122

III. Advantages of Single-Sideband

Transmission

1.
2.
3.
4.

2. For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak

unmodulated carrier voltage of 20Vp, a
IV. Disadvantages of Single-Sideband
load resistance of 15Ω, and is modulated
Transmission
simultaneously by three modulating
signals with coefficients of modulation
1.
0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, determine:
2. a. Carrier Power
b. Total coefficient of modulation
V. Give at least five (5) AM RECEIVER c. Upper and lower sideband power
PARAMETERS d. Total transmitted power
e. Frequency Spectrum Diagram
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

VI. PROBLEM SOLVING. Use the back page of

the questionnaires for your scratch.

1. One input to a conventional AM

modulator is a 450kHz carrier with an
amplitude of 15Vp. The second input is a
10kHz modulating signal that is of
sufficient amplitude to cause a change in
the output wave +6 Vp. Determine
a. The upper and lower side frequencies
b. m and M
c. Bandwidth
d. Draw the output spectrum

3. For an FM modulator with a modulation

index m=1, a modulating signal Vm(t) = Vm
sin(2π1000t), an unmodulated carrier
Vc(t) = 10 sin(2π500kt), determine:
a. Number of sets of significant side
frequencies
b. Their amplitudes, and then;
c. Draw the frequency spectrum
showing their relative amplitudes

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b. RC high-pass filter
99. The AM signals generated at a low c. LR low-pass filter
level may only be amplified by what d. LC resonant circuit
type of amplifier?
a. Op amp 107. The small frequency change
b. Linear produced by a phase modulator can be
c. Class C increased by using a(n)
d. Push-pull a. Amplifier
b. Mixer
100. FM transmitters are more efficient c. Frequency multiplier
because their power is increased by d. Frequency divider
what type of amplifier?
a. Class A 108. A crystal oscillator whose
b. Class B frequency can be changed by an input
c. Class C voltage is called a(n)
d. All of the above a. VCO
b. VXO
101. Noise interferes mainly with c. VFO
modulating signals that are d. VHF
a. Sinusoidal
b. Non-sinusoidal 109. Which oscillators are preferred
c. Low frequencies for carrier generators because of
d. High frequencies their good frequency stability?
a. LC
102. Pre-emphasis circuits boost what b. RC
modulating frequencies before c. LR
modulation? d. Crystal
a. High Frequencies
b. Mid-range frequencies 110. Which of the following circuits is
c. Low frequencies not typically part of every radio
d. All of the above transmitter?
a. Carrier oscillator
103. A pre-emphasis circuit is a b. Driver amplifier
a. Low-pass filter c. Mixer
b. High-pass filter d. Final power amplifier
c. Phase shifter
d. Bandpass filter

104. Pre-emphasis is compensated for

II. Write the complete mathematical
at the receiver by a
expression of AM signal in terms of
a. Phase inverter
voltage distribution in the box provided.
b. Bandpass filter
c. High-pass filter
d. Low-pass filter

105. A phase modulator varies the

phase shift of the
a. Carrier
b. Modulating signal
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a or b

106. The widest phase variation is

obtained with a(n)
a. RC low-pass filter

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85. If the amplitude of the modulating b. 5 kHz

signal applied to a phase modulator c. 10 kHz
is constant, the output signal will d. 15 kHz
be
a. Zero 92. An FM transmitter has a maximum
b. The carrier frequency deviation of 12 kHz and a maximum
c. Above the carrier frequency modulating frequency of 12 kHz. The
d. Below the carrier frequency bandwidth by Carson’s rule is
a. 24 kHz
86. A 100 MHz carrier is deviated 50 kHz b. 33.6 kHz
by a 4 kHz signal. The modulation c. 36.8 kHz
index is d. 48 kHz
a. 5
b. 8 93. The maximum allowed deviation of the
c. 12.5 FM sound signal in TV is 25 kHz. If
d. 20 the actual deviation is 8 kHz, the
percent modulation is
87. The maximum deviation of an FM carrier a. 43%
is 2 kHz by a maximum modulating b. 72%
signal of 400 Hz. The deviation ratio c. 96%
is d. 139%
a. 0.2
b. 5 94. Which of the following is not a major
c. 8 benefit of FM over AM?
d. 40 a. Greater efficiency
b. Noise immunity
88. A 70 kHz carrier has a frequency c. Capture effect
deviation of 4 kHz with a 100 Hz d. Lower complexity and cost
signal. How many significant sideband
pairs are produced? 95. The primary disadvantage of FM is its
a. 4 a. Higher cost and complexity
b. 5 b. Excessive use of spectrum space
c. 6 c. Noise susceptibility
d. 7 d. Lower efficiency

