 20 bar and an inlet temperature of 200ºC
circulate through the casing. They are introduced at
50ºC. Calculate the outlet temperatures of both
flows and the heat exchanged. N= 100 tubes. Di= 25 pipes circulate 50 kg/s of water that is
mm. kmetal= 50 W/mK. L= 2 m/step. From= 30 mm. hhousing= 400 W/m2K. RFC”= RFF”= 10-4 m2K/W. Assuming that
the overall heat exchange coefficient does not vary along the length of the exchanger, calculate the
maximum tube temperature. 81.7ºC.

39 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University ■A*
ñ
Department of
mechanical Engineering
ill Zaragoza
1542
1 542 University of Zaragoza

10. An exchanger must be

used to heat air with the hot
exhaust gases from a turbine.
The required air flow rate is
0.75kg/s, with an inlet
temperature of 290K; the hot
gases available have
a temperature of 1150K and a
flow rate of 0.60kg/s. For the
parameters given below:
Pa wet perimeter on the air side
0.703 m. Pg wet perimeter on gas side: 0.416 m. Aa cross-sectional area of air duct, (per duct): 2.275x10-3 m2.
m2
Ag gas duct cross-sectional area, (per duct): 1.6x10-3 . It can be considered that the fluids are in a fully
developed region and that the properties of the gas are those of air at the same temperature.
Calculate: The convection coefficient for the air side; the convection coefficient for the gas side; the
outlet air temperature and the outlet gases temperature. 112.35 W/m2K, 63.9 W/m2K, 105ºC, 777K.
11. A dairy company uses waste heat from an internal combustion engine to pasteurize milk. For
this purpose, hot water from the engine cooling at a temperature of 400 K and a flow rate of 15
kg/s is introduced through the casing of a heat exchanger through whose tubes 25 kg/s of milk are
to be heated from 293 to 338 K. The inner diameter of the 200 tubes in each step is 25 mm and the
thickness can be considered negligible. Calculate the number of steps if the length is 2 m. Assume
that the heat transfer coefficient in the shell is 2000 W/ m2K. Round the number of steps obtained to
the next even number and recalculate the exchanger length. Consider the properties of milk to be
the same as those of water. If you want to heat 90% of the milk flow with 90% of the water flow
from the same initial temperatures, and it is assumed that the convection coefficients depend on
the flow raised to 0.8 (hc= A*mc0.8, hf= B*mf0.8). Calculate the heat exchanged and the outlet
temperatures of the two fluids. 6 steps 1.21 m. 336.7K, 327.7K.
12. The following data are available from a performance test of a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Oil with cp= 2100 J/kg K circulates inside the tubes, entering them at 340 K and a flow rate of 1 kg/s,
and exiting at 310 K. Water circulates through the casing so that when it enters the casing, the
corresponding temperature is 290 K and it leaves at 300 K. A change in service conditions requires
cooling of such an oil from an initial temperature of 370 K,

40 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizares
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

but with a flow rate equal to three-quarters of the flow rate used in the previous test. With this data,
determine the oil outlet temperature, assuming that the water conditions are the same. 321.2K,
302.2K.

13. A certain aluminum car radiator has the following construction features: 2 rows of tubes aligned
in a square arrangement and at a distance between the centers of the tubes of 17 mm. Each row has
19 tubes, the inner diameter of which is 6.2 mm, the outer diameter is 7 mm, and the length is 425
m2
mm. The total surface area of the fins is 6.78 and the total external surface area (tubes and fins) is
m2
7.107 . In a thermo-hydraulic test the following values were measured: Water inlet temperature:
m3
83.3ºC, Water flow rate: 4904 l/h Air inlet temperature: 22.4ºC, Air flow rate: 1 /s, Air density: 1.225

kg/m3, Heat exchanged: 24.6 kW Determine: 1°) The efficiency, ε of the exchanger. 2°) The average
value of the temperature difference, ∆Tm. 3°) The overall heat transfer coefficient seen from the inner
surface of the tubes, Uint. 4°) The average internal convection coefficient (inside the tubes), 5°) Being the
efficiency of the fins, ηa, 0.89 and neglecting the resistances due to fouling, calculate the average
external convection coefficient, hext

14. Hot exhaust gases enter a finned tube cross-flow heat exchanger at 300°C and are cooled to
100°C. These gases are used to heat 1 kg/s of pressurized water circulating inside the tubes, from 35ºC
to 125ºC. The constant pressure specific heat of the exhaust gases is approximately 1000 J/(kg K) and
the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas side Ugas= 100 W/(m2 K). Calculate the necessary
heat exchange surface on the gas side. 39 m2.

