Dot matrix printing

Dot matrix printing,[1] sometimes called impact matrix

printing, is a computer printing process in which ink is applied to
a surface using a relatively low-resolution dot matrix for layout.
Dot matrix printers are a type of impact printer that prints using a
fixed number of pins or wires[2][3] and typically use a print head
that moves back and forth or in an up-and-down motion on the
page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon
against the paper. They were also known as serial dot matrix
A dot matrix printer
printers.[4] Unlike typewriters or line printers that use a similar
print mechanism, a dot matrix printer can print arbitrary patterns
and not just specific characters.

The perceived quality of dot matrix printers depends on the

vertical and horizontal resolution and the ability of the printer to Sample output from a dot matrix
overlap adjacent dots. 9-pin and 24-pin are common; this specifies printer
the number of pins in a specific vertically aligned space. With 24-
pin printers, the horizontal movement can slightly overlap dots,
producing visually superior output (near letter-quality or NLQ), usually at the cost of speed.

Dot matrix printing is typically distinguished from non-impact

methods, such as inkjet, thermal, or laser printing, which also use
a bitmap to represent the printed work. These other technologies
can support higher dot resolutions and print more quickly, with
less noise. Unlike other technologies, impact printers can print on
multi-part forms, allowing multiple copies to be made
simultaneously, often on paper of different colors.[5] They can also A Kolkata Suburban Railway rail
employ endless printing using continuous paper that is fanfolded ticket printed on by a dot matrix
and perforated so that pages can be easily torn from each other. printer

History
In 1925, Rudolf Hell invented the Hellschreiber, an early facsimile-like dot matrix–based teletypewriter
device,[6] patented in 1929.

Between 1952 and 1954 Fritz Karl Preikschat filed five patent applications[7][8] for his so-called "PKT
printer",[6] a dot matrix teletypewriter built between 1954 and 1956 in Germany. Like the earlier
Hellschreiber, it still used electromechanical means of coding and decoding, but it used a start-stop
method (asynchronous transmission) rather than synchronous transmission for communication.[6] In
1956, while he was employed at Telefonbau und Normalzeit GmbH (TuN, later called Tenovis), the
device was offered to the Deutsche Bundespost (German Post Office), which did not show interest. When
Preikschat emigrated to the US in 1957 he sold the rights to utilize the applications in any country (except
the USA) to TuN. The prototype was also shown to General Mills in 1957. An improved transistorized
design[6] became the basis for a portable dot matrix facsimile machine, which was prototyped and
evaluated for military use by Boeing around 1966–1967.[9][10]

IBM marketed its first dot matrix printer in 1957, the same year
that the dye-sublimation printer entered the market.[12][13]

In 1968, the Japanese manufacturer OKI introduced its first serial

impact dot matrix printer (SIDM), the OKI Wiredot. The printer
supported a character generator for 128 characters with a print
matrix of 7 × 5. It was aimed at governmental, financial, scientific
An Epson MX-80, a classic model
and educational markets. For this achievement, OKI received an
that remained in use for many
award from the Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ) in
years. IBM sold it as their IBM
5152.[11]
2013.[14][15][16]

In 1970[17] Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduced an

impact dot matrix printer, the LA30, as did Centronics (then of Hudson, New Hampshire): the Centronics
101.[18][19][20] The search for a reliable printer mechanism led it to develop a relationship with Brother
Industries, Ltd of Japan, and the sale of Centronics-badged Brother printer mechanisms equipped with a
Centronics print head and Centronics electronics. Unlike Digital, Centronics concentrated on the low-end
line printer marketplace with their distinctive units. In the process, they designed the parallel electrical
interface that was to become standard on most printers until it began to be replaced by the Universal
Serial Bus (USB) in the late 1990s.

DEC was a major vendor, albeit with a focus on use with their PDP minicomputer line.[21] Their LA30 30
character/second (CPS) dot matrix printer, the first of many, was introduced in 1970. In the mid-1980s,
dot-matrix printers were dropping in price,[3][a] and began to outsell daisywheel printers, due to their
higher speed and versatility.[22] The Apple ImageWriter was a popular consumer dot matrix printer in the
1980s until the mid-1990s.