89. What is the bandwidth of the FM signal 96. Noise is primarily

described in the above question? a. High-frequency spikes
a. 4 kHz b. Low-frequency variations
b. 7 kHz c. Random level shifts
c. 14 kHz d. Random frequency variations
d. 28 kHz
97. The receiver circuit that rids FM of
90. What is the relative amplitude of the noise is the
third pair of sidebands of an FM a. Modulator
signal with m = 6? b. Demodulator
a. 0.11 c. Limiter
b. 0.17 d. Low-pass filter
c. 0.24
d. 0.36 98. The phenomenon of a strong FM signal
dominating a weaker signal on a common
91. A 200 kHz carrier is modulated by a frequency is referred to as the
2.5 kHz signal. The fourth pair of a. Capture effect
sidebands are spaced from the carrier b. Blot out
by c. Quieting factor
a. 2.5 kHz d. Domination syndrome

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d. 300 Hz to 3 kHz 33. An SSB transmitter produces a 400V

peak-to-peak signal across a 52 ohms
27. An AM signal with a maximum modulating antenna load. The PEP output is
signal frequency of 4.5 kHz has a a. 192.2 W
total bandwidth of b. 384.5 W
a. 4.5 kHz c. 769.2 W
b. 6.75 kHz d. 3077 W
c. 9 kHz
d. 18 kHz 34. The output power of an SSB transmitter
is usually expressed in terms of
28. Distortion of the modulating signal a. Average power
produces harmonics which cause an b. RMS power
increase in the signal c. Peak-to-peak power
a. Carrier power d. Peak envelope power
b. Bandwidth
c. Sideband power 35. An SSB transmitter has a PEP rating
d. Envelope voltage of 1kW. The average output power is
in the range of
29. The process of translating a signal, a. 150 to 450 W
with or without modulation, to a b. 100 to 300 W
higher or lower frequency for c. 250 to 333 W
processing is called d. 3 to 4 kW
a. Frequency multiplication
b. Frequency division 36. Amplitude modulation is the same as
c. Frequency shift a. Linear mixing
d. Frequency conversion b. Analog multiplication
c. Signal summation
30. Frequency translation is carried out d. Multiplexing
by a circuit called a/n
a. Translator 37. In a diode modulator, the negative
b. Converter half of the AM wave is supplied by a/n
c. Balanced modulator a. Tuned circuit
d. Local oscillator b. Transformer
c. Capacitor
31. An input signal of 1.8 Mhz is mixed d. Inductor
with a local oscillator of 5 MHz. A
filter selects the difference signal. 38. Amplitude modulation can be produced
The output is by
a. 1.8 MHz a. Having the carrier vary a
b. 3.2 MHz resistance
c. 5 MHz b. Having the modulating signal vary
d. 6.8 MHz a capacitance
c. Varying the carrier frequency
32. The output of an SSB transmitter with d. Varying the gain of the amplifier
a 3.85 MHz carrier and a 1.5 kHz sine
wave modulating tone is 39. Amplitude modulators that vary the
a. A 3.8485 MHz sine wave carrier amplitude with the modulating
b. A 3.85 MHz sine wave signal by passing it through an
c. 3.85 MHz, 3.8485 MHz and 3.8515 attenuator work on the principle of
MHz sine waves a. Rectification
d. 3.8485 MHz and 3.8515 MHz sine b. Resonance
waves c. Variable resistance
d. Absorption

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40. The component used to produce AM at 48. The principal circuit in the popular
very high frequencies is a 1496/1596 IC balanced modulator is a
a. Varactor a. Differential amplifier
b. Thermistor b. Rectifier
c. Cavity resonator c. Bridge
d. PIN diode d. Constant current source

41. AM generated at a very low voltage or 49. The most commonly used filter in SSB
power amplitude is known as generators uses
a. High-level modulation a. LC networks
b. Low-level modulation b. Mechanical resonators
c. Collector modulation c. Crystals
d. Minimum modulation d. RC networks and op amps

42. The circuit that recovers the original 50. The equivalent circuit of a quartz
modulating information from an AM crystal is a
signal is known as a. Series resonant circuit
a. Modulator b. Parallel resonant circuit
b. Demodulator c. Neither a or b
c. Mixer d. Both a and b
d. Crystal set
51. In the phasing method of SSB
43. The most commonly used amplitude generation, one sideband is cancelled
demodulator is the out due to
a. Diode mixer a. Phase shift
b. Balanced modulator b. Sharp selectivity
c. Envelope detector c. Carrier suppression
d. Crystal filter d. Phase inversion

44. A circuit that generates the upper and 52. A balanced modulator used to
lower sidebands but no carrier is demodulate a SSB signal is called a/n
called a/n a. Transponder
e. Amplitude modulator b. Product detector
f. Diode detector c. Converter
g. Class C amplifier d. Modulator
h. Balanced modulator
53. Frequency translation is done with a
45. A widely used modulator is called the circuit called a
e. Diode bridge circuit a. Summer
f. Full-wave bridge rectifier b. Multiplier
g. Lattice modulator c. Filter
h. Balanced bridge modulator d. Mixer

