MODULE -1

CONTENTS
Serial No Topic Page No
1 Basic Mathematics 01 – 32
(I) Chapter Assignment 20 – 24
(Ii) Chapter Test 25 - 27
(Iii) Answer And Hints 28 – 32

2 Progression And Series 33 – 84

(I) Chapter Assignment 56-61
(Ii) Previous Year Questions 62-71
(Iii) Chapter Test 72-75
(Iv) Answer And Hints 76-84

3 Trigonometric Ratio And 85 – 112

Identities
(I) Chapter Assignment 105-109
(Ii) Previous Year Questions 110-115
(Iii) Chapter Test 116-118
(Iv) Answer And Hints 109-112

4 Trigonometric Equations 123-146

(I) Chapter Assignment 132-135
(Ii) Previous Year Questions 136-138
(Iii) Chapter Test 139-141
(Iv) Answer And Hints 142-146
5 Properties of solution & 147-190
Triangles
(I) Chapter Assignment 170-174
(Ii) Previous Year Questions 175-179
(Iii) Chapter Test 180-182
(Iv) Answer And Hints 183-190

6 Complex Number 191-234

(I) Chapter Assignment 211-215
(Ii) Previous Year Questions 216-225
(Iii) Chapter Test 226-228
(Iv) Answer And Hints 229-234
 1
BASIC MATHEMATICS
1.1. NUMBER SYSTEM

Some important sets of numbers are given below:

1.1. Natural numbers: The numbers 1, 2, 3, ...., are called natural or counting numbers. The set of
natural numbers is denoted by N. i.e. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....}.

1.2. Integers: The numbers 0, ± 1, ± 2, ..., are called integers. The set of integers is denoted by Z or I. i.e.
Z = {..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
The set of positive integers is denoted by Z+ = {1, 2, 3, ...} = N and Z– = {–1, –2, –3, ...}.
It should be noted that 0 is neither positive nor a negative integer. An integer x is positive if x > 0 and
negative if x < 0.
The set {0, 1, 2, ...} is called the set of whole numbers and is written by W.

1.3. Rational numbers: A number of the form p/q where p and q are integers and q  0 is called a
rational number. A set of rational numbers is denoted by Q.
i.e. Q = {p/q : p, q are integers and q  0}
Rational numbers can also be represented as terminating or non-terminating recurring decimals. For
example,
x = 1/3, 5/2, 3, –5, ..., 2.135, 5.123, where 5.123 = 5.1232323 ... are rationals.

1.4. Irrational numbers: The real numbers which are not rational are called irrational numbers.
e.g. 2, 5, 31/5, , e, log2 10 log10 5 etc.

1.5. Real numbers: A number which is either rational or irrational is called a real number. Thus a set
obtained by taking all rational and irrational numbers is called a set of real numbers and it is denoted by
R. Real numbers can also be treated as points on a line (also called the real line).

1.6. Complex numbers: The numbers of the form a + ib where i = (–1) and a, b are real numbers, are
known to be complex numbers.

Sample Problem-1:
Let a, b  odd integers a > b then prove that a2 – b2 is divisible by 8. Can we say a2 – b2 is +ve?

Solution: Let a = 2m + 1 and b = 2n + 1 where m > n, then a2 – b2 = 4 (m + n + 1) (m – n).

Since (m + n + 1) (m – n) is always even so a2 – b2 is divisible by 8.
(a2 – b2) may also be negative.
If a = –1 and b = –3, then a2 – b2 = – 8.

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Sample Problem-2:
In (9990001408)2009 , find digit at the units place.

Solution: Since 81 = 8 83 = 512 85 = 32768

82 = 64 84 = 4096
The units place is 8, 4, 2, 6, 8, 4, 2, 6, ....
so in (9990001408)2009 the units place is same as in (8)2009 which is 8.

Sample Problem-3:
Prove that product of three consecutive numbers is divisible by 6.

Solution: Let n, n + 1 and n + 2 are consecutive number then

n(n + 1) (n + 2) = n3 + 3n2 + n
In 3 consecutive number one is always 3 type so
putting n = 3 we get
n (n + 1) (n + 2) = 27 2 ( + 1) + 6 
Since  ( + 1) is divisible by 2 so above expression is divisible by 6.

Sample Problem-4:
1
4. Remove the irrationality in the denominator
1 2  3

1 1  ( 2  3)
Solution: 
1  2  3 1  ( 2  3)

1  ( 2  3)   [–4  2 6]
 
1  (5  2 6)  [–4  2 6]

42 6 2 2

8

1.2. SOME PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS

Even integers: The integers which are divisible by 2 are called even integers. The set of even
integers is {..., –6, –4, –2, 0, 2, 4, 6, ...}.
Note that 0 (zero) is an even integer. Usually, 2n, where n is any integer represents an even integer.

Odd integers: The integers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd integers.

{..., –5, –3, –1, 1, 3, 5, ...} is the set of all odd integers. Usually an odd integer is taken as 2n + 1, n is
any integer.

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Also note that

(i) (even integer) +, –, × (even integer) always give an even integer.
(ii) (odd integer) +, – (odd integer) give an even integer while (odd integer) × (odd integer) results in
odd integer.
(iii) (even integer) × any natural number is an even integer while (odd integer) × any natural number
is an odd integer.
(iv) 0/0, 0° are not integers. Actually they do not exist.

Prime and composite integers: A positive integer which has no divisors other than 1 and itself called
prime number and others are called composite integers. By convention, unity is neither a prime nor
a composite number. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ... are examples of some primes in ascending order. The
number 2 is the least prime and the only even prime. All other primes are odd. Any composite number
can be represented as a product of primes (called prime factorization). As an example consider 2500 =
22 54 .

Co-prime numbers: The numbers p and q are called co-prime if h.c.f. or g.e.d. of p and q is 1. For
Ex. 2 and 9 are co-prime as h.c.f. of 2 and 9 is 1.

1.3. INTERVAL NOTATIONS

The various intervals are represented as follows:
Closed interval [a, b] = {x : a  x  b}.
Open interval ]a, b[ or (a, b) = {x : a < x < b}, semi closed interval [a, b[ or [a, b) = {x, a  x < b},
which is also called closed on left.
The set of real x such that x  a can be written as [a, [, while the set of x values for which x < b can
be represented as ]–, b[. For example,
{x : x  7} =[7, [, {x : x > – 2} = ]–2, [,
{x : x   5} = ], –5[, etc.

1.3.1. THE SYMBOLS <, >, , 

Let a, b be real numbers. The a < b iff (a – b) is negative and a > b iff a – b is positive.
The symbol a  b (read as a is less than or equal to b) is true when a is less than b or a = b. For Ex.
2  3 and 2  2 both are true. Actually a b should be real as a is not greater than b.
Similarly a  b read as a is greater than or equal to b means a is not less than b.
Note that if a > b then ka > kb iff k is positive. If k is negative than ka < kb. Also a/b > c  a > bc.
It depends on b.
 a/b > c  a > bc if b > 0
a < bc if b < 0.

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1.4. ABSOLUTE VALUE OF REAL NUMBER

The absolute value of a real number x also called the modulus of x is denoted by |x| and is defined as
follows.

 x if x0
|x| = 
 x if x0

Thus |x| = (x 2 ) .

For example.
(i) |5| = 5, |0| = 0, |–5| = –(–5) = 5
(ii) |x – 5| = x – 5 if x  5 and |x – 5| = – (x – 5) = 5 – x, if x < 5.

1.5. PROPERTIES OF ABSOLUTE VALUE

The following absolute properties are very useful in the solution of many problems. For any real
numbers a and b, the following properties holds true
(i) |a|  0 (ii) |a| = |–a| (iii) |a + b|  |a| + |b|

a |a|
(iv) |a – b|  ||a| – |b|| (v) |ab| = |a||b| (vi)  , b  0. (vii) |a2| = a2
b |b|
Important note: We often find students writing.

 f ( x), if x0
|f (x)| = 
 f ( x), if x0

which is quite incorrect. |f (x)| is defined as

 f ( x), if f ( x)  0
|f (x) = 
 f ( x), if f ( x)  0

For example, consider the function

f (x) = x – |x – x2|, –1  x  1.
Now|x – x2| = x – x2, if x – x2  0
i.e. if x (1 – x)  0 i.e. if 0  x  1.
and |x – x2| = – (x – x2) = x2 – x if x – x2 < 0
i.e. if x (1 – x) < 0 i.e. if x < 0 or x > 1.
i.e. if – 1  x < 0, taking x values from the given domain –1  x  1.
Hence, we have

 x  (x  x2 )  x2, if 0  x 1
f (x) =  2 2
 x  ( x  x)  2 x  x , if 1  x  0

Simplify : f (x) = |x –1| + |x + 2|.

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x – 1  0 when x  1 and x –1 < 0 when x < 1. Thus change point for |x –1| is x = . Similarly change
point for |x + 2| is –2. Now, –2 and 1 divide the number line in three parts:
x < –2, –2  x < 1, x  1.
when x < – 2, x + 2 < 0, x – 1 < 0 so
|x + 2| = – (x + 2) and |x – 1| = – (x –1).
 f (x) = – x – 2 – x + 1 = –2x –1 for x < –2.
when –2  x < 1, x + 2  0, x – 1 < 0 so
|x + 2| = x + 2 and |x – 1| = – (x –1) and so f (x) = x + 2 – x + 1 = 3.
Finally for x  1, x + 2 > 0, x – 1  0 so f (x) = x + 2 + x – 1 = 2x + 1.

 2 x  1 : x  2

Hence f (x) = |x – 1| + |x + 2| =  3 :  2  x 1
 2x 1 : x 1


OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-1.1 TO 1.5:

1. If x  R , then | x + 1| < 2 and | x – 2| > 3.5 are together equivalent to

(a) –3 < x < –1 (b) –3 < x < – 1.5 (c) –1 < x < 1 (d) x < –3 or x > 3.5
Hint (b): |x + 1| < 2
 –2 < x + 1 < 2  –3 < x < – 1
Again, |x –2| > 3.5, x  (–, –1.5)  (5.5, )

| x + 3| + x
2. If > 1 then x lies in
x + 2

(a) (–5, ) (b) (–5, –1)  (–1, )

(c) (–5, –2)  (–1, ) (d) none of these

| x  3| x  x  2
Hint (b): 0
x2

| x  3 | 2
  0 , its roots are –2, –1 and–5
x2

 x  (–5, –2)  (–1, )

3. Solution of |2x –3| < |x + 2| is

 1 1   1
(a)  ,  (b)  ,5  (c) (5, ) (d)  ,   (5, )
 3 3   3

 3 3
Hint (b): Make 3 cases, x  –2, x   2,  and x 
 2 2

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1
4. Solution of 0 < |3x + 1| < is
3

 4 2  4 2
(a)   ,  (b)   9 ,  9 
 9 9

 4 2   1  4 2  1
(c)   ,      (d)   9 ,  9    3 
 9 9   3

2 4
Hint (c): Let 3x + 1 > 0  x < – and 3x + 1 < 0  x > 
9 9

But at x = –1/3, 3x + 1 = 0

1
5. Solution of x   4 is
x

(a) (2 – 3,2+ 3 )  (–2 – 3 , –2 + 3) (b) R –(2 – 3,2+ 3)

(c) R – (–2 – 3 , –2 + 3) (d) none of these

1
Hint (a): Case 1: x + < 4  x  (–, 0)  (2  3,2  3)
x

1
Case 2: x + > – 4  x  (2  3,  2  3)  (0, )
x

6. Solution of |x –1| + |x –2| + |x –3| 6 is

(a) [0, 4] (b) (–, –2)  [4, ) (c) (–, 0]  [4, ) (d) none of these
Hint (c): Make cases x  1, x  [1, 2]
x  [2, 3] and x  3 and solve.
 1
7. The solution set of the inequation  in which x lies, is
1 | x | 3
(a) (–, –2) (b) (–2, 2) (c) (2, ) (d) (–, )
Hint (b): Since 1 + |x| > 0, so cross multiply and solve.

|x| 1
8. If 1   , then the largest interval in which x lies, is
1 | x | 3

(a) –2  x  –1 (b) –1 < x  1 (c) –2  x  2 (d) 1  x  3

Hint (c): Simplify inside mod and solve.

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9. The solution set of the inequality | x | < | x – 1| is

(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, ) (c) (–, 1/2) (d) (1/2, 0)  (0, )
Hint (c): Make three cases x  0, x  (0, 1) and x  1, then solve.

x x2
10. The equation |x| + = will always true for x belongs to
x- 1 | x - 1|

(a) (1, )  {0} (b) (1, ) (c) (–1, 1) (d) (– , )

Hint (a): Use |x| + |y| = |xy|
if and only if x and y are of same sign.

