The document provides a comprehensive guide for qualitative analysis, detailing tests for various anions and cations, including their respective reactions and results. It also includes tests for gases and flame tests for metal ions, specifying the expected outcomes for each test. Additionally, it contains copyright information related to the content provided by Cambridge Assessment International Education.
The document provides a comprehensive guide for qualitative analysis, detailing tests for various anions and cations, including their respective reactions and results. It also includes tests for gases and flame tests for metal ions, specifying the expected outcomes for each test. Additionally, it contains copyright information related to the content provided by Cambridge Assessment International Education.
The document provides a comprehensive guide for qualitative analysis, detailing tests for various anions and cations, including their respective reactions and results. It also includes tests for gases and flame tests for metal ions, specifying the expected outcomes for each test. Additionally, it contains copyright information related to the content provided by Cambridge Assessment International Education.
The document provides a comprehensive guide for qualitative analysis, detailing tests for various anions and cations, including their respective reactions and results. It also includes tests for gases and flame tests for metal ions, specifying the expected outcomes for each test. Additionally, it contains copyright information related to the content provided by Cambridge Assessment International Education.
carbonate, CO32– add dilute acid, then test for carbon effervescence, carbon dioxide dioxide gas produced chloride, Cl – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then white ppt. [in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate bromide, Br – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then cream ppt. [in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate iodide, I– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then yellow ppt. [in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate nitrate, NO3– add aqueous sodium hydroxide, ammonia produced [in solution] then aluminium foil; warm carefully sulfate, SO42– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then white ppt. [in solution] add aqueous barium nitrate sulfite, SO32– add a small volume of acidified the acidified aqueous potassium aqueous potassium manganate(VII) manganate(VII) changes colour from purple to colourless
Tests for aqueous cations
cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia
aluminium, Al 3+ white ppt., soluble in excess, giving white ppt., insoluble in excess a colourless solution ammonium, NH4+ ammonia produced on warming – calcium, Ca2+ white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt. or very slight white ppt. chromium(III), Cr3+ green ppt., soluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess copper(II), Cu2+ light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess, giving a dark blue solution iron(II), Fe2+ green ppt., insoluble in excess, green ppt., insoluble in excess, ppt. turns brown near surface on ppt. turns brown near surface on standing standing iron(III), Fe3+ red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess zinc, Zn2+ white ppt., soluble in excess, giving white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a colourless solution a colourless solution
ammonia, NH3 turns damp red litmus paper blue carbon dioxide, CO2 turns limewater milky chlorine, Cl 2 bleaches damp litmus paper hydrogen, H2 ‘pops’ with a lighted splint oxygen, O2 relights a glowing splint sulfur dioxide, SO2 turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless
Flame tests for metal ions
metal ion flame colour
lithium, Li+ red sodium, Na+ yellow potassium, K+ lilac calcium, Ca2+ orange-red barium, Ba2+ light green copper(II), Cu2+ blue-green
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