In the 1970s and 1980s, dot matrix impact printers were generally considered the best combination of
cost and versatility, and until the 1990s were by far the most common form of printer used with personal
and home computers.[23]

Increased pincount of the printhead from 7, 8, 9 or 12 pins to 18, 24, 27, or 36 permitted superior print
quality, which was necessary for success in Asian markets to print legible CJKV characters.[24] Epson's
24-pin LQ-series rose to become the new de facto standard, at 24/180 inch (per pass – 7.5 lpi). Not only
could a 24-pin printer lay down a denser dot-pattern in a single pass, it could simultaneously cover a
larger area and print more quickly. Although the text quality of a 24-pin was still visibly inferior to a true
letter-quality printer such as a daisy wheel or laser printer, print quality was greatly superior to a 9-pin
printer. As manufacturing costs declined, 24-pin printers gradually replaced 9-pin printers.

By the dawn of the 1990s, inkjet printers became more common as PC printers.[25][26]

Design
 Dot matrix printing uses a
print head that moves back-
and-forth, or in an up-and-
down motion, on the page
Typical output from a dot matrix and prints by impact,
printer operating in draft mode. This striking an ink-soaked cloth
entire image represents an area of
ribbon against the paper,
printer output approximately 4.5 cm Epson VP-500 Printer with its cover
× 1.5 cm (1.77 in × 0.59 in) in size
much like the print removed
mechanism on a typewriter.
However, unlike a
typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot
matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be
produced.

Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a "wire" or

"pin", which is driven forward by the power of a tiny
electromagnet or solenoid, either directly or through small levers
(pawls).[27] Facing the ribbon and the paper is a small guide plate
named ribbon mask holder or protector, sometimes also called
butterfly for its typical shape. It is pierced with holes to serve as
guides for the pins. The plate may be made of hard plastic or an
artificial jewel such as sapphire or ruby. Tally Genicom T2240, 24-Pin printer
head cross section. This print head
The portion of the printer that contains the pin is called the print has 24 solenoids at the top
head. When running the printer, it generally prints one line of text arranged radially inside a circular
casing. Each solenoid is connected
at a time. The printer head is attached to a metal bar that ensures
to a lever, which is connected to a
correct alignment, but horizontal positioning is controlled by a
long rod, which acts as a pin at the
band that attaches to sprockets on two wheels at each side which is bottom of the print head.
then driven with an electric motor.[28] This band may be made of
stainless steel, phosphor bronze or beryllium copper alloys, nylon
or various synthetic materials with a twisted nylon core to prevent stretching. Actual position can be
found out either by dead count using a stepper motor, rotary encoder attached to one wheel, or a
transparent plastic band with markings that is read by an optical sensor on the printer head (common on
inkjets).

Because the printing involves mechanical pressure, dot matrix printers can create carbon copies and
carbonless copies.[29]

Although nearly all inkjet, thermal, and laser printers also print closely spaced dots rather than continuous
lines or characters, it is not customary to call them dot matrix printers.[27]

Dot matrix printers have one of the lowest printing costs per page.

They are able to use fanfold continuous paper with tractor holes.

Dot matrix printers create noise when the pins or typeface strike the ribbon to the paper,[30] and sound-
damping enclosures may have to be used in quiet environments.
They can only print lower-resolution graphics, with limited color
performance, limited quality, and lower speeds compared to non-
impact printers.[31][32][33]

Variations
The common serial dot
matrix printers use a Epson LQ 850
horizontally moving print
head.[34] The print head
can be thought of featuring a single
vertical column of seven or more
pins approximately the height of a
An example of a wide-carriage
printer, designed for paper 14
character box. In reality, the pins
inches wide, shown with legal paper are arranged in up to four vertically
loaded (8.5"×14") or/and horizontally slightly
displaced columns in order to Print head of a 24-pin
increase the dot density and print printer (Tally Genicom
speed through interleaving without causing the pins to jam. Thereby, up to T2240)
48 pins [35] can be used to form the characters of a line while the print head
moves horizontally. The printing speed of serial dot matrix printers with
moving heads varies from 30[36] to 1550 characters per second (cps).[37]

In a considerably different configuration, so called line dot matrix

printers[38] or line matrix printers use a fixed print head almost as wide as
the paper path utilizing a horizontal line of thousands of pins for printing.
Sometimes two horizontally slightly displaced rows are used to improve
the effective dot density through interleaving. While still line-oriented,
these printers for the professional heavy-duty market effectively print a
whole line at once while the paper moves forward below the print head.
Line matrix printers are capable of printing much more than 1000 cps,
resulting in a throughput of up to 800 pages per hour.