15. A one-pass shell and tube heat exchanger with two passes operates to heat a water flow of
10000 kg/h from 16ºC to 84ºC. This is achieved by using engine oil that circulates through the casing.
The oil inlet temperature is 160ºC and the outlet temperature is 94ºC. The convection coefficient
between the oil and the tube wall is 400 W/( m2K). The water circulates through 11 brass tubes with an
internal diameter of 22.6 mm and an external diameter of 25.4 mm. It is requested to determine the
passage length of the exchanger. Fully developed flow conditions can be assumed. 3658 W/m2K, 19.1 m.

16. A shell and tube heat exchanger with double tube passage is designed according to the
following working conditions: m_oil= 2.5 kg/s (external); ṁwater= 1.5 kg/s, Tail-inlet= 100ºC; Tail-inlet= 50ºC; Tail-
outlet= 75ºC; cp_oil= 2000 J/(kgK); cp_water= 4186 J/(kgK); kwater= 0.62 W/(mK)). Under the design conditions,
what would be the length of the heat exchanger assuming a hext= 1000 W/(m2K) and 10 tubes of Di= 2 cm,
De= 2.5 cm, ktube= 50 W/(mK)? What would be the heat exchanged and the temperature of the fluids at
the exit of a heat exchanger?

41 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

heat designed for the conditions detailed above and whose inlet temperatures are changed to Taceite-inlet

= 120ºC and Tagua-inlet = 40ºC? 10.2 m, 251200W, 69.8ºC, 80.0ºC.

17. In one installation, a water-air heat

exchanger is used to reduce the air temperature
during the summer months. The equipment consists
of 25 coils, each having NL tubes with a length of L =
3 m, internal diameter, Di = 30 mm and external De =
34 mm. The tubes form a tube bank with an aligned OOOOOOO OOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOO
ooooooo ooooo
arrangement with a center distance equal to 68 mm, 25
ooooooo
ooooooooooooo
ooooo
serpenti
both in longitudinal and transverse directions. The nes
ooooooooooo ooooooo
ooooo ooooooo ooooo
material is brass, with thermal conductivity 110
N
W/(m K). Water circulates through the tubes and air L
through the casing. The exchanger is designed to
cool 50 kg/s of air from 25°C to 15°C using 20 kg/s of water at 2°C. Accepting that the exchanger can
be calculated as if it were countercurrent, and neglecting the fouling resistances, the question is: a. The
value of the design UA (W/K) coefficient. b. The convection coefficients inside and outside the tubes. c.
Number of tubes in the longitudinal direction, NL. 33661 W/K, 3600 W/m2K, 125.1 W/m2K, 2634 m., 36
tubes

18. A cast iron chimney, whose thermal conductivity is λ= 50 W/(m K), is 10 m high, has an internal
diameter of 0.6 m and a thickness of 1 cm. 1 kg/s of combustion gases from a furnace circulate
through its interior, entering through the base of the chimney at 500ºC. The average properties of the
combustion gases under the conditions of the problem are: ρ= 0.5183 kg/ m3; Pr= 0.7; ν=6.184 10-5 m2
/s;
cp= 1.063 kJ/(kg K); λ= 4.87 10-2 W/(m K). A wind circulates outside at 14 m/s and 20ºC, perpendicular to
the chimney. Its average properties with respect to the average temperature of the chimney wall are:
ρ= 0.911 kg/m3; Pr= 0.7; ν= 2.4 10-5 m2
/s; cp= 1.007 kJ/(kg K); λ= 3.2 10-2
W/(m K). Determine: a) The
internal and external convection coefficients, justifying whether the flows are fully developed or not; b)
the overall heat transfer coefficient with respect to the external section of the chimney; c) the thermal
losses to the outside; d) the gas outlet temperature and the average surface temperature of the
chimney. 12.5 W/m2K, 172.3 W/K, 126.2ºC.

