Unit I: Energy Conservation Basics

Classification of Enerqy Saurce:

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of
the developing countries like India, the energy sector assumes critical importance in viev/ of
the ever-increasing energy needs, requiring huge investments to meet them.
The consumption of energy is increasing at a fast pace while available resources remain
limited. The global need for energy is increasing on an average by about 2.4% every year. Out
of the total amount of primary energy, over 85% comes from fossil fuels. The current
consumption of fossil fuels, particularly oil, is not sustainable in the long term.
Energy consumption also has a significant impact on our natural environment. There is clear
evidence that climate change is caused by human activity, mostly related to the use of energy.
Hence it is necessary to monitor the usage of energy and initiate steps to conserve it.
Energy. that we use, can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:
Primary energy and secondary energy
Commercial and non commercialenergy
Renewable and non-renewable energy

Primary and Secondary Energy

1. Primary energy refers to all types of energy extracted c captured directly from natural
resources. Prinary energy car: hence be used directly withoul ay conversion.
2. However, primary energy sources are mostly converted by industrial utilities into secondary
energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Primary
energy is thustransformed into more convenient forms of energy such as electricity, steam etc.
These forms of energy are called secondary energy. The Major primary and secondary energy
sOurces are shown below:
 No or commercial
petroleum
agricultural, which agricultural
alsocountry'selectricity
lifting
electricity
SECONDARY essentially
geothermal
PRIMARY ENERGY nuclear
energy.
ENERGY are
and threshing,
refined energy. Thesea
fuels,
commercial
constitutes area, and compiling heating, and
industrial, are power,
fossil surrounding dunghouseholds. water which
Eneichment
Electrilty coal, non-commercial transport,
Urenlum Power
Plant water solar
Mine lifting
as frompurposeselectricity,
of cattle in sources
known basis ignoredfor power,
Petrol,-chemical
LPG, Petro
is its rural
firewood, for
Dlesel, energyfor
it and power
Crude
Ol Refinlng price commercialtheworld.
is whether as in often energy natural
wind
Well
are
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community solar
Power Steam
Electricity forms
energymodem as is animal include
plant
definite
is, such energy areas, wind from
etc. is used
production
for energy
commercial market fruits;
Coal gas fuels etc., resources
Washing
Stesm
boller Energy. used the a andNon-commercial
rural obtained
Coal
Mine a natural within
for in and
energy
Commercial
development commercialgathered, in sugarcaneEnergy
include
market
Eectridity Non-Commercial energy sourced wastefish renewable
of oil, energy
forms coal, sources grain, Non-Renewable
Power
plant of
Natural
Gas the form
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important lignite, is the theof
steam in method transpot
commercial
and which
Non-Commercial
Energy
in energy
fuels. anddrying
any
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Steam
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Commercial
Energy
natural traded is Examples
sources, Electricity, energy traditional forirrigation, energy
Firewood
and the are
Non-commercial
TRZATMENTPROCLSSING
EXTRACTION most energy and
statistics. and
Commercial is and normally
which
thatwhatrenewable of Renewableinexhaustible.
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which
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Energy about Odisha
create of supposed 55% below: coal mainly
These form deplete facing for shortages equivalent
2013. about
of to about hard for
feature be canto imports, MW installed Table total 29.5% 7.8%54.5% 1.3%5.0%2.0% 100.00
rate. billion. in is lastare and 2013.
cannot years will is is equivalent
to consumption
26%. of tonnes Jharkhand,
pollutants. nature India energy100000It in may reserves
harmful
important consumption resources by U.S.A. oil contributingin share 2014
comprising March
8000 more is given
tonnes it
which thanof met
energy, nearly consumption billion
andcoal 315
millions power Rs of still oil is % June of
being 4%need Million 2008-09 reserves
most faster These of of approximately tonnes energy Eergy.
tonnes
4.5 Indian Stateon
resource
its only India, as
sustain takenow. sideis averagegeneration coal
Therelease
of much demand will Million energy
for
primary Mtoe 175.246.3 324.37.5 29.8 11.7 595 billion world The country
supply is 59S ratio.
power. natural gas consumed which Scenariol:mix
consumption in
India lWorld soft country.
canconsumed and is (R/P) the
natural India
12,730 primary 60.6 and the
andproductpower of required year, total in
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without
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will capita
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Energy
Type Total
Primary
Energy Stutistical reserves about
harnesseda or production.
energy
primary
in coal
consider facing per Scenario energy
commercial Renewable
cnergy to centrai
and on amount,
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used and it the Nuclear
cnergy Reserve
total alsorespectively. energythe energy Power
Hydro consumption amount
power non-renewable as as Demand needneedpresent
1000 energy noncommercial Natural
Gas coal(Anthracite souththe
be or fixed suchfast we Eneray dominates BP huge current of
Whenof is who about
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Sector This and51%
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that tonnesthe almost
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is A of at
India's oil reserves are estimated at 5.7 billion barrels (800 Million tomes), which amount to
only about 0.3% of the total world reserves. The main oil fields are located in the Bombay
High,upper Assam. Cambay. and Krishna-Godavaribasin. Oilaccounts for about 29 %of the
country's primary energy consumption at the end of 2013. India's crude oil production was
about 42 million metric tonnes as against the consumption of about 175.2 million metric
tonnes. India's present reserve to production (RVP) ratio is only about 17,5 years. Currently,
India is the fourth largest oil-consuming country in the world. India imports over 75% of its
crude oil needs. mainly from Gulf nations.
Natural Gas Sector

