Addressing Scheme

BCS3-Fall 2024
Instructor Farman

Physical Address (Hardware Address, MAC Address)

Logical Address ( IP Address, Network Address)

Physical Address
physical address, also known as a MAC address, is a unique
identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) for
communication on the physical network segment.
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Other Names of Physical Address
 Hardware Address
 MAC (Media Access Control) Address
 Fixed Address
 48 Bit Address
 NIC Address
 Ethernet Address
 Data Link Layer Address
 Layer 2 Address
 Manufacturer Address
 Adapter Card Address
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MAC Addresses are 12 digit Hexadecimal numbers used to
identifiers the devices uniquely.
It has two parts

 OUI (Organization Unique Identifier)

 Serial Number
MAC Address is total 48 Bits

 24 Bits OUI
 24 Bits Serial No

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 Structure of a MAC Address
Format: A MAC address is typically displayed as a 12-
character hexadecimal number separated by colons or
hyphens (e.g., 00-11-22-33-44-55)

Composition: It consists of six octets (groups of two

hexadecimal digits).

First three octets: Identify the manufacturer (called the

Organizationally Unique Identifier or OUI).

Last three octets: Unique serial number assigned by the

manufacturer

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 LAN Card (NIC)
(LAN (Local Area Network) Card, Ethernet card, Networking
card, NIC (Network Interface Controller) )

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 NIC Key Features
 MAC Address: Unique identifier assigned for network
communication.
 Interface Types: Available in wired (Ethernet) and wireless (Wi-
Fi) versions.
 Speed: Supports varying speeds such as 10/100/1000 Mbps for
Ethernet or different Wi-Fi standards (e.g., 802.11ac, 802.11ax).
 Connector Type: Comes with various connectors like RJ-45 for
wired connections or antennas for wireless.
 Full-Duplex & Half-Duplex: Can operate in full-duplex
(simultaneous send/receive) or half-duplex mode.
 Plug-and-Play: Easily installed and configured in most operating
systems.
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IP (Internet Protocol) Addresses

32 Bit Addresses

Logical Addresses
Network Layer Addresses
Variable Addresses
Software Addresses
Layer 3 Addressses

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 IP (Internet Protocol) Addresses
An IP Address is like the address on your house, but for devices
on a network, allowing them to communicate. It consists of four
numbers (e.g., 192.168.1.100) separated by dots.
Key Points:
• Structure: Four numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.100).

• Historical Classes: Originally categorized into A, B, C, D, and E

based on the first number

• CIDR: (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) A modern method that divides

IP addresses more efficiently, using flexible subnet lengths to better
match network needs.

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Subnet Mask: Determines which part of an IP address identifies
the network and which part identifies the host within that network.

Types:

IPv4: A 32-bit address expressed in dotted decimal format, e.g.,

192.168.1.1.
Range: 232 = 4,294,967,296

IPv6: A 128-bit address expressed in hexadecimal, e.g.,

2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
Range:
2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
Purpose: Used for routing packets across different networks
to ensure they reach the correct destination device.
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 IANA
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is the organization
responsible for coordinating global IP address allocation, DNS root
zone management, and other key aspects of the internet's
infrastructure.
IANA operates by managing three main functions to ensure unique
and stable Internet identifiers globally:
1. IP Address Allocation: IANA allocates large IP address blocks to
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), which then distribute them to
local networks, ISPs, and organizations.

1. Domain Name System (DNS) Management: IANA manages the

DNS root zone, coordinating with registries to assign unique top-
level domains (TLDs) like .com, .org, and country-specific TLDs,
ensuring no conflicts.

1. Protocol Parameter Assignments: IANA maintains registries of

Internet protocol numbers and parameters, ensuring consistent
network protocol operations across devices and networks globally.
RIPs
allocate and manage IP address
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
resources, ASNs, and other network resources within specific
regions. They distribute these to ISPs, organizations, and entities.
There are five RIRs.
 ARIN: American Registry for Internet Numbers (North America)
 RIPE NCC: Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (Europe, the
Middle East, and parts of Central Asia)
 APNIC: Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (Asia and the Pacific)
 LACNIC: Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (Latin
America and the Caribbean)
 AFRINIC: African Network Information Centre (Africa)
These RIRs ensure the fair distribution and efficient management of internet
resources globally.
 IPv4 Classes
 IPv4 addresses are divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E.
 Each class had specific characteristics:
• Determined the number of networks.
• Determined the number of hosts it could accommodate.

 The classful addressing system has been mostly replaced by

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).

 CIDR provides more flexibility and efficient use of IP address

space.