19. The condenser of a 1 GW thermal power plant is a heat exchanger in which steam is condensed
into liquid water. Assume a shell-and-tube construction with a single shell pass and two tube passes,
with a total of 30,000 thin-walled tubes with a diameter of 25 mm. The steam condenses on its outer
surface with a convection coefficient of 1100 W/(m2K). The thermal power to be exchanged is 2

42 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering

1 542 University of Zaragoza

GW, which is achieved by circulating cooling water through the tubes with a total flow rate of 3·104
kg/s. Water enters at 20°C and steam condenses at 50°C. It is requested: a) What is the water outlet
temperature? b) What length of pipe L is required per step? 36ºC, 7543 W/m2K, 98952 m2, 21m.

20. A cross-flow heat 7ube: L-0.6mt N*~52

m2
exchanger, located inside a 0.6 ho^0^/m^K

duct, is made up of a bank of 32 =1509C T

Th
p-latm
um = 0.5m/s
tubes with a length of L= 0.6 m ic--lm^/s
T=10°C
each and with an internal
diameter of Di= 10.2 mm and an
external diameter of Do= 12.5 mm. Hot water circulates through the interior of the tubes at a
temperature of Th,i= 150ºC and with an average speed of um= 0.5 m/s. Atmospheric air at 10ºC enters
m3
the bank in crossflow with a volumetric flow rate of 1.0 /s. The convection heat transfer coefficient on
the outer surface of the tubes (air side) is ho= 400 W/(m2 K). It is requested to calculate the outlet
temperatures of the water and air. 5376 W/m2K, 2761.2 W/m2K, 0.19, 143.6ºC, 26.6ºC.
21. A one-pass shell and tube heat exchanger with two passes operates to heat a water flow of
10000 kg/h from 16ºC to 84ºC. This is achieved by using engine oil that circulates through the casing.
The oil inlet temperature is 160ºC and the outlet temperature is 94ºC. The convection coefficient
between the oil and the tube wall is 400 W/( m2K). The water circulates through 11 brass tubes with an
internal diameter of 22.6 mm and an external diameter of 25.4 mm. It is requested to determine the
passage length of the exchanger. Fully developed flow conditions can be assumed. 3658 W/m2K, 19.1 m.
22. A one-pass shell/two-pass tube heat exchanger is used to preheat the feed water of a boiler with
combustion gases. A gas flow of 16200 kg/h ( cp= 800 J/(kg K)) circulates through the casing, entering at
230°C. 11400 kg/h of water are introduced through the tubes (µ= 5.56 10-4 kg/ms; cp= 4186.6 J/(kg K); k=
0.64

43 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University •TO*
111
Department of
mechanical Engineering
Zaragoza
1 542
1 542 University of Zaragoza

W/(m K); Pr= 2.1) at 80°C. Estimate the outlet temperatures of both fluids. The characteristics of the
exchanger are: N= 24 tubes, L= 4 m/step, Dint= 30 mm, Dext= 36 mm, k= 46.5 W/(m·K). It is known that
the convection coefficient on the gas side is hc= 108 W/(m2 K). As fouling resistances on the gas side and
10-4
water side, R”f,c=1.0 (m2 K)/W and R”f,f»0 (m2 K)/W can be taken respectively. The boiler
manufacturer recommends a minimum temperature on the outside of the tubes of 110°C, in order to
avoid acid deposits on the metal. Is this criterion met by the intended operation? 168.7ºC, 96.6ºC;
2036.2 W/m2K, 105.3ºC, NO.

