Marian Engineering College, Trivandrum

Module 3

Array

An array in C is a collection of items stored at contiguous memory locations and elements can be
accessed randomly using indices of an array. They are used to store similar type of elements as in
the data type must be the same for all elements. They can be used to store collection of primitive
data types such as int, float, double, char, etc of any particular type.

Indices 0 1 2 3
A
Array elements 10 20 30 40

Why do we need arrays?

We can use normal variables (v1, v2, v3) when we have a small number of objects, but if
we want to store a large number of instances, it becomes difficult to manage them with normal
variables. The idea of an array is to represent many instances in one variable.

Different ways of declaring an Array

1. Array declaration by specifying size

Eg: int A[10];

2. Array declaration by initializing elements

Eg: int A[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 }

3. Array declaration by specifying size and initializing elements

Eg: int A[6] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 }

Advantages of an Array:
1. Random access of elements using array index.
2. Use of less line of code as it creates a single array of multiple elements.
3. Easy access to all the elements.
4. Traversal through the array becomes easy using a single loop.
5. Sorting becomes easy as it can be accomplished by writing less line of code.

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Disadvantages of an Array:
• It allows us to enter only fixed number of elements into it. We cannot alter the size of
the array once array is declared. Hence if we need to insert more number of records than
declared then it is not possible. We should know array size at the compile time itself.

• Inserting and deleting the records from the array would be costly since we add / delete the
elements from the array, we need to manage memory space too.

• It does not verify the indexes while compiling the array. In case there is any indexes pointed
which is more than the dimension specified, then we will get run time errors rather than
identifying them at compile time.

Eg: int a[3]={1,2,3}

printf("%d",A[3]);
Output: 3245431 (Garbage Value)

1) Write a program to read and display an array of size n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i;
printf("Enter the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
2) Write a program to read and display an array of size n in reverse order.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i;
printf("Enter the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);

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for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
for(i=n-1;i>=n;i--)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}

3) Write a program to find sum and average of an array content of size n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,sum;
float avg;
printf("Enter the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
sum=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum = sum + i;
}
avg = (float)sum/n;
printf("Sum=%d",sum);
printf("Average=%f",avg);
}

4) Write a program to read and display even display numbers in an array of size n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i;
printf("Enter the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{

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printf("Enter the number");

scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(A[i]%2 == 0)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
}

5) Write a program to read and display prime numbers in an array of size n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,flag,j;
printf("Enter the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
flag=0;
for(j=2;j<=A[i]/2;j++)
{
if(A[i]%j == 0)
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag == 0)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
}

6) Write a program to search an element in array of size n.

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#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,index;
printf("Enter the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf("Enter the element to search");
scanf("%d",&key);
index = -1;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(A[i] == key)
{
index = i;
break;
}
}
if(index == -1)
{
printf("No search element found");
}
else
{
prinft("Search Element found at index %d",index);
}
}

7) Write a program to find largest element in array of size n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,large;
printf("Enter the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}

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large=A[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(large < A[i])
{
large = A[i]
}
}
printf("Large =%d",large);
}
8) Write a program to sort element in array of size n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,j,temp;
printf("Enter the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf("Before Sorting");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(A[j]>A[j+1])
{
temp=A[j];
A[j]=A[j+1];
A[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("Before Sorting");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}

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String
Strings are defined as an array of characters. The difference between a character array and a string
is the string is terminated with a special character ‘\0’.

Index 0 1 2 3 4 5
Character Array ‘H’ ‘E’ ‘L’ ‘L’ ‘O’
String ‘H’ ‘E’ ‘L’ ‘L’ ‘O’ ‘\0’

Declaration of strings: Declaring a string is as simple as declaring a one dimensional array.

Below is the basic syntax for declaring a string.
char str[20];
In the above syntax str is any name given to the string variable and 20 is used define the length
of the string, i.e. the number of characters strings will store. Please keep in mind that there is an
extra terminating character which is the Null character (‘\0’) used to indicate termination of
string which differs strings from normal character arrays.

Initializing a String:

A string can be initialized in different ways.

1. char str[] = "Programming";

2. char str[50] = "Programming";

3. char str[] = {'P','r','o','g','r','a','m','m','i','n','g','\0'};

4. char str[12] = {'P','r','o','g','r','a','m','m','i','n','g','\0'};

Read a character from User

1) scanf()
• It is used to read the input (character, string, numeric data) from the standard input
(keyboard).
• It is used to read the input until it encounters a whitespace, newline or End Of File (EOF).

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#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String\n");
scanf("%s", str);
printf("String: %s\n", str);

Output
Enter the String : Hello World
String: Hello
Issue with scanf: There is a whitespace after Hello. So it read the input till Hello and store it in str.

Solution: use % [^\n] instead of %s.

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("enter the string\n");
scanf("%[^\n]", str);
printf("String: %s\n", str);

2) Gets
• It is used to read input from the standard input (keyboard).
• It is used to read the input until it encounters newline or End Of File (EOF).

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String\n");
gets( str);
printf("String: %s\n", str);

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Output
Enter the String: Hello World
String: Hello World

Issue: it reads string from standard input and prints the entered string, but it suffers from Buffer
Overflow as gets() doesn’t do any array bound testing. gets() keeps on reading until it sees a
newline character.