Natural gas has become the most preferred fuel due to its inherent environmentally benign
nature, greater efficiency and cost effectiveness. It is also termed as the fuel of the 21st
century. When natural gas is cooled to -161'c, it is transformed into Liquefied Natural Gas
(LNG).This is done for ease of storage and transportation as liquefaction reduces the volume
OcCupied by the natural gas by 600 times.
India's gas reserves are estimated at 1.4 trillion cubic metres by end of 2013 which amounts to
about 0.7% of the total World reserves. About 66 per cent of the country's production comes
from offshore production, whereas the remaining 34 per cent comes from on-shore
production. The bulk of onshore production comes from Assam,Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh.
Indla's oll and gas reserves ore estimated to last just 17.5 years and 40.2 years
respectively at the current R/P ratlo. Coal ls likely to last for 100 years.
Electrical Energy Supply
The installed capacity of electric power stations in India is 2,38,743 MW as on February 2014,
out of which 40195 MW isfrom Hydro-electric power plants, 163305 MW isfrom Thermal and
S780 MW from Nuclear and 29463 MW from Renewable Energy Sources.

Power Generation Route Capacity (MW) %

Total Thermal 1,63,304.99 68.4
Coal 1,40,723. 39 58.9
Gas 21,331.8S 9.0
Oil 1,199.75 0.5
Hydro 40,195.40 16.84
Nuclear 5,780.00 2,42
Renewable energy sources (small hydro,
wind, biomass and others) 29,462.5S 12.34
Total 2,38,742.94 100.0

Nuclear Power Supply

India currently operates 21 nuclear pOwer units at seven locations. The installed capacity of
nuclear power plant is 5780 MW which comprises of Boiling Water Reactors
Heavy Water Reactors. Projects are underway which can add further 6100 MWand Pressurized
to the existing
capacity.
Hydro Power Supply
India is endowed with avast and viable hydro potential for cleaner
power generation. This
amounts to economically viable hydro power capacity of over 84,000 MW at 60% load factor.
Around 80% of this potential capacity has been identified in the
Brahmaputra, Indus and
Ganges basins. In addition, another 15,000 MW has been acknowledged as being potentially
available in smallhydro projects.
Energy conservation &Engrgy Audit Concept and Difference:
Energy conservation means using energy more efficiently or reducing wastage of energy. It is
important that any energy conservation plan should only to try to eliminate wastage of energy
without in any way affecting productivity and growth rate. Hence energy conservation is
achieved when growth ofenergy consumption is reduced in physical terms.
Energy audit means the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy, including
submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy eficiency
with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption.

Both aspects are interdependent, however the major difference between both is that Energy
Conservation focuses on reducing wastage of energy, while Energy Audit focuses in identifying
the areas where waste can OcCur and where scope for improvement exists.

Thus energy audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by evolving technically
feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified
time.

Energy canseryation Act 2001.Salient Eeatures:

Energy Conservation Act (EC Act) was enacted by the Government of India in 2001 to provide
legal framework and institutional arrangements for enhancingenergy efficiency. This Act led to
the creation of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) as the nodal agency at the center and State
Designated Agencies (SDAs) at the State level to implement the provisions of the Act. The
Central Government, State Government and Bureau of Energy Efficiency have major roles to
play in implementation of the Act. The Mission of BEE is to develop policy and strategies based
on self-regulation and market principles with the goal of reducing energy intensity of the
Indian economy.

Salient features of the Energy Conservation Act 2001:

The energy consevation act 2001 empowers the union government and in some instances the
state government to:
(a) Notify energy intensive industries, establishments and commercial buildings as designated
Consumers.
(b) Prescribe energy consumption norms and standards for designated consumers.
(c) Direct designated consumers to appoint certified energy managers for
efficient use of
energy.
(d) State government to amend the energy conservation building codes to suit
local climatic conditions.
regional and
(e) Direct owners of commercial buildings to comply with the energy
codes. conservation building
(0 Direct mandatory display of labels on notified equipments and appliances.
(g) Specify energy consumptions standards for notified equipments and appliances.
(h) Prohitbit manufacture, sale, purchase and import of notified
equipment and appliances not
confirming to standards.
(ö Under the provision of this act the Bureau of Energy
effect from 1.03.2002.
Efficiency (BEE) was established with
(i) The mission of the BEE is to
institutionalize energy efficiency services, promote energy
efficiency delivery mechanisms and provide leadership for improvement of energy efficiency in
all sectors of the economy.
Ganges basins. In addition, another 15,000 MW has been acknowledged as being potentially
available in small hydro projects.
Energy conservation &Engrgy Audit, Goncept and Difference:
Energy conservation means using energy more efficiently or reducing wastage of energy. It is
important that any energy conservation plan should only to try to eliminate wastage of energy
without in any way affecting productivity and growth rate. Hence energy conservation is
achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced in physical terms.