A variation on the dot matrix printer was the cross hammer dot printer,
Print head of a 9-pin printer
patented by Seikosha in 1982.[39] The smooth cylindrical roller of a (Star NL10)
conventional printer was replaced by a spinning, fluted cylinder. The print
head was a simple hammer, with a vertical projecting edge, operated by an
electromagnet. Where the vertical edge of the hammer intersected the horizontal flute of the cylinder,
compressing the paper and ribbon between them, a single dot was marked on the paper. Characters were
built up of multiple dots.

Manufacturers and models

DEC
Unlike the LA30's 80-column, uppercase-only 5 x 7 dot matrix, DEC's product line grew. New models
included:

LA36 (1974): supported upper and lower case, with up to 132 columns of text (also 30 CPS)
LA34: a lower-cost alternative to the LA36
LA38: an LA34 with more features
LA180: 180 CPS
LS120: 120 CPS
LA120: 180 CPS (and some advanced features)
LA12: a portable terminal – the DECwriter Correspondent[40]

LA30
The DECwriter LA30 was a 30 character per second dot matrix printing terminal introduced in 1970 by
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) of Maynard, Massachusetts[41]

It printed 80 columns of uppercase-only 7 × 5 dot matrix characters across a unique-sized paper. The
printhead was driven by a stepper motor and the paper was advanced by a noisy solenoid ratchet drive.
The LA30 was available with both a parallel interface (LA30-P) and a serial interface (LA30-S);
however, the serial LA30 required the use of fill characters during the carriage-return. In 1972, a receive-
only variation named LA30A became available.

LA36
The LA30 was followed in 1974 by the LA36,[42] which achieved far greater commercial success,[43]
becoming for a time the standard dot matrix computer terminal. The LA36 used the same print head as
the LA30 but could print on forms of any width up to 132 columns of mixed-case output on standard
green bar fanfold paper.[43] The carriage was moved by a much-more-capable servo drive using a DC
electric motor and an optical encoder / tachometer. The paper was moved by a stepper motor. The LA36
was only available with a serial interface but unlike the earlier LA30, no fill characters were required.
This was possible because, while the printer never communicated at faster than 30 characters per second,
the mechanism was actually capable of printing at 60 characters per second. During the carriage return
period, characters were buffered for subsequent printing at full speed during a catch-up period. The two-
tone buzz produced by 60-character-per-second catch-up printing followed by 30-character-per-second
ordinary printing was a distinctive feature of the LA36, quickly copied by many other manufacturers well
into the 1990s. Most efficient dot matrix printers used this buffering technique.

Digital technology later broadened the basic LA36 line into a wide variety of dot matrix printers.

LA50
The DEC LA50 was designed to be a "compact, dot matrix"[21] printer. When in graphic mode (as
opposed to text mode), the printhead can generate graphic images. When in (bitmap) graphics mode, the
LA50 can receive and print Sixel[b] graphics format.

Centronics 101
The Centronics 101[44] (introduced 1970) was highly innovative
and affordable at its inception. Some selected specifications:

Print speed: 165 characters per second

Weight: 155 pounds (70.3 kg)
Size: 27 ½" W x 11 ¼" H x 19 ¼ D (approx. 70 cm x
29 cm x 49 cm)
Shipping: 200 pounds (approx. 91 kg), wooden crate,
unpacked by removal of 36 screws
Characters: 62: 10 numeric, 26 upper case, and 26
special characters (no lower case)
Character size: 10 characters per inch (10 "pitch") The Wikipedia logo, converted to
Line spacing: 6 lines per inch (6 LPI) Sixel format
Vertical control: punched tape reader for top of form and
vertical tab
Forms thickness: original plus four copies
Interfaces: Centronics parallel, optional RS-232 serial

IBM 5103
The IBM 5103[45] was the only IBM printer that could be attached
to the IBM 5100, an early day portable computer. Printing was 8
DPI, 10 pitch, 6 LPI, and capable of printing bidirectionally from
a 128-character set. Two models were offered:[46] 80 and 120
characters per second.[47]

Near Letter Quality (NLQ)

IBM 5103 printer in Tekniska museet
Near Letter Quality mode—informally specified as almost good
enough to be used in a business letter[48]—endowed dot-matrix
printers with a simulated typewriter-like quality. By using multiple passes of the carriage, and higher dot
density, the printer could increase the effective resolution. In 1985, The New York Times described the use
of "near letter-quality, or NLQ" as "just a neat little bit of hype"[3] but acknowledged that they "really
show their stuff in the area of fonts, print enhancements and graphics."

