OCCUPATION

HEALTH AND
SAFTEY
LECTURE 1
Mr. O.M. Nzimah
[email protected]
BA. EED University of Zambia
1. FOUNDATION IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
2. WORKPLACE HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
3. HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (HRA) AND CONTROL
4. ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT INVESTIGATION
5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
 FOUNDATION IN
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH

1 2 3
SCOPE AND NATURE GOALS/AIMS OF OSH SAFETY AND HEALTH
OF OSH MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
(SHMS)
1
SCOPE AND NATURE OF OSH

Learning objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

❑ Give reasons why organizations should

manage safety and health.
❑ Give three direct and indirect costs that
might arise from a workplace accident.
INTRODUCTION
Occupational health and safety is relevant to
all branches of industry, business and
commerce including traditional industries,
information technology companies, the
National Health Service, care homes, schools,
universities, leisure facilities and offices.
The study of occupational safety and health involves the
study of many different subjects including;

SCIENCES
Psychology
Chemistry, Engineering Sociology
Physics and Law
Biology
Key terms used in Occupation Safety and Health
(OSH).
Health: The protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting
from the materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace.

SAFETY: the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable

outcomes. It means keeping oneself and others free from danger.

WELFARE: is the provision of facilities to maintain the health and wellbeing of

individuals at the work place. Employee welfare is a comprehensive term, it
includes various services, benefits and facilities offered to employees by
employers. E.g. portable water, sanitary conveniences, changing rooms,
canteens etc..
Cont’
Hazard: The potential of a substance, person, or activity or process to cause harm. E.g. electricity, chemicals,
noise, dust etc..

RISK: Is the probability of a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm. A risk is a chance high or
low that any hazards will actually cause harm.

ACCIDENT: Undesired circumstances which give rise to ill health or injury, damage to property, plants
(industries), products or the environment. Accidents can also be production losses or increased liabilities.

NEAR MISS: Any form of event which could have resulted in injury or loss but did not in fact do so.

OCCUPATIONAL INJURY: An injury that take place in the course of a persons employment activities

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES: Any chronic ailment that occurs as a result of work or occupational activities, e.g.
respiratory infections

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OSH): Is a multi-disciplinary field concerned with the safety, health
and welfare of people at work.
GOALS/AIMS OF OSH
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the foundations
on which appropriate health and safety
systems may be built. Occupational health and safety
affects all aspects of work. In a low hazard organization,
health and safety may be supervised by a single competent
manager. In a high hazard manufacturing
plant, many different
To protect and maintain To prevent adverse Placing of workers in
the highest degree of health effects caused by occupational
mental, physical and working conditions at environments adapted
social well-being of the work place to physical and mental
workers in all needs.
occupations.

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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (SHMS)
A Safety and Health Management System (SHMS) is a
systematic approach to managing safety and health
activities by integrating occupational safety and health
programs, policies, and objectives into organizational
policies and procedures. Simply stated, a SHMS is a set of
safety and health program components that interact in an
organized way. An effective SHMS must be uniquely
designed for each organization. It is not a “one size fits all.”
 AN EFFECTIVE SHMS DEPENDS ON;
Management Commitment Safety and Health Training –
and Planning-
Training is the means to help assure employees
Management Commitment and Planning- Top
and management understand safety and health
management must provide visible ongoing commitment
hazards and know how to protect themselves and
and leadership for implementing the SHMS covering all
others from the hazards while doing their job.
workers, including contract workers.

Worksite Analysis –
Employee Involvement –
Worksite analysis is a comprehensive
The best SHMSs involve employees at
evaluation of the hazards and
every level of the organization. Employees
potential hazards in the workplace.
are often those closest to the hazard and
have first-hand knowledge of workplace
Worksite Analysis –
hazards.
Hazard Prevention and Control – Worksite analysis is a comprehensive
Effective management actively establishes evaluation of the hazards and potential
procedures for timely identification, correction and hazards in the workplace.
control of hazards. Once hazards and potential
hazards are recognized, a hazard prevention and
control program can be designed.
❑ Integrating these elements into the way you conduct business
will help develop or strengthen the safety and health culture
and identify safety and health as a core organizational value.

❑ A management system allows us to decide what needs to be

done, how best to do it, and monitor our progress toward the
goals we have established. Evaluation of results over time
permits the process and results it creates to continue to
improve.
 Why Implement a Safety and Health
Management System (SHMS)?

Moral reasons- Economic reasons-

the most important reason for maintaining a accidents costs money as a result of
robust health and safety management system is injured people, damaged assets and
that it is right to do so. No one should be injured wasted time. These may include;
or made ill at work!
Economic reasons-
Employers have a moral duty to look after the a) Insurance costs
health, safety and welfare of their employees. In b) Sickness cover
other words, employees have the right to be c) Loss of production
kept safe at work. d) Penalties and fines
e) Reputation
Legal reasons-
Employers and employees must comply with the
safety and health laws. Both the employer and
employee have a common law of duty of care to
each other and other employees.
ICE BURG THEORY
❑ It is a calculation method developed to estimate the
indirect costs of an accident in the workplace.

❑ It states that the indirect costs of an accident or illness

can befall ten times greater than the direct costs or even
more.
DIRECT COSTS TO THE EMPLOYER
❑ Payment of work not performed

❑ Medical and compensation payments

❑ Repair and replacement of damaged machinery or equipment

❑ Reduction or temporally halt in production

❑ Increased training expenses and administration costs

❑ Possible reduction in the quality of work (e.g. loss of a

competent worker)
 INDIRECT COSTS TO EMPLOYERS

❑ The injured or ill must be replaced

❑ New workers must be trained and given time to adjust

❑ Loss of time in investigating and writing accident or incident

reports
DIRECT COSTS ON WORKERS

❑The pain and suffering due to an injury or illness

❑Loss of income

❑ Possible loss of the job

❑Health care costs

END OF
LECTURE 1