1.6. THE SOLUTION OF (x – a) (x – b) > 0

Let (x – a) (x –b) > 0, a < b, a, b  R.
Then there arises two cases:
Case I: x – a > 0 and x – b > 0, so x > a and x > b i.e. x > b.
Case II: x – a < 0 and x – b < 0, so x < a and x < b i.e. x < a.
combining these facts we get x < a or x > b.
If we consider weak inequality (x – a) (x – b)  0 then in the same fashion we have x  a or x  b.
Similarly, the solution of (x – a) (x – b) < 0, a < b, will be found to be a < x < b.
And for (x – a) (x – b)  0, we have a  x  b.
Thus for a < b
(x – a) (x – b) < 0  a < x < b, (x – a) (x – b) > 0  x < a or x > b.
Aliter: Consider f (x) = (x – a) (x – b), a < b.
Then put the change points a and b on the real line.
a and b divide the real line in three parts x < a, a < x < b and x > b.
Start with +ve sign (+) for extreme right and then alternately –, +, –, ...,
Thus
(x – a) (x – b) > 0  x < a or x > b and (x – a) (x – b) < 0  a < x < b.
Also (x – a) (x – b)  0  x  a or x  b, and (x – a) (x – b)  0  a  x  b.
Similarly for positive a
x2 < a2  – a < x < a and x2 > a2  x < – a or x > a.
Also |x| < a  – a < x < a and |x| > a  x < – a or x > a.

Sample Problem-5:
Solve the in equation

( x  1)( x  2)
( x  3)( x  4) < 0.

( x  1)( x  2)
Solution: Let f (x) =
( x  3)( x  4) . Then change points are –3, 1, 2 and 4. Then

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This shown that

( x  1)( x  2)
f (x) = ( x  3)( x  4) < 0  –3 < x < 1 or 2 < x < 4.

Also f (x) > 0  x < –3 or 1 < x < 2 or x > 4

1.7. EQUATION AND IDENTITY

It two functions of unknown x are connected by equality sign, e.g. f (x) = g (x), then it is called an
equation if it holds for some values of x in the domain of definition and an identity if it holds for all
values of x in the domain of definition. For Ex. x2 + x – 2 = 0 is an equation as it is satisfied only by x
= –2 and 1, on the other hand (x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1 is an identity as
L.H.S. = R.H.S. for all values of x.
If there exists no x which satisfy an equation, equation is called inconsistent. An an example,
x + 2 = x + 3 is an inconsistent equation.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-1.6 TO 1.7:

(2 x - 1)( x - 1) 2 ( x - 2)3
1. If > 0 then x lies in
( x - 4) 4

(a) (–, 4) (b) (–, ½)  (2, ) – {4}

æ1 ö
(c) ççç , 2÷
÷ (d) none of these
è 2 ø÷

Hint (b): The wavy curve is

( x - 2)(1 - x)( x - 3)3 ( x - 4) 2

2. If  0 then x lies in
( x + 1)

(a) (–1, 1]  [3, ) (b) (–1, 3] (c) (–, –1)  [2, 3] (d) none of these
Hint (d): The wavy curve is
– + – + – –
–1 1 2 3 4

x2 + 2x + 3
3. The interval in which is positive is
x2 - 3x + 2

(a) (–, 2) (b) (–, 1) (2, ) (c) (–1, ) (d) none of these
Hint (b): The wavy curve is
+ – +
1 2

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x2
4. The complete set of values of x which satisfy the inequations: 5x + 2 < 3x + 8 and  4 is
x 1

(a) (–, 1) (b) (2, 3) (c) (–, 3) (d) (–, 1) (2, 3)

Hint (d): 5x + 2 < 3x + 8  x < 3

x2 ( x  2)
and 4  0
x 1 ( x  1)

5. Solution of (5x –1) < (x + 1)2 < (7x –3) is

(a) (1, 4) (b) [2, 4] (c) (2, 4) (d) (–, 1)  (2, )

Hint (c): Solve three inequalities.

1
6. The solution set of the equation  2 is
( x  3)
(a)  (b) [–3.5, –3)
(c) (– , –3) (d) (– , –3.5)  (–3, )

1
Hint (b): 20
x3

2x  7 + – +
 0
x3 –7/2 –3

( x 2  3)( x  1) 4
7. If  0 then x
( x  1)

(a) (–1, ) (b) R (c) (–1, ) – {1} (d) (–1, ) – {1, –8}

– + +
Hint (a): The wavy curve is
–1 1

| x  1| ( x  3) 2
8. If  0 , then x
( x  2) 6

(a) [3, ) (b) (–1, 3) (c) [–1, 3] (d) none of these

+ + + +
Hint (d): The wavy curve is
–2 –1 3

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x 3 ( x  1) 23 ( x  2)333
9. If 0
888( x  3) ( x  33) 2 ( x  333) 4

(a) (–33, –3)  (–2, –1)  (0, ) (b) (–333, –33)  (–3, –2)  (–1, 0)
(c) (–2, 0) (d) (–3, –2)  (–1, 0)

+ + + – + – +
Hint (d): The wavy curve is –3 –2
–333 –33 –1 0

(2 x  1) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2)3
10. If  0 then x lies in
( x  4) 4

(a) (–, 4) (b) (–, ½)  (2, ) – {4}

1 
(c)  , 2 (d) none of these
2 

+ – – + +
Hint (b): Make the wavy curve 2
1/2 1 4

1.8. SETS

1.8.1. A Set is a well defined collection of distinct objects.

Each object is called an element of the set.
If ‘a’ is an element of set ‘A’ then we write a  A (a belongs to A)

Sample Problem-6:
Write the set {x : x is a positive integer and x2 < 40} in the roster form.
Solution: The required numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. So, the given set in the roster form is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

Sample Problem-7:
1 2 3 4 5 6 
Write the set  , , , , ,  in the set-builder form.
2 3 4 5 6 7
Solution: We see that each member in the given set has the numerator one less than the denominator. Also,
the numerator begin from 1 and do not exceed 6. Hence, in the set-builder form the given set is
 n 
x : x  , where n is a natura number and 1  n  6
 n  1 

1.8.2. Representation of a set

(a) Roster Form: In this form elements are written in curly brackets and repeated elements are
dropped out. e.g., {a, b, c}.
(b) Set builder Form: In this form an element ‘x’ is written with a specific property. e.g., {x : x is an
even natural number < 20}.

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1.8.3. Null Set or Empty Set : A set containing no elements is called an empty set. It is denoted by ‘’ or
{}.

1.8.4. Singleton Set: Set containing one element is called a singleton set e.g., {1}, {a}.

1.8.5. Finite Set : A set is called a finite set if it contains no element or its elements can be counted till a
certain natural number n.
e.g., {2, 4, 3, 5}; {a, b, c, d, e, f }.

1.8.6. Cardinal Number of a Finite Set: The number of elements belonging to a finite set A is called
cardinal number of that set and is denoted by n(A). e.g., cardinal number for set {2, 3, 4, 5} is 4.

1.8.7. Infinite Set: A set, whose element can not be counted upto any natural number n, is called an infinite
set e.g.,{2, 4, 6, 8, ........}.

1.8.8. Equivalent Sets: Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent if they have same number of
elements i.e., their cardinal numbers are same, e.g., {3, 5, 7} and {a, b, c} are equivalent sets.

1.8.9. Equal Sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal if all the elements of set A are in set B and all the
elements of set B are in set A. We can also define sets A and B to be equal if
(i) they are equivalent sets (ii) have the same elements.
e.g., {1, 2, 3} and {3, 1, 2} are equal sets.

1.8.10. Subset: Set A is said to be a subset of set B if all the elements of set A are in B and we write it as
A  B. Also have if a  A then a  B.
e.g., {1, 2, 3, 4} is a subset of a set of natural numbers.
Note: Null set and the set itself are always subsets of a given set.

1.8.11. Proper Subset: Set A is said to be a proper subset of B if all the elements of set A are in set B but
their is at least one element in set B which is not in set A and we write as A  B. e.g., {a, b, c} is a
proper subset of {a, b, c, d}.
We can also write B  A i.e., set B is called super set of set A.

1.812. Power Set: A set of all the subsets of given set is called its power set. If a set contains n elements
then the number of elements in the power set will be 2n.

1.8.13. Universal Set: A set which contains all the sets and elements under consideration is called universal
set e.g., set of students in a school. School acts as a universal set for set of students in L.K.G., U.K.G.,
I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII classes.

1.8.14. Venn Diagrams: Sets are also represented by using diagrams known as Venn diagrams. A circle or
ellipse represents a set and a rectangle represents a universal set.

1.8.15. Operations on Sets

(a) Union of Sets: Union of two given sets A and B is the set of all the elements which either belong
to set A or to set B or to both. We represent union as A  B.

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 A  B = {x : x A or B or both}

(b) Intersection of Sets: Intersection of two given sets A and B is the set of all the elements common
to both A and B. We represent intersection of set A and set B as A  B.
 A  B = {x : x  A and B}.

(c) Disjoint Sets: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if they have no common elements or their
intersection is a null set. i.e., A  B = .

(d) Difference of Sets: Let A and B be two given sets. Then the difference of set A and set B,
denoted as A –B, is a set of all the elements which belong to set A but not to set B. i.e., A – B = {x
: x A and x  B}.

(e) Symmetric Difference of Two Sets: Given two sets A and B then symmetric difference of two
sets is a set of elements which belongs to A or B but are not common to both the sets. It is denoted
by A B.
 AB = (A – B)  (B – A).

(f ) Complement of a set : Given a universal set U and a set A, then complement of set A is the set

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of all the elements which do not belong to A. It is denoted by A or AC or A or U – A.

 A = {x : x  A}

1.8.16. Algebra of Sets

(a) Idempotent law
(i) AA=A (ii) A  A = A
(b) Identity law
(i) A=A (ii) U  A = A
(c) Commutative law
(i) AB=BA (ii) A  B = B  A
(d) Associative law
(i) (A  B)  C = A  (B  C) (ii) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C
(e) Distributive law
(i) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A C) (ii) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
(f ) De-Morgan’s law
(i) (A  B) = A  B (ii) (A  B) = A  B.

1.8.17. Results on cardinal numbers (number of elements in a set) of finite sets.

(i) n(A  B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A  B)
(ii) n(A  B) = n (A) + n (B), if A and B are disjoint.
(iii) n(A – B) = n(A) – n (A  B).

(iv) n(A  B) = n(A – B) + n (B – A) + n (A  B).

(v) n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n (B) + n (C) – n (A  B) – n (B  C) – n (C  A) + n (A  B  C).
(vi) n (A B) = n {(A  B)} = n(U) – n (A  B).
(vii) n (A B) = n {(A  B)} = n(U) – n (A  B).

Sample Problem-8:
Which of the following pairs of sets are equal? Justify your answer.
(i) X, the set of letters in “ALLOY” and B, the set of letters in “LOYAL”.
(ii) A = {n : n  Z and n2  4} and B = {x : x R and x2 – 3x + 2 = 0}.
Solution: (i) We have, X = {A, L, L, O, Y}, B = {L, O, Y, A, L}. Then X and B are equal sets as repetition
of elements in a set do not change a set. Thus, X = {A, L, O, Y} = B
(ii) A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {1, 2}. Since 0  A and 0  B, A and B are not equal sets.

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Sample Problem-9:
Are the following pair of sets equal ? Give reason.
(i) A = {2, 3}, B = {x : x is a solution of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0}
(ii) A = {x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}
B = {y : y is a letter in the word WOLF}.
Solution: We have,
(i) A = {2, 3}, B = {x : x is a solution of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0}
Now, x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
 x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = 0
 x (x + 3) + 2 (x + 3) = 0
 (x + 3) (x + 2) = 0  x = – 2, – 3
Therefore, B = {–2, –3}
Here, we observe that the elements of set A are not exactly the same to that of set B, hence A and
B are not equal sets.
(ii) We have, A = {x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}
 A = {F, O, L, W}
And B = {x : x is a letter in the word WOLF}
 B = {W, O, L, F}
Here, we observe that the elements of both sets are exactly same, hence the sets are equal.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-1.8:
1. In a survey it was found that 21 people liked product A, 26 liked product B and 29 liked product C. If 14
people liked products A and B, 12 people liked products C and A, 14 people liked products B and C and
8 liked all the three products. How many liked product C only?
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 10
Hint (a): n(A) = 21 n(A  B) = 14 n (A  B  C) = 8
n(B) = 26 n(A  C) = 12
n(C) = 29 n(B  C) = 14
n (only C) = n (C) – n(A  C) – n (B  C) + n (A  B  C)
= 29 – 12 – 14 + 8 = 11

2. In a group of students, 100 students know Hindi, 50 know English and 25 know both. Each of the
students knows either Hindi or English. How many students are there in the group?
(a) 100 (b) 115 (c) 110 (d) 125

Hint (d): n (A  B) = 100 + 50 – 25 = 125

3. Let A and B be sets. If A  X = B  X = f and A  X = B  X for some set X, then

(a) A = B. (b) A B (c) A = A (A X) (d) None of these
Hint (a): Prove that A = B = (A  B)  (A  X)

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4. Let A, B, and C be the sets such that A  B = A  C and A  B = A  C then

(a) B C (b) B = C (c) B = B (B C) (d) None of these
Hint (b): We can prove
B = (B  C) C and C = (B C)  (A  C)

5. If A  B and B  C , then
(a) A  C (b) A C (c) A C (d) None of these
Hint (a): All the elements of A will be inside B and inside C also as B is subset of C.