23. A one-pass shell and tube heat exchanger with two passes operates to heat a water flow of
12000 kg/h from 20°C to 90°C. This is achieved by using engine oil that circulates through the casing.
The oil inlet temperature (cp= 2100 J/(kg K)) is 210°C and the outlet temperature is 85°C. The convection
coefficient between the oil and the tube wall is 300 W/(m2 K). There is a fouling resistance on the oil side
and is assumed to have a value of 0.0002 ( m2 K)/W. The water circulates through 30 aluminum tubes
(k= 237 W/(m K)) with an inner diameter of 22.6 mm and an outer diameter of 25.4 mm. It is requested
to determine the passage length of the exchanger. Fully developed flow conditions can be assumed.
14.55 m.

24. Liquid ethylene glycol (antifreeze fluid) is cooled by

passing through a bank of tubes as shown in the figure.
For the
Fll
A fluid circulates through the tubes that changes phase
and keeps the surface of the tubes at 45°C. The tube
bank is located in an enclosure with dimensions:
L=w=l=15 cm. The tubes have an internal diameter of 1
cm and the thickness can be considered negligible.
The arrangement of the tubes is aligned with 11 tubes in the transverse direction and 11 tubes in
height. The mass flow rate of ethylene glycol is 5 kg/s and the inlet temperature is 90°C. If the
convection coefficient between the phase change fluid circulating inside the tubes and the tube wall is
11000 W/(m2 K), it is requested to determine: a. The convection coefficient between ethylene glycol and
the tube surface, expressed in W/(m2 K); b. The number of heat transfer units NTU of the heat
exchanger; c. The heat released by the ethylene glycol as it passes through the tube bank, expressed in
W; d. The outlet temperature of the ethylene glycol, expressed in °C. Note: For ethylene glycol the
following values can be taken for its properties: λ=k=0.261 W/(m K), ρ=1083 kg/ m3, cp=2592 J/(kg K),
µ=43.1*0.0001 Pa s, Pr=35.2, Pr(45°C)=89.6. 2364 W/m2K. 1110 W/K. 47845 W. 86.3ºC.

44 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA Department of
||| mechanical Engineering
iii Zaragoza 1 542 University of Zaragoza
1542

25. A flow of 20 kg/s of water at 2ºC is available to cool the flow of 50 kg/s of ventilation air
entering at 30ºC. For this purpose, there is a heat exchanger consisting of 20 coils through which the
water enters and the number of tubes in the transverse direction being NT= 20. Each coil has NL= 82
tubes of length L= 2.1 m, inner diameter, Di= 30 mm and outer De= 34 mm. The tubes form a tube bank
with an aligned arrangement with a center distance equal to 68 mm, both in longitudinal and
transverse directions. The material is brass, thermal conductivity 110 W/(mK). The flow of water
It circulates inside the coils between which it is divided
evenly. Accepting that the exchanger can be
calculated as if it were countercurrent, and neglecting
the fouling resistances, the question is: a. The value of
the design UA (W/K) coefficient, b. The heat
exchanged (kW) and the air and water outlet
temperatures (ºC), c. The efficiency of the heat
exchanger

If the temperature of the water stream were modified

by 5ºC, while maintaining the air inlet temperature at 30ºC and the mass flow rates the same as in the
previous situation, what would be the heat exchanged (kW) and the new outlet temperatures of the air
stream and the water stream (ºC)? 54202 W/K. 806.8 kW. 13.9ºC and 11.7ºC. 691.6 kW. 16.2ºC
and 14.3ºC.
26. In a shell and tube heat exchanger, milk (tubes) is heated by hot water (shell). There is only one
casing and the tubes make 8 steps forming serpentines, of which there are 40 measuring 1.5 m in
length per step. The tubes are made of a 60 W/mK conductivity alloy, Dext=40 mm and Dint=20 mm. The
water flow rate is 3.5 kg/s and enters at 200ºC and 25 bar. The milk flow rate is 4 kg/s and its inlet
temperature is 40ºC. The convection coefficient on the casing side is estimated at 500 W/m2K. The
m2K
fouling resistance on both sides can be considered equal to 5x10-4 /W. Calculate the overall heat
transfer coefficient, the outlet temperatures of the two fluids and the heat exchanged (Note: consider
the properties of milk to be constant and equal to those of water). 8416 W/K. 112.3ºC and 83.9ºC.
733.2 kW.