46. In a diode ring modulator, the diode 54. The inputs to a mixer are fo and fm.
act like In down conversion, which of the
e. Variable resistors following mixer output signals is
f. Switches selected?
g. Rectifiers a. fo
h. Variable capacitors b. fm
c. fo – fm
47. The output of a balance modulator is d. fo + fm
e. AM
f. FM 55. Mixing for frequency conversion is
g. SSB the same as
h. DSB a. Rectification

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b. AM d. AF amplifier
c. Linear summing
d. Filtering 63. Most of the gain and selectivity in a
superhet receiver is obtained in the
56. Which of the following can be used as a. RF amplifier
a mixer? b. Mixer
a. Balanced modulator c. IF amplifier
b. FET d. AF amplifier
c. Diode modulator
d. All of the above 64. The sensitivity of a receiver depends
upon the receiver’s overall
57. The desired output from a mixer is a. Bandwidth
usually selected with b. Selectivity
a. Phase-shift circuit c. Noise response
b. Crystal circuit d. Gain
c. Resonant circuit
d. Transformer 65. The ability of a receiver to separate
one signal from others on closely
58. The two inputs to a mixer are the adjacent frequencies is called the
signal to be translated and a signal a. Sensitivity
from a/n b. S/N ratio
a. Modulator c. Selectivity
b. Filter d. Gain
c. Antenna
d. Local Oscillator 66. A mixer has a signal input of 50 MHz
and an LO frequency of 59 MHz. The IF
59. A crystal lattice filter has a crystal is
frequencies of 27.5 MHz and 27.502 a. 9 MHz
MHz. the bandwidth is approximately b. 50 MHz
a. 2 kHz c. 59 MHz
b. 3 kHz d. 109 MHz
c. 27.501 MHz
d. 55.502 MHz 67. A signal 2 times the IF away from the
desired signal that causes
60. An SSB generator has a sideband filter interference is referred to as a(n)
centered at 3.0 MHz. The modulating a. Ghost
signal is 3 kHz. To produce both upper b. Image
and lower sidebands, the following c. Phantom
carrier frequencies must be produced: d. Inverted signal
a. 2.7 and 3.3 MHz
b. 3.3 and 3.6 MHz 68. The main cause of image frequency is
c. 2997 and 3003 kHz a. Poor front end selectivity
d. 3000 and 3003 kHz b. Low gain
c. High IF
61. The simplest receiver is a(n) d. Low S/N ratio
a. RF amplifer
b. Demodulator 69. Most internal noise comes from
c. AF amplifier a. Shot noise
d. Tuned circuit b. Transit-time noise
c. Thermal noise
62. The key conceptual circuit in a d. Skin effect
superhet receiver is the
a. Mixer 70. Which is not a source of external
b. RF amplifier noise?
c. Demodulator a. Thermal agitation

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b. Auto ignition 78. If the amplitude of the modulating

c. The sun signal decreases, the carrier
d. Fluorescent lights deviation
a. Increases
71. Noise can be reduced by b. Decreases
a. Widening the bandwidth c. Remains constant
b. Narrowing the bandwidth d. Goes to zero
c. Increasing temperature
d. Increasing transistor current 79. On an FM signal, maximum deviation
levels occurs at what point on the modulating
signal?
72. Noise at the input to a receiver can a. Zero-crossing point
be as high as several (volts) b. Peak positive amplitude
a. uV c. Peak negative amplitude
b. mV d. Both b and c
c. V
d. kV 80. In PM, a frequency shift occurs while
what characteristic of the modulating
73. Which circuit contributes most to the signal is changing?
noise in a receiver? a. Shape
a. IF amplifier b. Phase
b. Demodulator c. Frequency
c. AF amplifier d. Amplitude
d. Mixer
81. Maximum frequency deviation of a PM
74. Selectivity is obtained in most signal occurs at
receivers from a. Zero-crossing point
a. Crystal filters b. Peak positive amplitude
b. Mechanical filters c. Peak negative amplitude
c. Double-tuned circuits d. Both b and c
d. Audio filters
82. In PM, carrier frequency deviation is
75. A circuit that keeps the audio cut off not proportional to:
until a signal is received is known a. Modulating signal amplitude
as b. Carrier amplitude and frequency
a. squelch c. Modulating signal frequency
b. AFC d. Modulator phase shift
c. AGC 83. To compensate for increases in carrier
d. A noise blanker frequency deviation with an increase
in modulating signal frequency, what
76. The amount of frequency deviation from
circuit is used between the modulating
the carrier frequency in an FM signal and the phase modulator?
transmitter is proportional to what
a. Low-pass filter
characteristic of the modulating
b. High-pass filter
signal?
c. Phase shifter
a. Amplitude d. Bandpass filter
b. Frequency
c. Phase 84. The FM produced by PM is called
d. Shape a. Direct FM
b. Direct PM
77. Both FM and PM are types of what kind
c. Indirect FM
of modulation?
d. Indirect PM
a. Amplitude
b. Phase
c. Angle
d. Duty cycle