6. If A  B and x  B , then
(a) A  C (b) x  B (c) x  A (d) None of these
Hint (c): Since all the elements of A are inside B so x  A.

7. If X and Y are two sets such that n ( X ) = 17, n ( Y ) = 23 and n ( X  Y ) = 38, then n ( X  Y )
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
Hint (a): n (X Y) = 17 + 23 – 38 = 2

8. If X and Y are two sets such that X  Y has 18 elements, X has 8 elements and Y has 15 elements ;
how many elements does X  Y have?
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Hint (d): n(X Y) = 8 + 15 – 18 = 5

9. In a group of 70 people, 37 like coffee, 52 like tea and each person likes at least one of the two drinks.
How many people like both coffee and tea?
(a) 29 (b) 22 (c) 25 (d) 19
Hint (d): 37 + 52 – 70 = 19

10. In a group of 65 people, 40 like cricket, 10 like both cricket and tennis. How many like tennis only and
not cricket?
(a) 25 (b) 20 (c) 15 (d) 30
Hint (a): n (C  T) = n(C) + (n (T) – n(C T)
n(T) = 65 – 40 + 10 = 35
n (T only) = 35 – 10 = 25

1.9. LOGARITHMS

1.9.1. If ‘a’ ( 1) is a positive real number and x is a rational number such that ax = t, then we say that x is
logarithm of t to the base ‘a’ and we write it as loga t = x.
Thus ax = t  loga t = x.
e.g., 23 = 8  log2 8 = 3; log10 100 = 2  102 = 100

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1.9.2. Laws of logarithm

(a) If m and n are positive rational numbers, then loga (mn) = loga m + logan.
This result can be generalized to the multiplication of n numbers.
m
(b) If m and n are positive rational numbers, then loga   = logam – logan.
n
(c) If m and n are positive rational numbers, then loga (mn) = n logam.
(d) loga 1 = 0 as a0 = 1 i.e., logarithm of 1 to any, non zero, base is zero.
(e) loga a = 1 as a1 = a i.e., logarithm of a non zero number to the same base is always 1.
(f) If m is a positive rational number and ‘a’ and ‘b’ are positive real numbers (a  1, b  1), then
log b m 1
(i) loga m = (ii) loga m = .
log b a log m a
(g) logb x > y
 x > by (if b > 1)
 x < by (if 0 < b < 1)
(h) logb a = logby (ay)

Sample Problem-10:
Show that : 2 log (8/45) + 3 log (25/8)  4 log (5/6) = log 2.

 8   25  5
Solution: 2log    3log    4log  
 45   8  6

82 (25)3 (6) 4
 log  
45  45 (8)3 (5) 4
= log 2.

Sample Problem-11:

log a N
Prove that = 1 + logab & indicate the permissible values of the letters.
log ab N

Solution: Permissible values are

N > 0, a  (0, 1)  (1, )
and ab  (0, 1)  (1, )
b  (0, 1)  (1, )

Sample Problem-12:
(a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the logarithm
is 7.

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34.56
Solution: (a) log103.456 = log10  log 34.56  1
10
= 1.5386 – 1 = 0.5386.
log10 0.3456 = 1.5386 – 2 = – 0.4614
log10 0.003456 = log10 34.56 – 4
= 1.5386 – 4 = –2.4614
(b) log7x = 3  x = 73
so numbers will be (74 – 73).

Sample Problem-13:
(a) If log10 (x2  12x + 36) = 2
(b) 91+logx  31+logx  210 = 0 ; where base of log is 3.
Solution: (a) log10(x2 – 12 x + 36) = 2
 x2 – 12x + 36 = 100
 x2 – 12x – 64 = 0
 x2 – 16x + 4x – 64 = 0
 (x – 16) (x + 4) = 0
 x = 16, x = – 4.
(b) 91 + log x – 31 + log x – 210 = 0
 9x2 – 3x – 210 = 0
 3x2 – x – 70 = 0
 (3x + 14) (x – 5) = 0
x=5

Sample Problem-14:

Simplify : log1/3 4 729 . 3 9 1 . 27  4/3

Solution: log1/3 4 729 . 3 9 1 . 27  4/3

= log1/3 (36 . 3–2/3. 3–4/3)1/4

= log1/3 3 = –1.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS- 1.9:

1 1 1
1. + +
log bc
abc log ca
abc log ab
abc has the value equal to

(a) 1/21 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) none of these

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1 1
Hint (b): log  log abc bc   log abc ac
bc
abc log ac
abc

1
 log abc ab
log ab
abc

Adding we get log abc abc  1

1 1
2. If log (x + y) = log 2 + log x + log y, then
2 2
(a) x + y = 0 (b) xy = 1 (c) x2 + xy + y2 = 0 (d) x – y = 0

Hint (d): log (x + y) = log 2 xy

(x + y)2 = 4xy  (x – y)2 = 0  x = y

1 x 
3. If f ( x )  ln   , then
 1 x 

(a) f ( x1 ). f ( x2 )  f ( x1  x2 ) (b) f ( x  2)  2 f ( x  1)  f ( x)  0

 x x 
(c) f ( x)  f ( x  1)  f ( x 2  x ) (d) f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  f  1 2 
 1  x1 x2 

 1  x1  1  x2   1  x1  x2  x1 x2   x1  x2 
Hint (d): f (x1) + f (x2) = log  1  x  1  x  = log  1  x x  x  x  = f  1  x x 
 1  2   1 2 1 2   1 2 

4. log10 tan1  log10 tan 2  ...  log10 tan 89 is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 27 (d) 81
Hint (a): log10 tan 1° tan 2° ..... tan 89°
= log10 1 = 0

log x log y log z

5. If   , then xa y b z c is equal to
b c c  a a b
(a) xyz (b) abc (c) 0 (d) 1
Hint (d): x = 10b –c, y = 10c – a and z = 10a – b
xa ybzc = 10a(b – c) + b(c –a) + c (a – b) = 1
6. If log 0.3 ( x  1)  log 0.09 ( x  1) then x lies in the interval
(a) (–, 1) (b) (1, 2) (c) (2, ) (d) none of these
Hint (b): log0.3 (x –1) > log(0.3)2(x –1)
 (x –1) < x 1
 (x – 1) (x –2) < 0  x  (1, 2)

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7. The solution of the equation log 7 log 5 ( x  5  x )  0 is

(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

Hint (a): log7 log5 ( x  5  x ) = 0

 ( x  5  x)  5

 x = 4 is solution.
8. The number of solution of log 4 ( x  1)  log 2 ( x  3) is
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
Hint (b): log4 (x –1) = log2(x –3)
 (x –1) = (x –3)2  x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
x = 2 and x = 5 (But x = 2 gives (x – 3) negative)

9. If log5 (x + 23) – 2 log5 (1 – 5x –3) = – 2 log5(0.2 – 5x –4), then x is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Hint (b): log5(x + 23) – 2 log5(1 – 5x –3) = –2log5(0.2 – 5x – 4)
 x = 2 is answer

10. If log102, log10 (2x + 1), log10 (2x + 3) are in AP, then

1
(a) x = 0 (b) x = 2 (c) x = log102 (d) x log25
2
Hint (d): 2log10 (2x + 1) = log10 2 + log10(2x + 3)

1
 (2x + 1)2 = 2(2x + 3) x = log 2 5
2

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 CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. The solution set of the inequation log x  3 ( x  1)  2 is

(a) (3, 5) (b) (3, 4)  (5, ) (c) (3, ) (d) (3, 5)  (5, )

x 2
2. The solution set of the inequality ln    0 is
 x3

(a) (2, ) (b) (–, 2) (c) (3, ) (d) (–, )

| x  1|
3. For  1 , x lies in the interval
( x  2)

    
(a)  2,   (b)   ,  1
 2  2 

 1  1 
(c)   1,   (d) (, 2)    ,  
 2  2 

 3x  1 
4. The solution set of the inequation log1/ 3    1 is
 x2 

1 5 5 
(a)  ,  (b) (, 2)   ,  
3 8 8 

 5  1 5 
(c)  2,  (d)  ,    ,  
 8  3  8 

12
5. The solution set of the inequation log x  2 is
1  4x

 1 1 1 1 1  1 
(a)  0,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d)   , 0
 4 6 4 4 2  2 

6. The solution set of the inequation logx (2x + 3) > 2, is

 3 
(a)   ,3  (b) (–1, 3) (c) (0, 3) (d) (1, 3)
 2 

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7. The set of real values of x for which log 2x + 3x2 < log2x + 3(2x + 3) is

 3   3   3 
(a)   2 ,  1 (b) [–1, 3] (c)   ,  1  (–1, 3) (d)
 2 
  ,3 
 2 

8. The solution set of the inequality log  

( x 2  3 x  2)  2 is
sin  
 3

1   5 1   5
(a)  , 2
2 
(b) 1, 
 2
(c)  2 ,1   2, 2  (d) none of these

3 
9. For log3(x2 –2) < log3  | x | 1 , x must lie in the interval
2 

(a) (2,  2) (b) (  2,2)

(c) (  2,  1) (d) (2,  2)  ( 2,2)

 x 2
10. The solution set of the inequality    1 , is
 x 1 

 1 1 
(a)  0,  (b)  , 2
 2 2 

 1
(c) (2, ) (d) (–, –1)   1, 
 2

1
11. The solution set of the inequation  3  1 consists of all x such that
x

1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2 < x < 4 (b) x (c)  x (d)  x 1
4 2 3 4 2

12. The solution set of the inequality (1  3x ) 2  2 , is

(a) [–1, 0] (b) [–1/3, 1] (c) [–1, 1] (d) [–3, 1]

13. The solution set of the inequation | 2x + 3 |  4x, is

 3  1 3
(a)  ,  (b)   2 , 2  (c) [3/2, ) (d) (–, )
 2

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 Basic Mathematics

14. The solution set of the inequality | x + 2 | + | x – 3| > 5, is

(a) (– 2, 3) (b) (–3, 2) (c) (–, ) (d) (–, –2)  (3, )

15. The solution set of the inequality | 1 – 3x | – | x + 2 |  2 is

 3  3 1  3 5 5 
(a)  ,   (b)   4 , (c)   4 , (d)  2 ,  
 4 4  2 

SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

x 2  3x  2
16. For x,  0 , the values of x satisfying this equation are
( x 2  1)

(a) (–1, 2) (b) (–1, 2) – {1} (c) (–1, 1) (d) none of these

( x  1) ( x  2) 2 ( x  3)3
17. If  0 then values of x satisfying this equation are
( x  4) 2 ( x  5)6

(a) (–, 1)  (3, 4) (b) (–, 1)  (4, 5)

(c) (–, 1)  (3, ) – {4} (d) none of these

( x  1) ( x  2) 2
18. The value of x for which  0 are inside or equal to
( x  1)3 ( x  3) 2

(a) [–1, 1] (b) (–1, 1] (c) (–1, 1) (d) none of these

19. If | x – 1 | + 2  4 then x lies inside or is equal to

(a) [3, ) (b) [–5, 7] (c) [–1, 3] (d) [–2, 4]

20. If | x – 1| + | x – 2 |  4 then x contains the intervals

 1  7   1  7 
(a)  ,  (b)  2 ,   (c)  ,  (d)  2 ,  
 2  2

21. If log0.5(x –2) < log0.25 (x –2), then values of x will be

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 2

 2  x
22. If log5  6    log1/5 1    1 , then values of x will be
 x  10 

(a) 1/2 (b) 1/4 (c) 4 (d) 5

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Basic Mathematics

23. For what values of x, log3(x2 + 10) > log3 7x

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

24. For a > 0, the values of x satisfying the equation 2 logx a + logax a + 3log a 2 x a  0 are,
(a) a–4/3 (b) a–1/2 (c) a–5/6 (d) a–2

25. The solutions for the equation log 2 sin x

(1  cos x)  2 is/are

   3
(a) (b) (c)  (d)
4 3 3 4

SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Comprehension-1
If A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21}, B = { 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 },
C = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 }, D = {5, 10, 15, 20 }; then

26. A – B = ?
(a) {3, 6, 9, 15, 18, 21} (b) {3, 9, 15, 18, 21} (c) {3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21 (d) {4, 8, 16, 20}

27. A – C = ?
(a) {3, 6, 9, 15, 18, 21} (b) {3, 9, 15, 18, 21} (c) {3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21 (d) {4, 8, 16, 20}

28. A – D = ?
(a) {3, 6, 9, 15, 18, 21} (b) {3, 9, 15, 18, 21} (c) {3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21} (d) {4, 8, 16, 20}

Comprehension-2
If A = {x : x is a natural number }, B = {x : x is an even natural number}, C = {x : x is an odd natural
number}and D = {x : x is a prime number }, then

29. A  B = ?
(a) B (b) C (c) D (d) 

30. A  C = ?
(a) B (b) C (c) D (d) 

31. A  D = ?
(a) B (b) C (c) D (d) 

SECTION- IV: MATRIX MATCH TYPE

32. A. logx+1 (x² + x  6)2 =4 (p) x = 2
B. x + log10(1 + 2x) = x . log105 + log106. (q) x = 1
C. 5logx – 3logx-1 = 3logx+1 – 5logx-1, (r) x=5
where the base of logarithm is 10.