4
5 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University •TO*
III
Department of
mechanical
1542 University of Zaragoza
iii Zaragoza Engineering
1542

46 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
 AAA Department of
|Ü| mechanical

j University
Engineering

Ini Zaragoza
1542 University of Zaragoza

THERMAL ENGINEERING. TOPIC 11. RADIATION.

1. In a barbecue, calculate the heat received by the

meat on the grill (sup.2), assuming a scheme like the one
in the figure. Both the embers (sup.1) and the meat can

be considered as diffuse and grey surfaces with ε=0.95.

The environment has a temperature of 20ºC,
the embers at 700ºC and the meat at 90ºC. -9.553, 11.450 and -1.898 W.

2. A thin sheet of glass is used to construct the

roof of a greenhouse and is irradiated as shown in
the figure. Solar radiation (Gs) falls on the plate, also
producing radiative exchange with the atmosphere
(Gatm) and the interior of the greenhouse (Gi). Gi and
Gatm irradiations are concentrated in the far IR region. Furthermore, the plate exchanges heat by
convection with the interior and exterior environment, and can be considered to be totally

transparent (τλ= 1) for λ< 1mm and totally opaque (αλ= 1) for λ> 1mm. (A) Assuming steady
state, that all irradiations are uniformly distributed over the surface and that the sheet is at
uniform temperature Tg, write the appropriate energy balance for a unit area of glass. (B)
Calculate the air temperature in the greenhouse T ∞i, if Tg= 27ºC, T∞o= 24ºC, hi= 10W/m2K, ho=
m2K m2 m2 m2
55W/ , Gs= 1100W/ , Gatm= 250W/ , Gi= 440W/ . 36ºC.

3. The incandescent filament of a 100 W bulb is at

about 2900ºC and can be considered point-like. The glass
in which it is enclosed can be considered a sphere of 6 cm
diameter, diffuse and totally transparent at wavelengths
less than 1 mm (τλ= 1) and black at wavelengths greater than 1 mm ( αλ= 1). Consider ρλ= 0 for
all wavelengths. Neglecting convection, calculate the temperature of the glass of the light bulb
in a room that is at 20ºC. 306.4ºC.

4. An electrical resistor is a device composed of a conducting wire made of an alloy with a

high melting point and coaxially surrounded by a dielectric material. Let two very long
cylindrical resistors be placed in parallel at a distance L= 2cm and both composed of an internal

nichrome wire, whose electrical resistance is 3.82 Ω/m,

47 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
 AAA Department of
|Ü| mechanical

j University
Engineering

in Zaragoza
154 2
1 542 University of Zaragoza

which has a radius ri= 0.3mm and a refractory radius re= 1cm. The environment is at 300K and
the emissivities of both resistors are ε1= 0.5 and ε2= 1. Initially, the two resistors are at room
temperature, when a current of 20 amps begins to flow through the cable of resistor 1.
Considering only heat exchanges by radiation and that T24, T34<< T14, calculate: the view
factors; the stationary temperature of resistance 1, T1, considering that it is reached
instantaneously. 692.4ºC.

5. One of the bases (A1) of a

hollow cylindrical element of
diameter D = 1 m. and height H = 8 m.
It is a 1000ºC resistor that emits
radiation towards the interior of the
cylinder as a black body. Its other
base (A2) is a receptor and behaves as
a grey surface of ε2= 0.95 that self-
regulates its temperature at 37ºC. The rest of the cylinder can be considered as a refractory or
radiating surface. To avoid thermal stress on the receiver, a third circular surface ( A3) is placed
in the central part of the cylinder (H/2) which behaves like a grey surface with ε3 = 0.65 that
serves as a protective screen. Once the permanent regime has been reached and the
temperatures of the bases are the initial ones of 1000ºC and 37ºC, calculate the percentage by
which the net heat received by the disk (A2) has decreased when A3 is placed. 58445.1 W.