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a. Spurious emissions current rises to 2.9 A. The percentage

b. Harmonics of modulation is
c. Intermodulation products a. 35%
d. Sidebands b. 70%
c. 42%
13. A carrier of 880 kHz is modulated by d. 89%
a 3.5 kHz sine wave. The LSB and USB
are, respectively, 20. What is the carrier power in the
a. 873 and 887 kHz problem above if the antenna
b. 876.5 and 883.5 kHz resistance is 75 ohms?
c. 883.5 and 876.5 kHz a. 195 W
d. 887 and 873 kHz b. 631 W
c. 507 W
14. A display of signal amplitude versus d. 792 W
frequency is called the
a. Time domain 21. In an AM signal, the transmitted
b. Frequency spectrum information is contained within the
c. Amplitude spectrum a. Carrier
d. Frequency domain b. Modulating signal
c. Sidebands
15. Most of the power in an AM signal is d. Envelope
in the
a. Carrier 22. An AM signal without a carrier is
b. Upper sideband called a/n
c. Lower sideband a. SSB
d. Modulating signal b. Vestigial Sideband
c. FM signal
16. An AM signal has a carrier power of 5 d. DSB
W. The percentage of modulation is
80%. The total sideband power is 23. What is the minimum AM signal needed
a. 0.8 W to transmit information?
b. 1.6 W a. Carrier plus sidebands
c. 2.5 W b. Carrier only
d. 4.0 W c. One sideband
d. USB and LSB
17. For 100% modulation, what percentage
of power is in each sideband? 24. The main advantage of SSB over
a. 25% standard AM or DSB is
b. 33.3% a. Less spectrum space is used
c. 50% b. Simpler equipment is used
d. 100% c. Less power is consumed
d. Higher modulation percentage
18. An AM transmitter has a percentage of
modulation of 88. The carrier power 25. In SSB, which sideband is best to use?
is 440 W. The power in one sideband a. Upper
is b. Lower
a. 85 W c. Neither
b. 110 W d. Depends upon the use
c. 170 W
d. 610 W 26. The typical audio modulating
frequency range used in radio and
19. An AM transmitter antenna current is telephone communications is
measured with no modulation and found a. 50 Hz to 5 kHz
to be 2.6 A. with modulation, the b. 50 Hz to 15 kHz
c. 100 Hz to 10 kHz

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONS
FINAL EXAMINATION

Name: Score:
Date: Checked By:

Instruction: No looking at either side. Strictly no erasures, otherwise

considered wrong. Misspelled words are also considered wrong. Anybody caught
cheating will automatically drop the subject.

I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter a. The voltage ratio

of the correct answer. b. Decibels
c. The modulation index
1. Having an information signal change
d. The mix factor
some characteristic of a carrier
signal is called 7. If m is greater than 1, what happens?
a. Multiplexing a. Normal operation
b. Modulation b. Carrier drops to zero
c. Duplexing c. Carrier frequency shifts
d. Linear mixing d. Information signal is distorted

2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE 8. For ideal AM, which of the following
about AM? is true?
a. The carrier amplitude varies a. m = 0
b. The carrier frequency remains b. m = 1
constant c. m < 1
c. The carrier frequency changes d. m > 1
d. The information signal amplitude
changes the carrier amplitude 9. the outline of the peaks of a carrier
has the shape of the modulating signal
3. The opposite of modulation is and is called the
a. Reverse modulation
a. Trace
b. Downward modulation b. Waveshape
c. Unmodulation c. Envelope
d. Demodulation d. Carrier variation

4. The circuit used to produce 10. Overmodulation occurs when

modulation is called a. Vm > Vc
a. Modulator b. Vm < Vc
b. Demodulator c. Vm = Vc
c. Variable gain amplifier d. Vm = Vc = 0
d. Multiplexer
11. The values of Vmax and Vmin as read from
5. A modulator circuit performs what an AM wave on an oscilloscope are 2.8
mathematical operation on its two and 0.3 respectively. The percentage
inputs? of modulation is?
a. Addition / Summation a. 10.7 %
b. Multiplication b. 41.4%
c. Division c. 80.6%
d. Squaring d. 93.3%

6. The ratio of the peak modulating 12. The new signals produced by
signal voltage to the peak carrier modulation are called
voltage is referred to as

114