1  log 2 ( x  4)
D. log ( x  3  x  3) = 1 (s) x = 100
2

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 Basic Mathematics

33. A. x2 – 2x + 5  0 (p) 
B. –x2 + 4x – 3  0 (q) (1, 2)
C. x2 – 4x + 3  0 (r) (– )
D. x2 + 4x + 5  0 (s) (–, 1)

SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

34. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different
from 1, such that 2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc. Find the largest possible value of logab.
1
 2 3 
35. Find the value of the expression  6
 6 .
 log 4 (2000) log5 (2000) 

36. Find the value of 7 log 35 3log 5 7 5log 3 7 7 log 5 3

5log
4 2
3 6 6log8  3 2 
37. Find the value of 4
1 3
log 9 log 6 3
81 5
3  2

38. Simplify :
409
.

 
7
log 25 7
 125 
log 25 6



log 2 24 log 2 192

39. Find the value of log 2  log 2 .
96 12

log10 ( x  3) 1

40. Solve for x , log x 2  21 2
10  
41. loga(x) = x where a = x log 4 x . find the value of x.
42. (1/12) (log10 x)2 = (1/3) – (1/4) (log10 x), then how many of values of x satisfy this equation.
43. xlogx+4 = 32, (where base of logarithm is 2). Find the value of x.

SECTION- VI: PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1 1
44. The value of (log 9)2 ) log 2 (log 2 9)  ( 7 ) log 4 7 is ..... (JEE-Advance)
2

45. Two sets A and B are as under :

A = {(a, b)  R × R : |a – 5| < 1 and |b – 5| < 1};
B = {(a, b)  R × R : 4(a – 6)2 + 9(b – 5)2  36}. Then (JEE-Mains)
(a) neither A  B nor B  A (b) BA
(c) A  B (d) A  B =  (an empty set)

46. Let S = {x  R : x  0 and 2|x – 3| + x ( x  6) + 6 = 0}. Then S (JEE-Mains)

(a) contains exactly four elements (b) is an empty set

(c) contains exactly one element (d) contains exactly two elements

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 CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.

( x  1)( x 2  3)
1. If  0 then x
( x  5)

(a) (–5, 3) (b) (–5, –3)  (1, 3) (c) (0, 3) (d) none of these

( x 2  3)( x  1) 4
2. If  0 then x
( x  1)

(a) (–1, ) (b) R (c) (–1, ) – {1} (d) (–1, ) – {1, –8}

3. The set of all prime no. is

(a) a finite set (b) a singleton set (c) an infinite set (d) none of these

4. If A and B are any two sets, then (A  B) – (A  B) is equal to

(a) A – B (b) B – A (c) (A – B)(B – A) (d) none of these

5. If a = log2412, b = log3624 and c = log4836 then 1 + abc is equal to

(a) 2ab (b) 2ac (c) 2bc (d) 0

SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.

6. log ab – log b =
(a) log a (b) log | a | (c) –log a (d) none of these

log3 135 log3 5

7. Let N =  . Then N is :
log15 3 log405 3

(a) a natural number (b) a prime number (c) a rational number (d) an integer

8. Which of the following when simplified reduces to an integer ?

2
2 log 6 log 32 log5 16  log5 4  1
(a) (b) (c) (d) log1/4  
log12  log 3 log 4 log5 128  16 

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 Basic Mathematics

2
9. 
If a logb x  log a
 5 x b + 6 = 0, where a > 0, b > 0 & ab  1, then the value of x can be equal
to:

(a) 2logb a (b) 3loga b (c) b loga 2 (d) a logb 3

x y
10. Number of ordered pair(s) satisfying simultaneously, the system of equations, 2 = 256 &
log10 xy  log10 1.5 = 1, is :

(a) zero (b) exactly one (c) exactly two (d) more than two

SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.

Using the information |x|+ |y| = |x + y| when even x and y are of same sign, solve the following
equations.

11. The values of x satisfying the inequality |x – 1| + |x| = |2x –1| are
(a) (–, 0]  [1, ) (b) (–, 0)  (1/2, ) (c) (–, 0)  (1/4, ) (d) none of these

12. The values of x satisfying the inequality |ex(x –1)| + |ex| = |x|ex are

1 
(a)  ,  (b) [1, ) (c) (–, 0) (d) none of these
2 

x x2
13. The solution set of the equation  | x | is
x 1 | x  1|

(a) (0, ) (b) [0, ) (c) (–, 1) (d) none of these

SECTION- IV: MATCHING LIST TYPE

This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.

14. Match the following columns (I) and (II).

Column (I) Column (II)
A. log2(x –2)  4 (p) (2, 3]

 x 1 
B. log 2   1 (q) (0, )
 x2

x
C. log3 0 (r) (–, 0)
x 1

x
D. log1/2 0 (s) [18, )
x 1

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Basic Mathematics

SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.

15. The integral value of x for which 5x –1 < (x+1)2 < 7x – 3, is

16. If log18
12  
and log 54
24  
, then the value of   5(  ) , is

17. The number of real solutions of the equation x2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0, is

18. The number of solution of log4(x –1) = log2(x – 3), is

19. If log10 log 5 [ 2 x  2  3]  0, then find x.

x x
20. Solve for x, 91 + log3 – 31 + log3 – 210 = 0

21. Find the value of 2 log 3 5  5 log 3 2 .

22. log abc

ab  log abc
bc  log abc
ca has the value equal to

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 ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (b,c) 17. (a,b) 18. (a,b) 19. (b,c,d) 20. (c,d)
21. (a,b) 22. (c,d) 23. (a,d) 24. (a,b) 25. (b)
26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. A-(q); B-(q); C-(s); D-(r) 33. A-(r); B-(s); C-(s); D-(p)
34. (2) 35. (6) 36. (0) 37. (9) 38. (1)
39. (3) 40. (5) 41. (2) 42. (2) 43. (2)
44. (8) 45. (c) 46. (d)

Chapter Assignment Hints

1. (b): log(x –3)(x – 1) < 2
 (x – 1) > (x –3)2 if 0 < x – 3 < 1
+ – +
 x2 – 7x + 10 < 0 if 3 < x < 4
2 5
 (x – 5) (x –2) < 0 if 3 < x < 4

x2 1
2. (b): 1  0  x < 3
x 3 x 3

| x  1|  x  2 – + – –
3. (d): 0
( x  2) –2 –1/2 1

 3x  1  1 9x  3  x  2
4. (b):    0
 x2  3 x2

8x  5 + – – +
 0
x2 –2 1/3 5/8

12
5. (b): logx  2
1  4x
Here x be more than 1/4 so.
12 12 1
 x 2   2 0
1  4x 1  4x x

12 x 2  1  4 x
 0
x 2 (1  4 x )
+ – +
(6 x  1)(2 x  1)
 0 0 1/6 1/4
x 2 (4 x  1)

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Basic Mathematics

6. (d): Make two cases if 0 < x < 1 and x > 1

3
7. (c): Case I: If 0 < 2x + 3 < 1 or   x  1 , then x2 – 2x –3 > 0
2
 x < –1 and x > 3

 3 
 x    ,  1
 2 
Similarly case 2 is 2x + 3 > 1 or x > –1

3
8. (c): x2 – 3x + 2 
4

 5
 4x2 – 12x + 5  0  x   , 
2 2
But x2 – 3x + 2 > 0  x < 1 and x > 2

3
9. (d): Use equations x2 – 2 > 0, |x | –1 > 0
2
3
and x2 – 2 > |x| –1.
2

x2 x2
10. (d): Use equations  1 and  1
x 1 x 1

1
11. (b): –1 <  3 1
x

1  2x 1  4x
  0 and  0 , the solution will be intersection.
x x

12. (b): |1 – 3x|  2

 case I: if x  1/3 then 1 – 3x  2

 1 1
x  –1/3 x    , 
 3 3

case II: If x  1/3, –1 + 3x  2

 3x  3  x  1

13. (c): Make two cases 2x + 3  0 and 2x + 3  0

14. (d): If –2 < x < 3

then (x + 2) + (3 – x) > 5
 5 > 5 so solution is outside the set (–2, 3)

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 Basic Mathematics

15. (c): Make three cases

 1 1
x  –2, x  2,  and x  .
 3 3

x 2  3x  2 ( x  1)( x  2)
16. (b,c): 2
0 0
( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1)

x2
  0 and x  1
x 1

17. (a,b): Make the wavy curve and solve.

18. (a,b): Make the wavy curve and solve.

19. (b,c,d): |x – 1|  2
 –2  x –1  2  –1  x  3

20. (c,d): Make the cases

x  1, 1  x  2 and x  2

21. (a,b): (x –2) > (x –2)2

 x2 – 5x + 6 > 0  x > 3

 x  x
22. (c,d): log1/5 1     log 5 1  
 10   10 

 2   10 
The given expression because log 5  6      1
 x   10  x 

23. (a,d): (x2 + 10) > 7x or x2 – 7x + 10 > 0

 x < 2 and x > 5 and x > 0

1 1
24. (a,b): log x a  , log ax a  ,
log a x 1  log a x

1
log a2 x a 
2  log a x

25. (b): (1 + cos x) = ( 2 sin x )2

 (1 + cos x) = 2(1 – cos2x)
 (1 + cos x) (2cos x –1) = 0
1 
 cos x =  x  2n 
2 3

26. (a): A – B = the set of elements of A which are not in B.

= {3, 6, 9, 15, 18, 21}

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Basic Mathematics

27. (b): A – C = The set of elements of A which are not in C.

= {3, 6, 9, 15, 18, 21}

28. (c): A –D = {3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21}

29. (a): A  B = set of natural nos and even nos.

= set of even nos.
=B

30. (b): A  C = odd natural nos = C

31. (c): A  D = The set of prime nos.

= D.

32. A-(q); B-(q); C-(s); D-(r):

A. (x2 + x – 6)2 = (x + 1)4
solving we get x = 1.
B. x = log10 10x and x + log10 (1 + 2x) = log10 10x(1 + 2x)
and x log10 5 + log10 6 = log10(5x × 6)
C. 3log x + 1 = 3.3log x
1 log x
5log x –1 = .5
5
log x 2
 3 3
The equation becomes    
5 5

33. A-(r); B-(s); C-(s); D-(p):

A. x2 – 2x + 5  0
 (x –1)2 + 4  0 x  R
B. – x2 + 4x – 3  0  x2 – 4x + 3  0
 (x –1) (x –3)  0 x  (–, 1]  [3, )
C. x2 – 4x + 3 > 0  x (–, 1)  (3, )
D. x2 + 4x + 5 < 0  (x + 2)2 + 1 < 0
 (x + 2)2 < –1 (not possible) so x .

34. (2): 2(loga c + logbc) = 9 logabc

 log c  log c
2  a  1  9 ab
 log b c  logb c
 1 
2(logab + 1) = 9logabb = 9  log a  1 
 b 

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 Basic Mathematics

9log a b
 2(log a b  1)  (1  log b)
a
2
 2 (1 + logab) = 9 logab  logab = 2

35. (6): 2. log(2000)6 . 4 + 3 log(2000)6 5

1
= log (2000)6 2000 
6
36. (0): 7log3 5  5log 3 7 , 3log5 7  7 log 5 3 so answer is 0.

37. (9): 5log 4 2 (3 – 6)  log 2 (3  6)

6log8 ( 3 – 2)  log 2 ( 3  2)

1
38. (1): log5 9
81  81log9 5  9log9 25  25
3
log 6 3 6 )3
3  3log 3 ( 6 6

39. (3): log296 = (log224 + 2)

log2196 = (3 + log224)
log212 = (log224 –1)

1
40. (5) : log10(x –3) = log10 (x2 –21)
2
(x –3)2 = x2 –21, x = 5

41. (2): logax = x  x = ax

 a = a x log 4 x x log4x = 1 x = 2

42. (2): Put log10x = t, then solve

we get x = 10–4 and x = 10.

43. (2): xlog x + 4 = 32

Put log2x = t then solve.

Chapter Test
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (a,b) 7. (a,b,c,d) 8. (a,d) 9. (b,c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. A-(s); B-(p); C-(q); D-(r)
15. (3) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (1) 19. (3)

20. (5) 21. (0) 22. (4)

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 2
PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES
2.1. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

A sequence of terms is said to be in arithmetic progression (A.P.) when the difference between
any term and its preceeding term is a fixed constant. This constant is called the common difference
(c.d.) of the A.P.
If a is first term and d is the common difference of the A.P., then its nth term tn is given by
tn = a + ( n – 1)d.

n n
The sum Sn of the first n terms of such an A.P. is given by Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d] = [a + l]
2 2
where l is the nth term of the A.P.