Energy audit means the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy, including
submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency
with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption.

Both aspects are interdependent, however the major diference between both is that Energy
Conservation focuses on reducing wastage of energy, while Energy Audit focuses in identifying
the areas where waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists.

Thus energy audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by evolving technicaly
feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified
time.

Energy conservatign Act 2001 Salient Eeatures:

Energy Conservation Act (EC Act) was enacted by the Government of India in 2001 to provide
legal framework and institutional arrangements for enhancing energy efficiency. This Act led to
the creation of Bureau of Energy Eficiency (BEE) as the nodal agency at the center and State
Designated Agencies (SDAs) at the State level to implement the provisions of the Act. The
CentralGovernment, State Government and Bureau of Energy Efficiency have major roles to
play in implementation of the Act. The Mission of BEE is to develop policy and strategies based
on self-regulation and market principles with the goal of reducing energy intensity of the
Indian economy.

Salient features of the Energy Conservation Act 2001:

The energy consevation act 2001 empowers the union government and in some instances the
state government to:
(a) Notify energy intensive industries, establishments and commercial buildings as designated
consumers.

(b) Prescribe energy consumption normsand standards for designated consumers.

(c) Direct designated consumers to appoint certified energy managers for efficient use of
energy.
(d) State government to amend the energy conservation building codes to suit regional and
local climatic conditions.
(e) Direct owners of commercial buildings to comply with the energy
codes.
conservation building
(0 Direct mandatory display of labels on notified equipments and appliances.
(g) Specify energy consumptions standards for notified equipments and appliances.
(h) Prohibit manufacture, sale, purchase and import of notified equipment and
confirming to standards.
appliances not
(ö Under the provision of this act the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
was established with
effect from 1.03.2002.
i) The mission of the BEE is to institutionalize energy
efficiency services,
promote energyin
efficiency delivery mechanisms and provide leadership for improvement of energy efficiency
all sectors of the economy.
Sallent features of the Energy Conservatlon Act 2001 (Ammended Verslon of 2010)
CHAPTER IV of EC Act

13. Powers and Functlons of Bureau

13.(1) The Bureau shall, effectively co-ordinate with designated consumers, designated
agencies and other agencies, recognize and utilise the existing resources and
infrastructure, in performing the functions assigned to it by or under this Act.
2. The Bureau may perform such functions and exercise such powers as maybe assigned
to it by or under this Act and in particular, such functions and powers include the
function and power to
a. Recommend to the CentralGovernment for issuing of the energy savings certificate.

b. Take all measures necessary to create awareness and disseminate information for efficient
use of energy and its conservation.
c. Arrange and organize training of personnel and specialists in the techniques for efficient
use of energy and its conservation.
d. Strengthen consultancy services in the field of energy conservation.
e. Promote research and development in the field of energy conservation.
f. Develop testing and certification procedure and promote testing facilities for certification
and testing for energy consumption of equipment and appliances.
9. Formulate and facilitate implementation of pilot projects and demonstration projects for
promotion of efficient use of energy and its conservation.
h.i. Promote
Promote innovative
use of energy efficient processes, equipment, devices and systems.
financing of energy efficiency projects.
/ Give financial assistance to institutions for promoting eficient use of energy and its
conservation.

CHAPTER V
of ECAct
Power of Central Government to Facilitate and Enforce Efficient Use of Energy and its
Consevation

13. Central Government may, by notification, in consultation with the Bureau,

a. specify the norms for processes and energy consumption standards for any equipment,
appliances which consumes, generates, transmits or supplies energy
b. specify equipment or appliance or class of equipments or appliances, as the case may
be, for the purposes of this Act;
c. prohibit manufacture or sale or purchase or import of equipment or appliance
specified
under clause(b) unless such equipment or appliances conforms to energy consumption
standards;
d. direct display of such particulars on label on equipment or on appliance specified and
in such manner as maybe specified by regulations;
CHAPTER VIof EC ACT
Power of State Government to facilitate and Enforce Efficient Use of Energy and its
Conservation

13. The State Government may, by notification, in consultation with the Bureau -
a. amend the energy conservation building codes to suit the regional and local climatic
conditions and may, by rules made by it, specify and notify energy conservation
building codes with respect to use of energy in the buildings:
 for
designated efficient empowered
to Efficiency. energy, mandatory
& designated statements
energydesignated
for technigques
for or policy
projects
been
codes;information industrial information
equipment
techniques
for with of in has
report to efficiency
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disseminate been voluntary the the programme.
conservation
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State. etc. through feed disseminate (SMES) withenergy
Departments
bodies on in
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specialists auditors
in the for Enterprises of
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Act municipal consumersprovide
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