6. A viewing window (diameter 15 cm) is provided on the wall of an oven made of a 30 cm

layer of insulation (refractory) to observe the stability of the flame. Considering that the
extremes can be considered as the interior grey surface with emissivity of 0.9 and the exterior
black surface at 1700 and 300K respectively, calculate all the viewing factors and the heat lost
through the peephole. 4169 W.

7. The figure represents a device for measuring the emissivity of surfaces, assumed to be
m2
diffuse-gray. The plate-shaped electric heater has an area A= 0.04 and an emissivity ε1= 0.9,
and is placed parallel to the surface under study. In a certain experiment, the heater dissipates
q= 3500 W, reaching a temperature T1= 1672 K, while the surface remains at T2= 300 K. If all
heat is transmitted by thermal radiation, what is the emissivity ε2? Under these circumstances,
determine the minimum separation distance L so that the error in the measurement of ε2 does
not exceed 1% due to conduction through air (thermal conductivity: 0.034 W/m K), and it is not
necessary to evacuate the space between the surfaces. Why should natural convection not be
taken into account? Ignore edge effects in any calculations. 5.3 cm.

48 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AA9
III
Department of
mechanical Engineering
Zaragoza
1 542
1 542 Zara University enjoys

8. The sides of a duct in the shape of a right triangle with

hypotenuse L and angles 30º and 60º (assume infinite length) are
maintained at T1 = 1000 K (hypotenuse), T2 = 700 K and T3 = 400 K
(shortest side). Calculate the heat that must be supplied or
dissipated from each side if the emissivities are ε1 = 0.8, ε2 = 0.4 and ε3 = 1.0. 29133, -8895 and -20240
W/m2.

9. A small furnace for the treatment of metal alloy samples has the
shape of a truncated cone with the dimensions defined in the
attached figure. The lateral area of the cone (Surface 1) is
maintained at a temperature of 1000ºC and the cover (Surface
2) is refractory. The cone is open at the larger base to an
environment at 20ºC. It is requested: Calculate the form factors
of the problem. Deduce the relationship between the power
required by the hot wall to maintain its temperature as a
function of the emissivity of that surface. Note: The area
The lateral length of a truncated pitch is given by the following formula: where r1 is the radius of the
larger base, r2 the radius of the smaller base and h the height of
the cone
10. A very long electrical conductor of 2 cm diameter is concentric
with a cylindrical tube of 10 cm diameter whose surface is black and is at a temperature of 30ºC. If the
conductor is also considered a black surface and needs to dissipate 10 W/m, calculate 1) The
temperature of the conductor, assuming that there is a vacuum between it and the concentric tube 2)
The temperature of the conductor in the case that the emissivities of the conductor and the concentric
tube were respectively 0.8 and 0.2. 72ºC.
11. The sides of the duct in the shape of an isosceles right triangle with a base of 1 m are
maintained at temperatures T1 (base) = 1000 K, T2 = 600 K and T3 (hypotenuse) = 400 K. Calculate the
heat that must be supplied or dissipated on each side if the emissivities are ε1 = 0.8, ε2 = 1.0 and ε3 = 0.4.
33878 W/m.
12. To protect a surface 1 (ε1= 0.7) from radiation coming from an oven, an inclined surface 2 ( ε2=
0.9) is introduced which is heated to 1000 K. Calculate
the heat transferred to surface 1 if its temperature is
500K and the environment is at 300 K. 2015 06 -72947
W/m; 167243 W/m.

13. A pipe with a diameter of 0.5 m runs through a

square room with a wall of 5 m and a height of 3 m.
Compare the heat lost through the pipe by radiation and natural convection

49 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
III
Department of
mechanical
Zaragoza
1 542
Engineering
1 542 University of Zaragoza

knowing that the convection coefficient is equal to h= 4 W/( m2 K), that the pipe has a constant
temperature of 600 K and an emissivity of 0.6, and that the walls have an emissivity of 0.7 and a
temperature equal to the room air of 300K. 31879 W, 9425 W.