2.1.1. Important results on A.P.

(i) If a, b, c are in A.P.and k is a non zero constant then,

(a) a + k, b + k, c + k are in A.P.
(b) ak, bk, ck are in A.P.
(ii) If a1, a2, a3, .... and b1, b2, b3, .... are two A.P’s, then a1 + b1, a2 + b2, a3 + b3 , ... is also
an A.P.
(iii) Three terms in an A.P. may be taken as a – d, a, a + d.
(iv) Four terms in an A.P. may be taken as a – 3d, a – d, a + d , a + 3d.
(v) Arithmetic Mean (A.M.)
(a) If a, A, b are in A.P. then, A is said to be the arithmetic mean of a and b. Thus,

a b
A=
2
(b) If a1, a2, a3, ...., an are n numbers, then the arithmetic mean A of these numbers is given
by

1
A= (a + a2 + a3 + .... + an)
n 1
(c) The n numbers A 1, A2, A3, ...., A n are said to be the n arithmetic means inserted
betweeen a and b, if a, A1, A2, A3, ...., An, b are in A.P.
Let d be the common difference of this A.P.; then,

ba
b = a + (n + 1)d and  d=
n 1
k (b  a )
Ak = a + : k = 1, ...., n
n 1

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 Progressions & Series

Sample Problem-1:
How many terms are there in the A.P. 20, 25, 30, 35, ..... 100 ?

Solution: Let the number of terms be n

 tn = 100, a = 20, d = 5
tn = a + (n – 1)d
100 = 20 + (n – 1)5
80 = (n – 1)5
or 16 = (n – 1)
 n = 17

Sample Problem-2:

If the pth term of an A.P. is q and the qth term is p then find the rth term.

Solution: Let the initial term and common difference of the A.P. be denoted by a and d respectively.
a + (p – 1)d = q ...(i)
a + (q – 1)d = p ...(ii)
Solving (i) & (ii), we get
q– p = (p – q)d
 d = –1
Substituting d = –1 in (i) we get
a =q+p–1
 tr = a + (r – 1)d
= (q + p –1) – r + 1
=p+q –r

Sample Problem-3:

Find the sum of the series 99 + 95 + 91 + 87 + ..... to 20 terms

Solution: The terms of given series are in A.P.

d = –4, a = 99 and n = 20.
20
S20 = [2  99 + (20 – 1) (–4)]
2
= 10 [198 + 19  (–4)]
= 10 (198 – 76) = 1220.

Sample Problem-4:
If S1, S2, S3 be the sum of first n terms of 3 arithmetic progressions, the first term of each being
1 and the common differences being 1, 2 and 3 respectively, then show that : S1 + S3 = 2S2
Solution: Here a = 1, d1 = 1, d2 = 2, d3 = 3
n n
S1 = [2a + (n – 1)d1] = [2  1 + (n – 1)1]
2 2
n
= [1 + n]
2

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n n
S2 = [2a + (n – 1)d2] = [2  1 + (n – 1)2]
2 2
2
=n
n n
S3 = [2a + (n – 1)d3] = [2  1 + (n – 1)3]
2 2

n
= [3n – 1]
2

n
S1 + S 3 = [1 + n + 3n – 1]
2
2
= 2n = 2S2

Sample Problem-5:

Find four terms in A.P. such that their sum is 50 and greatest of them is 4 times the least

Solution: Let the four numbers in A.P. be a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d with d > 0.

(a – 3d) + (a – d) + (a + d) + (a + 3d) = 50
25
 4a = 50 ; a =
2
a + 3d = 4 (a – 3d)
a 5
 d= =
5 2
Hence the four numbers are 5, 10, 15, 20.

Sample Problem-6:

The sum of the n terms of two A.P.’s are in the ratio 5n + 4 : 9n + 6. Find the ratio of their 13th
terms .

Solution: Let a 1, a 2 be the first terms of two A.P.’s and d 1, d2 be their respective common
differences.
n
2
[ 2a1  (n  1)d1 ] 5n  4
n

2
[2 a 2  (n  1)d 2 ] 9 n  6

a1  n21 d 1 5n  4
 n 1
 ...(i)
a2  2
d2 9n  6

a1  12d1
The ratio of the 13th terms = a  12d (which is obtained from (i) with n = 25)
2 2

a1  12d1 129
  .
a2  12d 2 231

Sample Problem-7:
18 21 28
Suppose x, y, z are positive real numbers which are different from 1. If x = y = z , show that
3, 3logy(x), 3logz(y) and 7logx(z) are in A.P.

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 Progressions & Series
18 21 28
Solution: x =y =z ,
18 log x = 21 log y = 28 log z
log x 7
logyx = log y =
6
7
 3 logyx = ...(i)
2
log y 4
logzy = log z =
3
 3 logzy = 4 ...(ii)
log z 9
logxz = log x =
14
9
 7 logxz = ...(iii)
2
1
But the numbers 3, 72 , 4, 92 are in A.P. with common difference =
2
 3, 3 logyx, 3 logzy and 7 logxz are in A.P.

Sample Problem-8:

If a1, a2, a3, ...., an are in A.P., where ai > 0 for all i, show that
1 1 1 n 1
  .......  
a1  a 2 a2  a3 a n1  a n a1  a n

Solution: a1, a2, a3, ...., an are in A.P.

a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = ........ = an – an–1 = d (say)

 ( a 2  a1 )( a 2  a1 ) = ( a 3  a 2 )( a 3  a 2 ) ........

= ( a n  a n 1 )( a n  a n 1 ) = d

1 1 1 a3  a 2 1
  ( a 2  a1 ) 
a 2  a1 d a 3  a 2  d
, ........ a n  a n 1

a n  a n 1
=
d
1 1 1
L.H.S. =  
a1  a2 a2  a3 an 1  an

1
=
d
 a2  a1  a3  a2        a n  an 1 
1
= ( a n  a1 )
d

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Progressions & Series

a n = a1 + (n – 1)d
a n  a1
 d =
n 1
( a n  a1 )
 L.H.S. = ( n  1)
a n  a1
n 1
= a n  a1 = R.H.S .

Sample Problem-9:

Determine the relation between x, y and z if 1, logyx, logzy, –15logxz are in A.P.

Solution: Let d be the common difference of the given A.P.; then,

1+d
logyx = 1 + d  x=y ...(i)
1+2d
logzy = 1 + 2d  y=z ...(ii)
1 3 d
15
–15logxz = 1 + 3d  z= x ...(iii)
Eliminating y & z from (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
( 1 d )( 1 2 d )( 1 3 d )
15
x= x
(1  d )(1  2d )(1  3d )
 1 =
 15
or (1 + d)(1 + 2d)(1 + 3d) + 15 = 0
2
or (d + 2)(6d – d + 8) = 0
 d = –2
The other factors are
–1 –3 1/3
x=y , y=z ,z=x
–1 3
or x = y =z

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-2.1:
1. The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P. with smallest angle and common difference being respectively
120° and 5°. Then number of sides is –
(a) 9 (b) 16 (c) 7 (d) 10
Hint (a): Let the number of sides be n
Then sum of interior angles = (2n – 4) 90°
n
(2n – 4) 90° = [240  (n  1)5]n 2  25n  144  0
2
n = 9, 16
but if n = 16, then the largest angle is
120° + 15 × 5 = 190°
which is not possible as it is greater than 180°
n = 9

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
sin (2k  1) x
2. If ak   dx , then –
0 sin x

(a) a1, a2, ....... are in A.P. (b) a1, a2, ....... are in G..P.
(c) a1, a2, ....... are in H.P. (d) a1, a2, ....... form a constant sequence


sin (2k  1) x  sin(2k  3) x
Hint (d): ak  ak 1   sin x
dx
0

 
2sin 2 (k  1) x 
=  2cos 2 ( k  1) x dx   0
0
2 ( k  1)  0

for k = 2, 3, 4
 a1 = a2 = a3 = ..............
 the sequence is a constant sequence.

3. If x, y, z are in A.P. and (x + 2y – z) (2y + z – x) (z + x – y) = kxyz, then k =

(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) None of these
Hint (a):  x, y, z are in A.P..
 2y = x + z ........ (1)
 (x + 2y – z) (2y + z – x) (z + x – y)
= (x + x + z – z) (x + z + z – x) (2y – x) [From (1)]
= (2x) (2z) (y) = 4xyz

5  9  13  ......n term 17
4. If 7  9  11  ......(n  1) term  16 , then n is equal to –

(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 7

n
[10  (n  1)4]
2 17
Hint (d): 
 n  1  16
  [14  n.2]
 2 
16n (4n + 6) = 17 (n + 1) (2n + 14)
16n (2n + 3) = 17 (n + 1) (n + 7)
32n² + 48n = 17 (n² + 8n + 7)
15n² – 88n – 119 = 0
(n – 7) (15n + 17) = 0 n = 7

100 100
5. Let an be the nth term of an A.P. if  a2r   and  a2r 1   , then the common difference of the
r 1 r 1
A.P. is –

(a)  –  (b)  –  (c) (d) None of these
2

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Hint (d): a1 + a3 + a5 + .... a199 = 

a2 + a4 + a6 + .... a200 = 
a2 – a1 + a4 – a3 + a6 – a5 .... a200 – a199 = 
d + d + d ........... d =  – 
 
d
100

6. Let S1 be the sum of the first n terms of the A.P. 8, 12, 16, .......... and let S2 be the sum of the first n
terms of the A.P. 17, 19, 21, ........, assume n 0, then S1 = S2 for –
(a) no value of n (b) one value of n
(c) two values of n (d) more than 2 values of n

n n
Hint (b): S1  [16  (n  1) 4] , S2  [34  (n  1) 2]
2 2
Hence, 16 + (n – 1) 4 = 34 + (n – 1) 2
16 + 4n – 4 = 34 + 2n – 2
2n = 20 n = 10
x x
7. If log 2, log (2 – 1) and log (2 + 3) are in A.P., then x is equal to –
(a) 5/2 (b) log3 2 (c) log2 5 (d) 3/2
x x
Hint (c): log 2, log (2 – 1), log (2 + 3) are in A.P.
x x
2, 2 – 1, 2 + 3 are in G.P.
x x
 2 (2 + 3) = (2 – 1)²
x 2x x
i.e. 2 . 2 + 6 = 2 – 2 . 2 + 1
2x x
2 –4.2 –5=0
x x
 (2 – 5) (2 + 1) = 0
x
2 =5 or – 1
x
 2 = 5 or x = log2 5

1 1 1
8. The set of values of x for which , , are in A.P. is given by
1 x 1  x 1 x
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1,  ) (c) (0,  ) (d) none of these.
Hint (d): For x to be defined we must have x  0 .

1 1
Also for and to be defined we must have x  1. For x  [0, 1)  (1, ), we have
1 x 1 x

2 1 1
  .
1 x 1 x 1 x

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9. Angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in A.P. If a, b and c are the corresponding sides, then
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) b + c – bc = a (b) a + c – ac = b (c) b + a – ab = c (d) none of these
Hint (b): A + B + C = 180°
 3B = 180°  B = 60°

1 a 2  c 2  b2 2 2 2
  cos 60  a + c – ac = b
2 2 ac

th 1
10. Let Tr be the r term of an A.P. for r = 1, 2, 3, .... If for some positive integers m, n we have Tm 
n
1
and Tn  , then Tmn equals–
m
1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c) 1 (d) 0
mn m n

1 1
Hint (c): Tm  a  ( m  1)d  and Tn  a  ( n  1) d 
n m
1 1
On solving, a  and d 
mn mn

1 1
 Tmn = a + (mn – 1) d =  (mn  1) 1
mn mn

2.2. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.)

A sequence is said to be in G.P. when its first term is non-zero and each term is r times the
preceeding term,where r is a non-zero constant. The fixed number r is known as the common
ratio of the G.P.

The nth term tn is given by t n  ar n 1 where a is the first term .

Sum of first n terms of a G.P. is given by

a ( r n  1)
Sn = , if r  1
r 1

2 3 a
S  = a + ar + ar + ar + ..... = : –1 < r < 1, r  0
1 r

2.2.1. Some results for a G.P.

(i) If a, b, c are in G.P., then for k  0

a b c
(a) ak, bk, ck are in G.P. (b) , , are in G.P..
k k k

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a
(ii) Three terms in a G.P. may be taken as , a, ar
r

a a 3
(iii) Four terms in a G.P., may be taken as 3 , , ar, ar
r r

(iv) The geometric mean G of two positive numbers a and b is given by ab .

1/n
If a1, a2, a3,....,an are n positive numbers, then their geometric mean is given by (a1a2a3..an)

(v) If a1, a2, a3, .... (ai > 0  i) are in G.P. then log a1, log a2, log a3, .... are in A.P. and vice
versa.

