Computer project

(Holiday homework)

1. Basic Computer Organisation

● Primary Storage - This unit can store instructions, data,

and intermediate results. This unit supplies information
to other units of the computer when needed. It is also
known as internal storage unit or the main memory or
the primary storage

Types of primary storage -

● RAM - A RAM constitutes the internal memory

of the CPU for storing data, program and program
resült.

● ROM - ROM stands for read only memory. The

memory from which we can only read but cannot
write on it
● Secondary Storage - There are various types of
secondary storage device available to store data for the
future use. These devices allow to read or write
anywhere in memory

Types of secondary storage -

● Magnetic Tape - It is similar to audio tape

containing a plastic strip coated with magnetic
material.

● Magnetic Disk - These are Direct Access storage

media, where the accessing of a data is much faster
because there is no need to go through call
previous data for reaching a specific data

● Solid State Driver - Solid State Drive (SSD) is a

non-volatile storage device. that uses integrated
circuit assemblies as memory to store any
information persistently.
 ● Optical Disk - The data can be read from and write
to the optical disk by laser beam These disks are
able to store large amount of data into GB.

● External Hard Drive - All those drives or devices

that are used to store information outside a
computer

Classification of Computers -

● Analog or Analogue Computer – Analog or analogue

computers are designed to process analog data.
Analogue data continuous data that changes
continuously and cannot have discrete values

● Digital computer – Digital computer is designed to

perform calculations and logical operations at high
speed.
 ● Hybrid computers - Hybrid computers has features of
both analogue and digital computer . It fast like an
analogue computer and has memory and accuracy like
digital computers.

● Microcomputer – Microcomputer is also known as a

personal computers. It is used for general-purpose
computer that is designed for individual use.

● Minicomputer – Minicomputer is midsize

multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more
computers and can support 4 to 200 users at one time.

Concepts of Softwares

● Hardware – Hardware means any devices that are

connected to the computer system is called hardware
like Monitor, Pointer, Hard disk, RAM, etc.
● Software – Software is a set of instructions or set of
programs that is designed for doing specific task. Every
software is designed for some specific purpose.

● System Software - It is a software for managing

computer hardware behaviour, as to provide basic
functionalities that are required by users, or for other
software to run properly, if at all.

(a) Operating system – An operating system is a

program that acts as an interface between the
user and the computer hardware and controls
the execution of all kinds of programs.

Types of Operating System:

1. Batch Operating System – This type of system does not

interact with computer directly. There is an operator
which takes similar jobs having some requirement and
group them into batches.
1. Time-Sharing Operating System - Each task is given
some time to execute, so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets time of CPU as they use single
 system. These systems are also known as Multitasking
Systems.

2. Distributed Operating System – These type of operating

system is a recent advancement in the world of
computer technology and being widely accepted over
the world and that too with a great pace.

3. Network Operating System – These system run over a

network and provide the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications and other
networking functions.

4. Real-Time Operating System – these type of OSs serves

the real time system. The time interval required to
process and respond to input is very small. This time
interval is called response time.

⮚ Multiuser Operating System – A multi user operating

system allows to permission of multiple users for
accessing the machine at a time. All different users can
access that system running operating system with the
help of several terminals, which are connected in
networking form.
 ⮚ Some Other Terms Related To OS

1. Cache Memory - Cache memory is a special very-high

speed memory. It is used to speed up and synchronizing
with high-speed CPU. Cache memory is costlier than main
memory or disk memory has economical than CPU
registers.

2. Virtual Memory – a computer can address more memory

than the amount physically installed on the system. The
extra memory is actually called Virtual Memory.

3. Booting – When we start our computer then there is an

operation which is performed automatically by the
computer which is also called Booting. There are two
types of booting :-

● Warm Booting – When the system starts from

the starting or from the initial state means when
we start our system is called Warm booting.
● Cold Booting – The Cold Booting is that in which
System automatically starts when we are
running the system.
4. Spooling – Spooling stands for “Simultaneously
Peripheral Operations Online “. So, in a spooling, more
than one I/O operations can be performed
simultaneously i.e. at the time when the CPU is executing
some process then more than one I/O operations can also
be done at the same time.

5. Buffering – The main memory has an area called buffer

that is used to store or hold the data temporarily that is
being transmitted either between two devices or
between a device or an application.

⮚ Language Processor – Language Processor are the special

types of system software that is used to translate, edit,
update, etc. On high level language and convert it into low
level or machine level language.
● Editor – Editor is the type of language processor
where we can create or edit our codes. Sometimes it
can work as a debugger for fix the errors in the
codes.
● Loader – In computer systems a loader is the part of
an operating system that is responsible for loading
programs and libraries.
● Linker – A linker is a special program that combines
the object files, generated by compiler/assembler and
 other pieces of codes to originate an executable file
have exe extension.
● Translator – A translator is a programming language
processor that converts a computer program from
one language to another. It takes a program written
in the source code and converts it into machine code.
a) Assembler – An assembler is a translator used
to translate assembly language to machine
language. It is like a compiler for the assembly
language but interactive like an interpreter.
b) Interpreter – Interpreter converts the program
one at a time and reports errors detected at
once, while doing the conversion. With this, it is
easier to detect errors than in a compiler. An
Interpreter is faster than a compiler as it
immediately executes the code upon the
reading code.
c) Compiler – A compiler is a translator is used to
convert high level programming language to
low level programming language. It converts
the whole program in one session and report
errors detected after the conversions.
d) Debugger – The term bug means errors in
programming. While writing in high level
language if there are any types of error is
occurred then debugger identifies them and
 using this software we can easily debug them or
correct them. This process is called debugging.
e) Locator - We use High level Language in
computer system so the computer translate it
into low level or machine level language to
operate. Before translating this into low a level
the related data or instruction are stored into
the memory by using which program is called
Locator.
● Device driver – This type of software controls
particular hardware which is essentially attached
to the system.
⮚ User Interface : GUI and CUI
● User Interface: User Interface comprises of
everything the user can use to interact with the
computer. It is basically the means by which the
user and the computer system can interact using
input and output devices.
o GUI: GUI stands for Graphical User Interface.
This is a type of interface where user interacts
with the computer using graphics.
o CUI: CUI stands for Character User Interface.
This is a type of interface where user interacts
with keyboard using only keyboard.