14. In an experiment, liquid nitrogen at 80K flows through a 6.35 mm diameter stainless steel tube

ε
( = 0.2) in a vacuum chamber. The chamber walls are at 230K. What is the heat gain per meter of pipe
passing through the chamber? (NOTE: The surface area of the pipe can be considered very small
compared to the surface area of the chamber walls.) If a second tube of the same stainless steel with a
diameter of 12.7 mm were placed concentric to the first as a radiation shield, what would be the
surface temperature of that shield? And the heat gain per meter of the pipe passing through the
chamber under these conditions? - 0.624 W/m, 213.4 K, - 0.328 W/m.
15. The two sides of a long triangular duct, as

shown in the figure, are made of stainless steel ( ε

= 0.5) and are kept at 500ºC. The third side is

ε
made of copper ( = 0.15) and is at a uniform
temperature of 100ºC. Calculate the rate of heat
transferred to the copper base per meter of
conduit length. -1297 W/m, 539.8 W/m, 757.7
W/m.

16. An only
exposed opaque surface
to solar is found (Gs= 1200 W/m2). The
radiation
total emissivity of the surface is 0.54. Under these
conditions, heat transfer losses through this surface are
estimated at 60.5 W/m2. It is requested to determine the
total absorptivity of the surface a A(um) —
the radiation received, can it be considered as a grey surface?, What temperature is the surface at?
0.4163, 368.4K.

17. Consider a very long tunnel of 40cm x 30cm as shown

in the figure and whose walls can be considered opaque,
grey and diffuse surfaces. The upper and lower faces, T1 and

T3, are at 1000K and have emissivities of ε1= ε3=0.3. The side
walls are at 600K and have emissivities of ε2= ε4=0.8.
Determine the net radiative heat of each surface. 4821 W.

50 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University AAA
|||
Department of
mechanical
iiiiii Saragossa University of Zaragoza
Engineering
1 542

1542

18. A source of thermal radiation consists of heating the

outer surface of a disk with a diameter D2 using a flame so
that it reaches a temperature T2=1200K. The face opposite to
that exposed to the flame radiates to a smaller surface
consisting of a coaxial disk of diameter D1 separated at a
distance l as indicated in the figure. To direct as much heat
as possible to the D1 disc, a conical insulating wall is
provided. It is requested: a. Draw the equivalent thermal circuit; b. Determine the vision factors
between the surfaces of the two disks; c. Determine the heat flow from surface 2 to 1, where T1=300°C,
D1=5 cm, ε1=0.8, D2=30cm, ε2=0.9 and l =0.25 m. 172.6 W.

19. In order to achieve the treatment of a ceramic material in which the temperature must be 550K,
a furnace is designed that consists of a very long tunnel with a semicircular section and a height H =
1.0 m (D = 2.0 m). For
, . .......... . .. __ ,/2 H \
This keeps the temperature of the upper dome at T2 = 800 K and the
. . , , ..... ,(_____________________________________________________1
material is located on surface 1. The emissivity of the dome is 0.95 while that of the base is 0.65, both
assumed to be diffuse and grey. It is requested to calculate: 1) View factors of the surfaces, 2) Heat
exchanged between the vault and the base in W/m. F12= 0.6366. 14001 W.

51 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University •TO*
III
Department of
mechanical
1542 University of Zaragoza
iii Zaragoza Engineering
1542

52 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es
j University •TO*
III
Department of
mechanical
iii Zaragoza Engineering
1542
3. Calculate the heat transmitted through a 5 m chimney. height of common brick, whose section is shown in
the figure, when the interior surface temperature is 100ºC and the exterior surface temperature is 20ºC.
6382.1 W.
4. Calculate the losses of a cubic enclosure with an interior side
L1=L2=L3=30 cm and thickness e=10 cm. F=7.46 m.
5. A hole with a diameter of D=0.10 m is drilled. in the center
of a square block of 0.5 m. side and 3 m. in length. The block material is an aluminum alloy with 4.5%
copper. The inner surface is kept at 130ºC due to
the circulation of hot air inside, while the outside remains at 30ºC. Calculate the heat transferred. 191.1 kW.

53 Edif. Augustin Betancourt. Maria de Luna, s/n • 50018 ZARAGOZA (Spain) unizar.es