2.2.2. n-Geometric means between two numbers

G1, G2, G3, ...., Gn are called n geometric means inserted between two numbers a and b, if
a, G1, G2, G3, ...., Gn, b is in G.P.
Let r be the common ratio of this G.P.; then
1
n+1  b  n 1
b = ar ;   r
a
k
 b  n 1
k
Hence Gk = ar = a  , ( k = 1, 2, 3, ...., n) .
a
Sample Problem-10:

If the fifth term of a G.P. is 81 and second term is 24, find the G.P.
n–1
Solution: tn = ar
t5 = 81 and t2 = 24
4
 81 = ar ...(i)
and 24 = ar ...(ii)
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
3
81 3 3 3 3
=r or r =  2   r=
24   2
Putting the value of r in (ii), we get, a = 16
Hence the required G.P. is 16, 24, 36, 54, .....

Sample Problem-11:

Find the sum to n terms of the series : 8 + 88 + 888 + .....

Solution: Let S n = 8 + 88 + 888 + ..... to n terms

= 8 [1 + 11 + 111 + .....]
8
= [9 + 99 + 999 + .....]
9

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8
= [(10 – 1) + (100 – 1) + (1000 – 1) + ..... to n terms]
9
8 8n
= [10 + 100 + 1000 + ..... + to n terms ] 
9 9
n
8 (10  1) 8n
= 10 –
9 9 9
8 n+1
= [10 – 9n – 10]
81

Sample Problem-12:

If S1, S2, S3, ...., S p are the sum of p infinite geometric progressions whose first terms are
1 1 1 1
1, 2, 3, ..., p and whose common ratios are , , , ..... respectively, prove that
2 3 4 p 1
p ( p  3)
S1 + S2 + .... + Sp =
2

a
Solution: We know S =
1 r
1
 S1 = =2
1
1
2

2
S2 = =3
1
1
3

p
Sp = =p+1
1
1
p 1
S1 + S2 + ..... + Sp
= 2 + 3 + ..... + (p + 1)
p
= [2.2 + (p – 1).1]
2
p
= [p +3]
2
Sample Problem-13:

y
If x
a  b  z c and if a, b, c are all positive and in G.P., then prove that x, y, z are in A.P..

1 1 1
Solution: a x b y c z
log a log b log c
   k
x y z
 log a = kx, log b = ky, log c = kz ...(i)
a, b, c are in G.P.

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Progressions & Series
2
 b = ac
 2 log b = log a + log c
 2ky = kx + kz by (i)
 2y = x + z
 x, y, z are in A.P.

Sample Problem-14:

If pth, qth and rth terms of both an A.P. and G.P. are a, b, c respectively, prove that
b–c c–a a–b
a . b . c = 1 (both progressions have the same first term).
p–1
Solution: tp = a = a1 + (p – 1)d1 = a1(r1)
q–1
tq = b = a1 + (q – 1)d1 = a1(r1)
r–1
tr = c = a1 + (r – 1)d1 = a1(r1)
b–c c–a a–b
a .b .c
p–1 b–c q–1 c–a r–1 a–b
= (a1r1 ) (a1r1 ) (a1r1 )
b–c+c–a+a–b (p–1)(b–c)+(q–1)(c–a)+(r–1)(a–b)
= a1 . r1
=1

Sample Problem-15:

There are four numbers of which the first three are in G.P. and the last three are in A.P. with
common difference 6. If the first number and the last number are equal, find the numbers.

Solution: Let the four numbers be a, a – 2d, a – d, a where d = 6

2
a, a – 12, a – 6 are in G.P.  a(a – 6) = (a – 12)
2 2
 a – 6a = a – 24a + 144
 18a = 144
 a=8
 Numbers are 8, –4, 2, 8

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-2.2:
1. If a, b, c are in G.P., and log a – log 2b, log 2b – log 3c and log 3c – log a are in A.P., then a, b, c are
the length of the sides of a triangle which is
(a) acute-angled (b) obtuse-angled (c) right-angled (d) equilateral.
2
Hint (b): We have b = ac and 2 (log 2b – log 3c) = log a – log 2b + log 3c – log a

2 2a 4a
 b = ac and 2b = 3c  b= and c =
3 9

5a 10a 13a
Since a + b = > c, b + c = > a and c + a = > b, therefore a, b, c are the sides of
3 9 9
a triangle. As a is the greatest side, the greatest angle A is given by

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 Progressions & Series

b2  c 2  a 2 29
cosA =  0
2bc 48
Hence, ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle.

2. If the third term of a G.P. is equal to 4 , the product of its first five terms is equal to :
6 10 8
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) none of these
2
Hint (b): ar = 4
2 3 4
a1a2a3a4a5 = a. ar ar ar ar
5 2 5 5 10
= a r10 = (ar ) = 4 = 2 .
2 2 2 2 2 2
3. If a, b, c, d are in G.P., then (a + b + c ) (b + c + d ) equals to –
2 4
(a) ab + bc + cd (b) (ab + bc + cd) (c) (ab + bc + cd) (d) none of these
2 3
Hint (b): a, b, c, d are in G.P., let they are a, ar, ar , ar
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a + b + c ) (b + c + d )
2 2 2 4 2 4 6
= a × a [1 + r + r ] [r + r + r ]
4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2
= a r [1 + r + r ] = [a r (1 + r + r )]
2
= (ab + bc + cd)

4. A positive number x is such that its fractional part, its integral part and the number itself constitute the
first three terms of a G.P, then the sum to n terms of a G.P. is
n n n n n n
(a) 2 cos (/5) (b) 2 cos (/5) – 1 (c) 2 cos (p/5) + 1 (d) none of these
Hint (b): {x}, [x], x in G..P. x  [1, 2)

1 5 1 5 1 5
 x  1 ,1,
2 2 2


2n cos n 1
5

c2 c3 c4
5. For the infinite G.P., c +    .... two values of c and c of c are such that the
1  c (1  c) 2 (1  c)3 1 2

sum of the series exist if c1 > c2 then

(a) S1 > S2 (b) S1 < S2 (c) S1 = S2 (d) nothing can be said

c1
Hint (d): S1 =  c1 (1  c1 )
 c1 
1  
 1  c1 
2
S2 = c2 + c2
c1 1  2c1  1 
since 1  1  c  1  1  c  0  c1  (–, –1)    ,  
1 1  2 

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Progressions & Series

1 1
and 1  c  0  1  c  0  c1 > –1
1 1

 1 
c1 and c2    ,  
 2 
so nothing can be said.

6. If a, b, c are three unequal numbers such that a, b, c are in A.P. and b – a, c – b, a are in G.P., then
a : b : c is
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 3 : 4 (c) 2 : 3 : 4 (d) 1 : 2 : 4
2
Hint (a): By the hypothesis, b – a = c – b and (c – b) = a(b – a)
2
 (b – a) = a(b – a)
 b – a = a (b  a)  b = 2a and c = 3a
 a:b:c=1:2:3
100 100

7.
th
Let an be the n term of a G.P. of positive terms.  a 2r =  and  a 2r  1 =  where
r 1 r 1

  , then common ratio of the G.P. is

2
(a)  (b) / (c)  / (d) /

Hint (a): Since, a2 + a4 + ..... 9200 = 

ar ( r 200  1)
 ...(1)
r2 1
a1 + a3 + .... + a199 = 

a (r 200  1)
 ....(2)
r2 1


so, r =


8. In a G.P. of positive terms, any term is equal to the sum of the next two terms. The common ratio
of the G.P. is
(a) 2 cos 18º (b) sin18º (c) cos 18º (d) 2 sin 18º
2
Hint (d): a = ar + ar

2 1  5
r + r –1 = 0  r  = 2 sin 18°
2

9. In a G.P. the third term is 36 and product of first two terms is 48. The fifth term of the G.P. is
(a) 324 (b) 108 (c) 432 (d) 540
2
Hint (a): ar = 36 and a (ar) = 48
solving we get a = 4 and r = 3

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 Progressions & Series
n
10. If for a series Tn = 2n + 3 , then which of the following is true.

2 3n1  3 2 3n 1  3 2 3n  1 2 3n
(a) Sn = n  (b) n  n  (c) Sn = n  n  (d) n  n 
2 2 2 2
n
Hint (b): Tn = 2n + 3
1 2 n
So Sn = (2 + 4 + 8 + .... 2n) + 3 + 3 + .... 3

n 3(3n  1)
= (2  2 n ) 
2 2

3n1  3
= n (n + 1) +
2

2.3. HARMONIC PROGRESSION

1 1 1
A sequence a1, a2, a3, .... is said to be in harmonic progression (H.P.), if , , , .... are
a1 a 2 a 3
in arithmetic progression.
1 1 1 1
The nth term of the H.P. is given by a n  where a = and d = 
a  ( n  1 )d a1 a 2 a1
If a and b are two non-zero numbers , then the harmonic mean of a and b is a number H such
that the sequence a, H, b is in H.P.
We have

1 11 1 2 ab
=    or H
H 2a b a b
If a1, a2, a3 , ..., an are n non-zero numbers , then the harmonic mean H of these numbers is
given by

1 1 1 1 1 1 
= n  a  a  a  ....  a 
H  1 2 3 n 

2.3.1. n Harmonic means between two numbers

H1, H2, H3, ...., Hn are n harmonic means inserted between two numbers a and b, if a, H1, H2,
H3, ...., Hn, b are in H.P.

1 1 1 1 1 1
Thus, , , , , ...., , are in A.P. with common difference d.
a H1 H 2 H 3 Hn b

1 1
= + [(n + 2) – 1]d ;
b a
1
b
 1a ab
d =  ;
n  1 ( n  1) ab

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1 1 1 a b
H k = a  kd  a  k (n  1)ab : k = 1, ..., n

ab(n  1)
 Hk = , (k = 1, 2, 3, ...., n)
b( n  1)  k (a  b)

2.3.2. Relation among A, G, H.

If A, G and H denote the A.M., G.M. and H.M. respectively between two positive numbers a
and b, then

ab 2 ab
A= ,G= ab , H =
2 ab
a  b 2ab
AH = .  ab  G 2
2 ab
 AM, G.M., H.M. are in G.P.

Further, A – G =
a b
 ab 
a  b  2 ab

 a b  2

0
2 2 2
Similarly G  H.  A  G  H.

Sample Problem-16:

If the 7th term of an H.P. is 8 and the 8th term is 7, then find its 15th term.
Solution: t7 = 8 and t8 = 7 ; Let the corresponding A.P. be a, a + d, ....
1 1
= 8, =7
a  6d a  7d
1
Solving, d = =a
56
1 56
 t15 = =
a  14 d 15

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-2.3:

1. If a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 are in H.P. then a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4a5 is equal to
(a) a1 a 5 (b) 4a1a 5 (c) 3a1a 5 (d) none of these

1 1 a1  a5 a1  a5
Hint (b): a  a  4d  a a = 4d  a1a5 = 
5 1 1 5 4d

a1  a2  a2  a3  a3  a4  a4  a5
So a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4a5 =
d

a1  a5 a1a5 .4d
=  = 4a1a5.
d d

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 Progressions & Series

y
2. If cos(x – y), cos x and cos(x + y) are in H.P., then cos x sec   
2
 
1 1
(a)  2 (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2
2cos( x  y )cos( x  y )
Hint (a): cos x = cos( x  y )  cos( x  y )

4sin 2 ( y / 2) cos 2 ( y / 2)
2
cos x =
2sin 2 ( y / 2)

 cos x sec (y/2) = ± 2

+
3. If a, b, c, d R and a, b, c, d are in H.P., then
(a) (a + c) (b + d) = 4ad (b) (a + c) (b + d) = 3ad
(c) (a + c) (b + d) = 2ad (d) (a + c) (b + d) = ad
Hint (a): a, b, c, d are in H.P.
2ac 2bd
 b and c 
ac bd

4abcd
 bc  (a  c )(b  d )

 (a + c) (b + d) = 4ad.
4. If a, b, c, d are in H.P., then ab + bc + cd is equal to :
(a) a (2c + d) (b) c (2a + d) (c) b (2c + d) (d) none of these
a b
Hint (b):  ab = where x is common difference of corresponding A.P.
x
bc cd
bc = ; cd =
x x

a  c 2 xac
ab + bc =   2ac
x x
so ab + bc + cd = 2ac + cd = c (2a + d)

5. If log14 5 , log 3x 11 5 , log 3x  61 5 are in H.P., find the value of x.

7

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 2 or 3 (d) 4

Hint (c): Given condition
x x 61
log 5 14, log 5 (3 – 11), log 5 3 – are in A.P.
7

x 2 x 61
 (3 – 11) = 14 3 
7
x 2 x
 (3 ) – 36(3 ) + 243 = 0
x x
 (3 – 9) (3 – 27) = 0  x = 2 or 3

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Progressions & Series

6. If a, b, c, d are in H.P., which of the following statements is correct

(a) ad < bc (b) ad = bc (c) ad > bc (d) none of these
Hint (c): HM of a and c < GM of a and c

b< ac ....(1)

similarly c < bd ....(2)

bc < abcd
 bc < ad

7. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation ( 5  2 ) x 2  ( 4  5 ) x  8  2 5  0 is equal to

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8

4 5
Hint (b): Sum of roots =
5 2

8 2 5
Product =
5 2

2  Product
So HM = 4
Sum

1 1
8. If there are 4 harmonic means between and then the third harmonic mean is
12 42
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 24 30 36
Hint (c): The a1 and a6 for corresponding AP are 12 and 42
 42 = 12 + 5d  d = 6
so a4 = 12 + 3 × 6 = 30  a4 for HP will be 1/30

9. If a, b, c, d are in H.P., then which is true

(a) a + c > b + d (b) a + d > b + c (c) a + d < b + c (d) a + b > b + c

Hint (b): AM of a, c > HM of a and c

ac
  b  a + c > 2b
2

bd
similarly  c b + d > 2c
2
a+d>b+c

 1 1 1  1 1 1 
10. If a, b, c are in H.P., then the value of        is
 b c a  c a b 

2 1 1 3 2 1  3 2
(a)  (b)  2   (c)  (d) none of these.
bc b2 4c ca a 2  b 2 ab

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 Progressions & Series

1 1 1
Hint (a,c): As a, b, c are in H.P. , , are in A.P..
a b c
1 1 1 1 2 1 1
    or   . . . (i)
b a c b b a c

1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 2  1 1 1
  b  c  a  c  a  b    b  c  c  b  c  b  c  [using (i)
     

 2 1  1  2 1
=      
 c b  b  bc b 2

 1 1 1  1 1 1   1 2 1 1  1 1 1   3 2  1 3 2
Lastly                 =     2 
 b c a  c a b   b b a a  b a a   b a  b b ab

2.4. ARITHMETIC –GEOMETRIC SERIES

A series in which each term is the product of corresponding terms in an arithmetic and geometric
progression, is called an Arithmetic – Geometric Series.
2
Thus, from the A.P. a, a + d, a + 2d, .... and the G.P. 1, r, r , ...
2
We get the arithmetic geometric series a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r + ....