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Class A
First Bit of First octet: 0
In Class A NetID = 8 bits and HostID = 24 bits
Default subnet mask: 255.0.0.0
Number of networks: 128-2 (0 and 127 reserved for special
purposes)
There are 72-2 = 126 networks in Class A network
 IP address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for broadcasting requirements
 IP address 127.0.0.1 is reserved for loopback address used
for software testing
The range of 1st octet is [0-127] but since two addresses are reserved it is [1-126]
 Maximum hosts per network: 16,777,214-2 ( 224-2)

In all the classes, total number of hosts that can be

configured are 2 less because two reserved IP addresses in
which all the bits for host ID are either Zero or One

When all Host ID bits are 0, it represents the Network ID for

the Network.

When all Host ID bits are 1, it represents the Broadcast

Address

 Class A used for: Large networks

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Class B
First Two Bits of First octet: 10
In Class B NetID = 16 bits and HostID = 16 bits
Default subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
Number of networks: 214 (first two bits are fixed): 16,384 (No
reserved NetID))
Maximum hosts per Network 216-2 = 65,534
 How to Identify B class Address

First two bits are reserved to 10 in binary notation

Range of 1st octet is [128-191] in dotted decimal notation
Total number of Connections (Networks + Hosts) in Class B is 230
(1073741824)
Class B
Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0.
Calculation: 214 = 16,384.
Class B networks don't have the specific two-address
reservation like Class A.
It simply includes all possible 14-bit combinations for
network identification.

Subtracting 2 for network and broadcast addresses:

65,536 - 2 = 65,534 usable host addresses.
Class C
First Three Bits of First octet: 110
In Class C NetID = 24 bits and HostID = 8 bits
Default subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Number of networks: 221 (first three bits are fixed):
2,097,152 (No reserved NetID))
Maximum hosts per Network 28-2 = 254
 How to Identify C class Address

First three bits are reserved to 110 in binary notation

 Range of 1st octet is [192-223] in dotted decimal notation
 Total number of Connections (Networks + Hosts) in Class C is 229
(536870912)
Class D
Class D is not divided into Network ID and Host ID
First Foru Digits of First Octet: 1110
Total number of IP Addresses available in Class D = 228
(268435456)
No subnet mask
 Used for: Multicasting (sending data to multiple hosts
simultaneously)
First How to Identify class D address
 four bits are reserved to 1110 in binary notation
 Range of 1st octet is [224,239] in dotted decimal notation
Class D IP addresses are used for multicasting. Multicasting allows a
single packet to be sent to multiple destinations simultaneously. This
is particularly useful for applications like:

 Streaming Media: Distributing live video and audio streams to

multiple receivers.

 Online Gaming: Sending game state updates to multiple players.

 IPTV: Distributing television content over IP networks.

 Conferencing: Enabling group communication in video and voice

conferencing.
Class E
• First Four Digits of First Octet: 1111
• Total number of IP Addresses available in Class D = 228
(268435456)
• Reserved for experimental use
 Binary
Class Range Range (Example)
Startup Bit
A 1-127 1.0.0.0-127.255.255.255 0
B 128-191 128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255 10
C 129-223 129.0.0.0-223.255.255.255 110
D 224-239 224.0.0.0-239. 255.255.255 1110
E 240-255 240.0.0.0-255. 255.255.255 1111
Class A 0 Prefix
Suffix

Class B 10 Prefix
Suffix
Class C 110 Prefix Suffix
Class D 1110 Multicast Addresses
Class E 111 Reserved for Future
Loopback Address
A Loopback Address, also known as localhost, directs data back to
the same device for testing. In IPv4, it is 127.0.0.1 and ranges up
to 127.255.255.255; in IPv6, it is ::1. This address allows a device
to send and receive its own data packets.

• Address beginning with 127 is unacceptable to assign them any

network host
• From 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 is fully reserved for
loopback purpose.
• The loopback interface is for testing purpose.
• Its also called localhost
• Ping loopback, localhost, 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255
Classful addressing is an outdated method of IP address
allocation that divided addresses into five classes (A, B, C, D,
and E). Although largely replaced by CIDR, it remains crucial for
understanding the basics of IP addressing.

Broadcast Domain
A broadcast domain is a network segment where any broadcast
message sent by one device is received by all other devices within
that segment, helping manage network traffic and improve
performance.
Public IPv4 Addresses:

 Routable on the internet and used to identify devices across

different networks.
 Assigned by ISPs or IANA, ensuring each address is unique
worldwide.
 Examples include addresses outside private ranges,

Private IPv4 Addresses:

 Used within local networks (e.g., homes or businesses) and not

routable on the internet.
 Allow devices within the same network to communicate without
consuming public IP space.
Private IPv4 Addresses: Ranges include

Class A: 10 .0 .0 .0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16. 0. 0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

Key Points:

 Public IP: Needed for devices directly communicating over the

internet.
 Private IP: Used for internal communication within networks.
 NAT (Network Address Translation): Converts private IP addresses
to public ones