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physics-project

The document outlines a project report by Shreyashi Vatsa for the academic year 2024-2025, focusing on determining the refractive indices of water and oil using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an adjustable object needle. It includes sections on objectives, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, and sources of error. The final results indicate that the refractive index of water is 1.06552 and that of oil is 1.22736.

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dontgiveupever231
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23 views

physics-project

The document outlines a project report by Shreyashi Vatsa for the academic year 2024-2025, focusing on determining the refractive indices of water and oil using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an adjustable object needle. It includes sections on objectives, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, and sources of error. The final results indicate that the refractive index of water is 1.06552 and that of oil is 1.22736.

Uploaded by

dontgiveupever231
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

PUBLIC SCHOOL

DARBHANGA, BELA
2024-2025

a) To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil


(transparent) using a plane mirror an equiconvex
lens (made from a glass of known refractive index)
and an adjustable object needle.
b) To study various factors on which the internal
resistance/EMF of a cell depends

Submitted by: Submitted to:


SHREYASHI VATSA
Class: XII PCM A
Roll : 22611977

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the project report entitled “To


find the refractive indexes of (a)water (b) oil using a
plane mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an adjustable
object needle.
” submitted by Shreyashi Vatsa during the
academic year 2024– 2025 is a bonafide piece
of work conducted under my supervision and
guidance. The data sources have been fully
acknowledged. I wish his success in all his
future endeavors.

PGT TEACHER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my profound gratitude


to Mr.___________, and my
School________________________. This is my
___________project. I would like to express my
special thanks to our mentor ______ for his
time and efforts he provided throughout the
year. Your useful advice and suggestions were
really helpful to me during the project’s
completion. In this aspect, I am eternally
grateful to you. I would like to acknowledge
that this project was completed entirely by me
and not by someone else.
Index
SR. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 OBJECTIVE 1

2 APPARATUS 2

3 THEORY 2

4 PROCEDURE 3

5 OBSERVATION 6

6 CALCULATION 7

7 RESULT 8

8 PRECAUTION 8

9 SOURCES OF ERROR 9
Objective
To find the refractive indexes of (a)water (b) oil using a
plane mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an adjustable
object needle.
Apparatus:
A convex lens, an optical needle, a plane mirror, a clamp stand,
a spherometer, a plumb line, metre scale, water and oil.

Theory:
Let’s add small amount of water on a flat, plane surface and
place a convex lens over it. This forms a plano-concave lens of
water between the lower surface of convex lens and plane
mirror.
Let f1 and f2 are the focal lengths of water lens and convex lens
respectively, then focal length of the combination is:
1 1 1
= +
F f1 f2

1 1 1
= −
The focal length of the plano-concave lens is, f1 F f2 …(i)

From Lens Maker’s formula,


1
f1
=( μ−1 ) (
1 1
−
R1 R2)
1
μ−1 ¿
=( R

∴ R1 = R and R2 = ∞ for water lens.


R
μ=1+
∴ The refractive index of water is , f1 …(ii)

(where ‘R’ is the radius of curvature of the concave surfaces of


the plano-concave lens).
l2 h
+
The Radius of curvature of the lens, is R=
6h 2 …(iii)

Procedure:

I. For finding the focal length of convex lens:

(i) Measure the rough focal length of the convex lens.

(ii) Place the plane mirror with the convex lens placed on
it above the horizontal base of a clamp stand
horizontally as its tip lies vertically above the optical
centre of the lens. Adjust the needle at a height a little
more than the rough focal length of the convex lens.

(iii) Try to remove the parallax between the tip of the


object needle and its image tip.

(iv) Note the distance of the tip of the needle from the
centre of the upper surface of the lens. Let it be x1.
(Use plumb line).

(v) Remove the convex lens and measure the distance of


the tip of the needle from the plane mirror. Let it be
x2. (Use plumb line).
(vi) Repeat and record all the observations.

II. For finding the focal length of the plano-


concave lens:

Pour few drops of water over the plane mirror and place
the
convex lens over it. Repeat steps (ii) to (iv) as done
above.
Repeat the procedure with oil also.

III. For finding ‘l’:

Determine the pitch and least count of scale of the


spherometer. Place the spherometer on the dried surface
of the convex lens. Turn the screw downwards very
gently till the tip of the screw just touches the lens. Read
and record the reading.

Keep the spherometer’s legs on the base of a paper and


adjusting the central screw, find the pricks A, B and C of
the three legs of the spherometer. Join the centres of the
three pricks and measure the lengths with the half-metre
scale. Note the values of AB, BC and AC.
Fig: (a) to find focal length of convex lens

(b) for the length of legs AB, BC, CA of the


spherometer
Fig: to find focal length of the plano concave lens

Observations

Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm


Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
(1) AB = 3 cm
(2) BC = 3 cm
(3) CA = 3 cm

Table for calculation of ‘h’

S.N Initial No. of Final Addition h=n Mean


o reading complet reading al C.S x “h”
of the C.S. e of the div. pitch
on the rotation c.s on moved + m
convex s the x
lens glass L.C
(a) (n) slab
1 62 0 6.5 55.5 0.55 0.577
5 5
2 64 0 4 60 0.6

To measure focal length f‘ of convex lens

Distance of needle tip


from
Area S.N Tip of the Upper Mean Focal
between o upper surface surface x= lengt
lens and of the convex of the x1 + x2 h
plane lens plane 2

mirror X1 mirror
X2
Without 1 30.5 31 30.75 f1=
liquid 2 36.7 37.2 36.95 33.8
5
With 1 31.4 31.8 31.6 f2=3
water 2 37.5 38.1 37.8 4.7
With oil 1 9.4 9.6 9.5 f3=1
2 10.4 10,6 10.5 0
CALCULATIONS
Mean distance between two legs
AB + BC +CA
l=
3 =3 cm

Mean h = 0.7557 cm
To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:
l2 + h =2.27366 cm
R=
6h 2

Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil


1) With water between the convex lens and the plane
mirror:

R 2.27366
μ =1+ =1+ =1.06552
1
f2 34.7

2) With oil between the convex lens and the plane


mirror

R 2.27366
μ =1+ =1+ =1.22736
2
f3 10
r
Result
The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.06552
The refractive index of oil is µ2 = 1.22736

Precautions

(i) The screw of the spherometer should be moved in


one direction only to avoid backlash error.

(ii) The screw should be moved just to touch the


surface of the convex lens or the glass slab.

(iii) The parallax should be removed properly.

(iv) The lens and the plane mirror should be properly


cleaned.

(v) The convex lens of large focal length should be


used.

(vi) The spherometer reading should be taken first on


the surface of the convex lens and then on the
glass slab.
SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.


2. The parallax may not be fully removed.
3. The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical
on the surface of the convex lens.
4. The tip of the central screw should not just touch
the surface of lens or mirror.

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