2.4.1. nth term of an Arithmetic – Geometric series

n-1
Tn = [a + (n – 1)d ]r

2.4.1. Sum of first n terms of an Arithmetic – Geometric series

2 3 n–1
S n = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r + (a + 3d)r + ..... [a + (n – 1)d]r
2 3 n–1 n
rS n = ar + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r + ... [a + (n – 2)d]r + [a + (n – 1)d]r
By subtraction and solving , we get

a (1  r n 1 ) [a  ( n  1)d ]r n
Sn =  dr 
1 r (1  r ) 2 1 r

2.4.2. Sum of an infinite Arithmetic – Geometric series

a dr
When | r | < 1, S   
1  r (1  r ) 2
Standard Results
n
n(n  1)
(i) Sum of the first n natural numbers =  r = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... n =
r 1 2
n
(ii) Sum of squares of the first n natural numbers = r 2 2 2
= 1 + 2 + .... n
2

r 1

n(n  1)(2n  1)
=
6

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n
(iii) Sum of cubes of the first n natural numbers = r 3 3 3
= 1 + 2 + .... n
3

r 1
2
 n(n  1) 
=  
 2 
Sample Problem-17:
2 3 99
Find S = 1 + 2.2 + 3.2 + 4.2 + ..... + 100.2 .
2 3 99
Solution: S = 1 + 2.2 + 3.2 + 4.2 + ..... + 100.2 . ...(i)
2 3 99 100
2S = 1.2 + 2.2 + 3.2 + ..... + 99.2 + 100.2 ...(ii)
Substracting (ii) from (i)
2 3 99 100
–S = 1 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.2 ..... + 1.2 – 100.2

1  2100 100
–S = – 100 .2
1 2
100
S = 99.2 +1

Sample Problem-18:
The series of natural numbers is divided into groups : (1) ; (2, 3, 4) ; (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) and so on. Show
3
that the sum of the numbers in the nth group is (n – 1) + n.
Solution: The last term of each group is the square of the corresponding number of the group. Hence
2 2
the first term of the nth group is (n – 1) + 1 = n – 2n + 2
Number of terms in the first group = 1
Number of terms in the second group = 3
Number of terms in the third group = 5
 No. of terms in the nth group = 2n – 1
Common difference of the numbers in the nth group = 1

2n 1 2
Required Sum = [2(n – 2n + 2) + (2n – 2)1]
2

2n 1 2
= [2n – 2n + 2]
2
2
= (2n – 1)[n – n + 1]
3 2
= 2n – 3n + 3n – 1
3 3
= n + (n – 1)

Sample Problem-19:

1 3 5
Sum the series 1     .... to 
5 52 53

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1 3 5
Solution: S = 1  
2
 3  .... to 
5 5 5
S  = 1 + S1 ...(i)
1 3 5
where, S1 =  2  3  ... to 
5 5 5
1 1 3
 S1 = 2  3  ... to 
5 5 5
Subtracting,
4 1  1 1 
 S1 =  2  2  3  ..... to  
5 5 5 5 

1
1 52
= 2 1
5
1
5

1 2 1 
=   
5 4 5 
3
=
10
3
S1 =
8
From (i),
3
S  = 1
8
11
=
8

Sample Problem-20:
If n  N and n >1 , prove that
n n
(a) n  1.3.5 .... (2n – 1) (b) 2  1 + n 2n 1

Solution: (a) Since A.M  G.M , we have

1  3  5  ....  ( 2 n  1) 1/n
 [1.3.5 .... (2n – 1)]
n
n
1  ( 2 n  1)  1/n
2  [1.3.5 .... (2n – 1)]
n
n
(n)  1.3.5 .... (2n – 1)
1  2  2 2  ....  2 n 1 2 n–1 1/n
(b)  (1.2.2 .... 2 )
n
1/ n
2n 1 1  n ( n 1 ) 
.   2 
2
 
2 1 n  

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Progressions & Series

2n 1 n 1
  2 2
n
n
 2  n 2 n 1 + 1

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-2.4:

1 1 1
1. The sum to infinity of the series    ........ is equal to –
1 1 2 1 2  3
(a) 2 (b) 5/2 (c) 3 (d) 1
1 2 2 2
Hint (a): Tn = 1  2  3  ....  n  n( n  1)  n  n  1

 1  n
Sn = 2  1  2
 n 1 n 1
S = 2

1 1 1
2. The sum to n terms of the series    ... is
1.2.3.4 2.3.4.5 3.4.5.6

1 (n  1)( n  2)( n  3)
(a) (n  1) (n  2) ( n  3) (b)
18

1 1 1 1
(c) 18  3(n  1) (d) 18  3(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)

1 (n  3)  (n)
Hint (d): Tn = 
n( n  1)( n  2)( n  3) 3n( n  1)(n  2)(n  3)

1 1 1 
=   
3  n(n  1)(n  2) ( n  1)( n  2)( n  3) 
1 1
 Sn = 18  3(n  1)( n  2)( n  3)

1 th
3. The sum to n terms of a series is given by n( n  1)(n  2)( n  3) , then the n term of the
4
series is
(a) n(n + 1) (n + 2) (b) (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
n( n  1)(2n  1) 2
(c) (d) n(4n – 1)
6

1
Hint (a) Given Sn = n(n  1)( n  2)(n  3)
4
 tn = Sn – Sn–1
1 1
= n(n  1)(n  2)( n  3)  ( n  1)(n  1)(n  2)
4 4
= n (n + 1) (n + 2)

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4. The series of natural numbers is divided into groups as follows; (1), (2,3), (4,5,6), (7,8,9,10) and so on.
th
Find the sum of the numbers is the n group is

1 2 n( n2  1) 2n( n  1) n 2 (n  1)
(a) [n(n + 1)] (b) (c) (d)
2 4 3 2
Hint (a): G1 = (1)
G2 = (2, 3)
 n2  n  2 n2  n  2 
G3 = (4, 5, 6)..... Gn =  ,......, 
 2 2 
n( n  1)
Last term of Gn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ...... n =
2
n( n  1) n 2  n  2n  2 n2  n  2
First term of Gn = –n+1= 
2 2 2

n  n 2  n  2 n 2  n  n( n 2  1)
So sum of nos in Gn = 2   
 2 2  2

n( n  1)(n  2) th
5. If the sum to n terms of a series is given by then the n term of the series is
6

(a)  n2 (b)  n2 (c) n (d) n  n

n( n  1)(n  2)
Hint (c): Given Sn =
6
n( n  1)( n  2) (n  1) n(n  1)
tn = 
6 6
n( n  1)
=  n
2
2 2
6. 1 + (1 + a) x + (1 +a + a ) x +.........0 < a, x < 1 equals
1 1 1 1
(a) (1  x )(1  a) (b) (1  a)(1  ax ) (c) (1  x)(1  ax) (d) (1  x)(1  a )

Hint (c): Multiplying and dividing the series by (1 – a) we get

1 2 3 2
(1  a) [(1 –a) + (1 – a )x + (1 – a )x + ....]

1 2 2 2
(1  a) [(1 + x + x + ....) – a(1 + ax + a x + .....)]

1  1 a 
  
(1  a )  (1  x ) (1  ax ) 

1 1  ax  a  ax  1
 
(1  a )  (1  x )(1  ax)  (1  x)(1  ax )

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Progressions & Series

7. Consider the series 2 + 6 + 12 + .............. + n(n + 1)

(a) Sum of first fifty terms of series is 44200.
(b) If the sum of n-terms of the series is 30 times the number of terms, then n is equal to 6.
(c) Sum of first fifty terms of the series is 51800.
(d) If the sum of n-terms of the series is 30 times the number of terms, then n is equal to 8.
Hint (a,d): Sum of n terms of series is
S = 2 + 6 + 12 + ........... n(n + 1)
n(n  1)(2n  1) n (n  1) n (n  1)( n  2)
2
=  (n  n) 
6

6

3
Putting n = 50, S = 44200
n( n  1)(n  2)
also  30n
3
i.e., (n + 1) (n + 2) = 90 = 9 × 10 n = 8

n
(n  a ) ( n  b ) ( n  c )
8. If  r ( r  1)  3 , where a < b < c, then–
r 1
3 3 3
(a) 2b = c (b) a – 8b + c = 8abc
2
(c) c is prime number (d) (a + b) = 0
n n
2 n ( n  1) (2n  1) n (n  1)
Hint (a, b, c)  r   r  6

2
r 1 r 1

1 n ( n  1) (n  2)
= n.( n  1) [2n  1  3] 
6 3
a = 0, b = 1, c = 2
9. The sum of n terms of the series 1 + (1 + 3) + (1 + 3 + 5) + .... is
2
2  n (n  1)  n (n  1)(2 n  1)
(a) n (b)   (c) (d) none of these
 2  6
2 2 2
Hint (c): T1 = 1 = 1 ; T2 = (1 + 3) = 4 = 2 ; T3 = (1 + 3 + 5) = 9 = 3
2 2 2 2 n( n  1)(2n  1)
Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n =
6

3 5 7
10. The sum of n terms of the series  2 2  2 2 + .................. is
2 2
12 23 34

( n 2  2n ) ( n 2  2 n) 2
(a) (b) (c) (n + 2n) (d) none of these
(n  1) 2 (n  1) 2

2n  1 ( n  1)2  n2 1 1
Hint (a): Tn = 2 2
 2 2
 2
n ( n  1) n (n  1) n ( n  1)2

1 (n  1)2  1 n 2  2n
Sn = 1    .
(n  1) 2 (n  1) 2 ( n  1) 2

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 CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. The sum of p terms of an A.P. is q and the sum of q terms is p. The sum of p + q terms is
(a) p + q (b) p – q (c) 0 (d) –(p + q)

a  bx b  cx c  dx
2. If   ( x  0) , then a, b, c and d are in
a  bx b  cx c  dx
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these

3. If a, b, c are in G.P. then log a x, log b x, log c x are in

(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these

4. If a, b, c are in A.P. and G.P., then

(a) a = b  c (b) a  b  c (c) a  b = c (d) a = b = c

5. If a, b, c, d, e, f are the A.M’s between 2 and 12, then a + b + c + d + e + f =

(a) 14 (b) 42 (c) 84 (d) none of these

6. Let Tr be the rth term of an A.P., for r = 1, 2, 3, .... . If , for some positive
1 1
integer m , n , we have Tm  and Tn  , then Tmn equals
n m
1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c) 1 (d) none of these
mn m n
x y z t
7. If a = b = c = d and a, b, c and d are in G.P., then x, y, z are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these

1 3 7 15
8. The sum of first n terms of the series     .... is equal to
2 4 8 16
(a) 2n – n – 1 (b) 1 – 2–n (c) n + 2–n – 1 (d) none of these

9. The product of n positive numbers is unity. Then their sum is

(a) positive integer (b) divisible by n (c) equal to n + 1/n (d) none of these

10. If log2(5.2x + 1), log4(21–x + 1) and 1 are in A.P., then x is equal to

(a) log2 5 (b) log2 2.6 (c) 1 – log2 5 (d) none of these

11. The sum of n terms of the series 1 + 4 + 8 + 13 + ...... is

n 2 n 2 n 2
(a) (n  6n  1) (b) ( n  6n) (c) ( n  6n) (d) none of these
6 4 3

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Progressions & Series

12. If a1, a2, a3, .... is an A.P. such a1 + a5 + a10 + a15 + a20 + a24 = 225, then
a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + a23 + a24 is equal to
(a) 909 (b) 75 (c) 750 (d) none of these