Display String value – printf and puts

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
char str[20]; char str[20];
printf("Enter the String\n"); printf("Enter the String\n");
gets( str); gets( str);
printf("%s\n", str); puts(str);
} }
Output Output
Enter the String: Hello world Enter the String: Hello world
Hello world Hello world

In-built String Function

Function Work of Function

strlen() computes string's length

strcpy() copies a string to another

strcat() concatenates(joins) two strings

strcmp() compares two strings case sensitive checking

strcmpi() compares two strings case insensitive checking

strlwr() converts string to lowercase

strupr() converts string to uppercase

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strlen vs sizeof
strlen returns the length of the string stored in array, however sizeof returns the total allocated size
assigned to the array.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[]="Hello World";
int len=strlen(str);
int size=sizeof(str);
printf("Value=%d",len*size);
}
len value will the length of the string which is 11. But size value will be 12 including the end of
character.
Output
Value=132
strcat
It concatenates two strings and returns the concatenated string.
Syntax: strcat(string1,string2) – concatenate string1 with string2.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[10] = "Hello";
char s2[10] = "World";
strcat(s1,s2);
printf("After concatenation: %s", s1);
}

Output:
After concatenation: HelloWorld
strcpy
It copies the string str2 into string str1, including the end character (terminator char ‘\0’).
Syntax: strcpy(string1,string2) - copy the content of string2 to string1
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()

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{
char s1[30];
char s2[30] = "Hello World";
strcpy(s1,s2);
printf("String s1: %s", s1);
}
Output:
String s1 is: Hello World

strcmp
It compares the two strings and returns an integer value. If both the strings are same (equal)
then this function would return 0 otherwise it may return a negative or positive value based on the
comparison.
strcmp(string1,string2) -- Compares the content of string1 and string2

• If string1 < string2 OR string1 is a substring of string2 then it would result in a negative value.
• If string1 > string2 then it would return positive value.
• If string1 == string2 then you would get 0(zero) when you use this function for compare strings.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20] = "Hello";
char s2[20] = "World";
if (strcmp(s1, s2) ==0)
{
printf("string 1 and string 2 are equal");
}
else
{
printf("string 1 and 2 are different");
}
}
Output:
string 1 and 2 are different

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• Write a program to display the content of string in upper and lower case.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the string");
gets(str);
printf("Upper Case String:%s",strupr(str));
printf("Lower Case String:%s",strlwr(str));
}

Output
Enter the string Hello World
Upper Case String: HELLO WORLD
Lower Case String: hello world

• Write a program to display reverse the content of string.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
int len,i,j;
printf("Enter the string");
gets(str);
i=strlen(str)-1;
j=0;
while(i>=0)
{
rev[j]=str[i];
j++;
i--;
}
rev[j]='\0';
printf("Reverse=%s",rev);
}

• Write a program to check whether a string is palindrome or not without using in built
functions.
#include<stdio.h>

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#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
int len,i,j,flag;
printf("Enter the string");
gets(str);
// Code to find string length
for(len=0;str[len]!='\0';len++);
// Code to check the Palindrome
flag=0;
for(i=0;i<len/2;i++)
{
if(str[i] != str[len-1-i])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag == 0)
{
printf("Palindrome");
}
else
{
printf("Not Palindrome");
}
}

• Write a program to count number of vowels in a given string.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
int i,count;
printf("Enter the string");
gets(str);
count=0;
for(i=0;i<strlen(str);i++)
{
switch(str[i])
{
case 'A':
case 'a':

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case 'E':
case 'e':
case 'i':
case 'I':
case 'O':
case 'o':
case 'U':
case 'u':count++;
break;
}
}
printf("Count of vowels=%d",count);
}

Two Dimensional Array

An array of arrays is known as 2D array. The two dimensional (2D) array is also known as matrix.
A matrix can be represented as a table of rows and columns. The syntax to declare the 2D array
is given below.
data_type array_name[rows][columns];

Initialization of Two Dimensional Array

There are two ways to initialize a two Dimensional arrays during declaration.

1. int A[2][3] = { {10, 11, 12},{14, 15, 16}};

int A[][3] = { {10, 11, 12},{14, 15, 16}};
2. int A[2][3] = { 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16};
int A[][3] = { 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16};

When we initialize a 1 dimensional array during declaration, we need not to specify the
size of it. However that’s not the case with 2D array, you must always specify the second
dimension even if you are specifying elements during the declaration.
/* Valid declaration*/
int A[2][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }
/* Valid declaration*/
int A[][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }

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/* Invalid declaration – you must specify second dimension*/

int A[][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }
/* Invalid because of the same reason mentioned above*/
int A[2][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }

Structure of two dimensional array of size - A[3][5]

A[0][0] A[0][1] A[0][2] A[0][3] A[0][4]

A[1][0] A[1][1] A[1][2] A[1][3] A[1][4]
A[2][0] A[2][1] A[2][2] A[2][3] A[2][4]

1. Write a program to read a matrix of size mXn.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m,n,A[20][20],i,j;
printf("Enter the order of matrix");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);

// Row
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
//Column
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("Enter the element");
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

2. Write a program to read a matrix of size mXn and display its transpose.

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#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m,n,A[20][20],i,j;
printf("Enter the order of matrix");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("Enter the element");
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“Transpose of Matrix A\n”);
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
3. Write a program to read a matrix of size mXn and display its sum of diagonal.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m,n,A[20][20],i,j;
printf("Enter the order of matrix");
scanf("%d",&m,&n);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("Enter the element");
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
sum = sum + A[i][i];
}
printf("Sum=%d",sum);
}

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