NLQ printers could generally be set to print in "draft mode", in which case a single pass of the print head
per line would be used. This produced lower quality print at much higher output speed.

PC usage
In 1985, PC Magazine wrote "for the average personal computer user dot matrix remains the most
workable choice".[11] At the time, IBM sold Epson's MX-80 as their IBM 5152.[49]
Another technology, inkjet printing, which uses the razor and blades business model (give away the razor
handle, make money on the razor blade)[50] has reduced the value of the low cost for the printer: "a price
per milliliter on par with liquid gold" for the ink/toner.[51]

Personal computers
In June 1978, the Epson TX-80/TP-80,[52] an 8-pin dot-matrix printer mainly used for the Commodore
PET computer, was released. This and its successor, the 9-pin MX-80/MP-80 (introduced in 1979–
1980),[53] sparked the popularity of impact printers in the personal computer market.[54] The MX-80
combined affordability with good-quality text output (for its time). Early impact printers (including the
MX) were notoriously loud during operation, a result of the hammer-like mechanism in the print head.
The MX-80's low dot density (60 dpi horizontal, 72 dpi vertical) produced printouts of a distinctive
"computerized" quality. When compared to the crisp typewriter quality of a daisy-wheel printer, the dot-
matrix printer's legibility appeared especially bad. In office applications, output quality was a serious
issue, as the dot-matrix text's readability would rapidly degrade with each photocopy generation.

PC software
Initially, third-party printer enhancement software offered a quick fix to the quality issue. General
strategies were:

doublestrike (print each line twice), and

double-density mode (slow the print head to allow denser and more precise dot placement).
Some newer dot-matrix impact printers could reproduce bitmap images via "dot-addressable" capability.
In 1981, Epson offered a retrofit EPROM kit called Graftrax to add this to many early MX series printers.
Banners and signs produced with software that used this ability, such as Broderbund's Print Shop, became
ubiquitous in offices and schools throughout the 1980s.

As carriage speed increased and dot density increased (from 60 dpi up to 240 dpi), with some adding
color printing, additional typefaces allowed the user to vary the text appearance of printouts.
Proportional-spaced fonts allowed the printer to imitate the non-uniform character widths of a typesetter,
and also darker printouts. 'User-downloadable fonts' gave until the printer was powered off or soft-reset.
The user could embed up to two NLQ custom typefaces in addition to the printer's built-in (ROM)
typefaces.

Contemporary use
The desktop impact printer was gradually replaced by the inkjet printer. When Hewlett-Packard's US
patent 4578687 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4578687) expired on
steam-propelled photolithographically produced ink-jet heads in 2004, the inkjet mechanism became
available to the printer industry. For applications that did not require impact (e.g. carbon-copy printing),
the inkjet was superior in nearly all respects: comparatively quiet operation, faster print speed, and output
quality almost as good as a laser printer. By 1995, inkjet technology had surpassed dot matrix impact
technology in the mainstream market and relegated dot matrix to niche applications.[55]

As of 2021, dot matrix impact technology remains in use in devices and applications such as:

Cash registers,
 ATMs,
Banking, passbook and cashier's checks,
Time cards and parking stubs,
Multi-layer contracts for signature,
Fire alarm systems,
Point-of-sale terminals,
British and Irish fire stations for turnout sheets,
Applications requiring continuous output on fan-fold
paper.
Thermal printing is gradually supplanting them in some of these
applications, but full-size dot-matrix impact printers are still used
to print multi-part stationery. For example, dot matrix impact
printers are still used at bank tellers and auto repair shops, and Upper: Inmac ink ribbon cartridge
other applications where use of tractor feed paper is desirable such with black ink for a dot matrix
printer. Lower: Inked and folded, the
as data logging and aviation. Most of these printers now come
ribbon is pushed back into the
with USB interfaces as a standard feature to facilitate connections
cartridge by the roller mechanism to
to modern computers without legacy ports. the left

Notes
1. "they are costing less all the time. In the budget category, a few new machines stand
out..."[1]
2. short for "six pixels:" a pattern six pixels high and one wide, resulting in 64 possible
patterns.

See also
Daisy wheel printing
ESC/P
Dye-sublimation printer
IBM Proprinter
Typeball printer

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External links
Tomash, Erwin. "The U.S. Computer Printer Industry" (https://jacques-andre.fr/chi/chi90/tom
ash.html). jacques-andre.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-21.

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