13. Let 3 + 8 + 13 + .... + 198 and 4 + 8 + 12 ...... + 200 are two A.P’s then how many terms are common
between them
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 8

14. If a, b, c are in G.P. and a + x, b + x, c + x are in H.P., then the value of x is, (a, b, c are distinct
numbers).
(a) c (b) b (c) a (d) none of these

15. The quardatic equation in x such that the arthmatic mean of the roots is A and their geometric mean is
G is
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) x – 2Ax + G = 0 (b) x + 2Ax + G = 0 (c) x – 2Ax – G = 0 (d) x + 2Ax– G = 0

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

16. If b1, b2, b3 (b1 > 0) are three successive terms of a G.P. with common ratio r, the value of r for which
the inequality b3 > 4b2 – 3b1 holds is given by
(a) r > 3 (b) r < 1 (c) r = 3.5 (d) r = 5.2

17. Let the harmonic mean and the geometric mean of two positive numbers be in the ratio 4 : 5 , then two
numbers are in the ratio
(a) 4:1 (b) 1:4 (c) 5:4 (d) none of these

18. If log xa, ax/2 and log bx are in G.P. then x is equal to
(a) log a (log b a) (b) log a (log e a) – log a (log e b)
(c) –log a (log a b) (d) none of these

19. If A1, A2 : G1, G2 ; and H1, H2 are two AM’s, GM’s and HM’s respectively, between two quantities a
and b, then ab is equal to
(a) A1 H 2 (b) A2 H 1 (c) G1G2 (d) none of these

 15 5 3 
20. If x2 + 9y2 + 25z2 = xyz     , then
 x y z

1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) x, y and z are in HP (b) , , , ,
x y z are in AP (c) x, y, z are in GP (d)
x y z are in GP

(ac  ab  bc )(ab  bc  ac )
21. If a, b,c are in HP, then value of is
(abc )2

(a  c)(3a  c ) 2 1 2 1 (a  c)(3a  c )
(a) 2 2 (b)  (c)  (d)
4a c bc b 2 bc a 2 4a 2 c 2

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 Progressions & Series

n
22. If  r(r  1)(2r  3) = an4 + bn3 + cn2 + dn + e, then
r 1

(a) a – b = d – c (b) e = 0

(b  d )
(c) a, b – 2/3, c –1 are in AP (d) is an integer
a

23. If a, b, c are in GP and x and y respectively, be arithmatic means between a, b and b,c then

a c a c c 1 1 2 1 1 2
(a)  2 (b) x  y  a (c) x  y  b (d) x  y  ac
x y

24. If n > 1, the values of the positive integer m for which nm + 1 divides a = 1 + n + n2 + .... + n63 is/are
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 64

1 1 1
25. Let E = 2
 2
  ...., then
1 2 32
(a) E < 3 (b) E > 3/2 (c) E > 2 (d) E < 2

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Comprehension-1

Recall the method of difference in the summation of miscellaneous series. For example if nth term for
1
a series be, Tn = n( n  1) ( n  2) (n  3) then we can express it as a difference of two terms.

( n  3) – ( n)
as T n = 3. n(n  1) (n  2) (n  3)

1 1 1 
= 3  n(n  1) (n  2)  (n  1) (n  2) (n  3)  = Vn – Vn –1
 
then
Sn = (V1 – V0) + (V2 – V1) + ..... + (Vn – Vn – 1) = (Vn – V0).
Using above information solve the following questions

1 1 1
26. The sum of the series   + .. upto 100 terms is
1 · 2 · 3 · 4 2 · 3 · 4 ·5 3 · 4 · 5 · 6

58950 58900 58850

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
1061106 1061106 1061106

27. If a1, a2, a3 .... an are in A. P. with common difference d, then the sum of the series
sin d [cosec a1 cosec a2 + cosec a2 cosec a3 + ... + cosec an –1 cosec an] is
(a) sec a1 – sec an (b) cosec a1 – cosec an
(c) cot a1 – cot an (d) tan a1 – tan an

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Progressions & Series

3 5 7
28. The sum of n terms of the series.
2 2
 2 2
  .... is Sn, then the value of S n is equal to
1 .2 2 .3 3 .4 2
2 n

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) doesn’t exist

1 1 1
29. The sum to n terms of the series   + .... is
1 3 3 5 5 7

1
(a) 2n  1 (b) 2n  1
2

(c) 2n  1  1 (d)
1
2
 2n  1  1
30. The sum of the series 2sin x [sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x + ... + sin (2n + 1)x] is
(a) cos 2x – cos 2(n + 1)x
(b) cos 2x – cos (2x + 1) x
(c) cos 2x + cos (2n + 2) x
(d) none of these

Comprehension-2
1
The infinite series 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .... (| x | < 1) has the sum . The infinite series 1 + 2x + 3x2 +
1 x
4x3 + .... can be added with the help of previous one.
Let us study this. If S = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + .... then xS = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + .....
1
 S(1 – x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .... =
1 x
1
 S = (1  x ) 2 (| x | < 1)

We note that coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 – x)–2 is n + 1.

The infinite series may be used to find the number of ways of distributing identical objects into distinct
boxes. For example, the number of ways in which 5 identical balls can be distributed in 3 different
boxes must be equal to coefficient of x5 in the infinite product (x0 + x1 + x2 + ....) (x0 + x1 + x2 + ....)
(x0 + x1 + x2 + ....).
For any way in which x5 is obtained is one of the ways in which 5 identical balls can be distributed in
3 distinct boxes. While finding the number of ways the condition | x | < 1 may be insignificant.
2
1  y 
31. The co-efficient of y in the expression 
n  must be
1  y 
(a) 4n (b) 4n + 1 (c) 4n – 1 (d) none of these

32. The sum of series 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + 15x4 + .... + (| x | < 1) must be

1 1 1
(a) (1  x ) 3
(b) (c) (d) none of these
1  x3 1  3x

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 Progressions & Series

33. The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 – x)–3 must be

n( n  1) n ( n  2) ( n  1)(n  2)
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2 2

34. The number of ways in which we can get a total of 10 while throwing 3 dice must be
(a) 27 (b) 36 (c) 66 (d) 18

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

35. Match the following if a, b, c, are in H.P., then
a b c
A. , , (p) H.P.
bca cab abc
1 1 1
B. , , (q) G.P.
ba b bc

b b b
C. a– , ,c– (r) A.P.
2 2 2
a b c
D. , ,
bc ca ab

36. A. If a, b, c are in G.P., then loga10, logb10, logc10 are in (p) A.P.

a  be x b  ce x c  de x
B. If   , then a, b, c are in (q) H.P.
a  be x b  ce x c  de x
C. If a, b, c, d are in AP; a, x, b are in G.P., b, y, c are in G.P.,
then x2, b2, y2 are (r) G.P.

D. If x, y, z are in G.P., ax = by = cz, then log a, log b, log c are in (s) none of these

INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

2
x  |cos3 x|... 
37. Find the number of solution in [0, ] which satisfying the equation 81|cos x| cos  43

3 5 7
38. The sum of infinite terms of the series  2  2  ...
1 1  2 1  2 2  32
2 2

39. If Sn denotes the sum of first n-terms of an A.P. if S2n = 3Sn, then the ratio of S3n/Sn is equal to

1 1 1 3 5 2n  1
40. If Hn = 1 +   ...  and the value of Sn = 1    ...  is of the form na – Hn then value
2 3 n 2 3 n
of a is

41. If a, b, c and d are distinct integers in A.P. such that d = a2 + b2 + c2, then a + b + c + d =

1 1 1 5
42. x + y + z = 15 when a, x, y, z, b are in A.P.    when a, x, y, z, b are in H.P. then ab =
x y z 3

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Progressions & Series

43. Let an = 16, 4, 1,........... be geometric sequence. Define Pn as the product of first n terms. Then the

 n Pn
value of n1 is ...........
4

44. If S = 1/(1 × 3 × 5) + 1/(3 × 5 × 7) + 1/(5 × 7 × 9) + .... , then the value of [36 S]. (where [.] represents
the greatest integer function) is......

45. Between 1 and 31, m arithmetic means are inserted so that the ratio of the seventh and (m –1)th means
is 5 : 9. Then the value of m/2 is..........

46. If the continued product of three numbers in G.P. is 216 and the sum of their products in pairs is 156,
then the common ratio can be..........

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS

1. If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common
d e f
root if , , are in (IIT)
a b c

(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these

1 3 7 15
2. Sum of the first n terms of the series     ... is equal to (IIT)
2 4 8 16

(a) 2n – n – 1 (b) 1 – 2–n (c) n + 2–n – 1 (d) 2n – 1.

3. If the first and (2n – 1)th terms of an A.P., a G.P. and a H.P. are equal and their nth terms are a, b
and c respectively, then (IIT)
(a) a = b = c (b) a  b  0 (c) a + c = b (d) ac – b2 = 0

4. Let Tr be the rth term of an A.P., for r = 1, 2, 3, ... if for some positive integers m, n we have
1 1
Tm = and Tn = , then Tmn equals (IIT)
n m

1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c) 1 (d) 0
mn m n

5. If x > 1, y > 1, z > 1 are in G.P., then

1 1 1
, , are in (IIT)
1  ln x 1  ln y 1  ln z
(a) A.P. (b) H.P. (c) G.P. (d) none of these
6. Let a1, a2, ..., a10 be in A.P. and h1, h2, ..., h10 be in H.P. If a1 = h1 = 2 and a10 = h10 = 3, then a4h7
is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 (IIT)

7. Consider an infinite geometric series with first term a and common ratio r. If its sum is 4 and the
3
second term is , then (IIT Sc.)
4
7 3 3 3 1 1
(a) a = ,r= (b) a = 2, r = (c) a = ,r= (d) a = 3, r =
4 7 8 2 2 4
8. If the sum of the first 2n terms of the A.P. 2, 5, 8, ..., is equal to the sum of the first n terms of the
A.P. 57, 59, 61, ..., then n equals (IIT Sc)
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 13

9. Let the positive numbers a, b, c, d be in A.P. Then abc, abd, acd, bcd are (IIT Sc.)
(a) not in A.P./G.P./H.P. (b) in A.P. (c) in G.P. (d) in H.P.

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Progressions & Series

10. If a1, a2, ..., an are positive real numbers whose product is a fixed number c, then the minimum value
of a1 + a2 + ... + an–1 + 2an is (IIT Sc.)
(a) n(2c)1/n (b) (n + 1)c1/n (c) 2nc1/n (d) (n + 1)(2c)1/n

3
11. Suppose a, b, c are in A.P. and a2, b2, c2 are in G.P. If a < b < c and a + b + c = , then the value
2
of a is (IIT Sc.)
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2
2 3 4 n
3  3  3  3  3
12. an              ( 1) n   and bn = 1 – an then the minimum value of n0 such
4  4  4  4  4
that bn > an  n  n0 ...................... (IIT)

Paragraph for Question Nos. 13 to 15

Let Vr denote the sum of the first r terms of an arithmetic progression (A.P.) whose first term is r and
the common difference is (2r – 1). Let
Tr = Vr+1 – Vr – 2 and Qr = Tr+1 – Tr for r = 1, 2, .... (IIT)

13. The sum V1 + V2 + .... + Vn is (IIT)

1 1
(a) n(n + 1)(3n2 – n + 1) (b) n(n + 1)(3n2 + n + 2)
12 12

1 1
(c) n(2n2 – n + 1) (d) (2n3 – 2n + 3)
2 3

14. Tr is always (IIT)

(a) an odd number (b) an even number
(c) a prime number (d) a composite number

15. Which one of the following is a correct statement? (IIT)

(a) Q1, Q2, Q3, ... are in A.P. with common difference 5
(b) Q1, Q2, Q3, ... are in A.P. with common difference 6
(c) Q1, Q2, Q3, ... are in A.P. with common difference 11
(d) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = ...

Paragraph for Question Nos. 16 to 18

Let A1, G1, H1 denote the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, respectively, of two distinct
positive numbers. For n  2, let An–1 and Hn–1 have arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means as An,
Gn, Hn respectively. (IIT)

16. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) G1 > G2 > G3 >  (b) G1 < G2 < G3 < 
(c) G1 = G2 = G3 =  (d) G1 < G3 < G5 <  and G2 > G4 > G6 > 

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 Progressions & Series

17. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) A1 > A2 > A3 >  (b) A1 < A2 < A3 < 
(c) A1 > A3 > A5 >  and A2 < A4 < A6 <  (d) A1 < A3 < A5 <  and A2 > A4 > A6 > 

18. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) H1 > H2 > H3 >  (b) H1 < H2 < H3 < 
(c) H1 > H3 > H5 >  and H2 < H4 < H6 <  (d) H1 < H3 < H5 <  and H2 > H4 > H6 > 

19. A straight line through the vertex P of a triangle PQR intersects the side QR at the point S and the
circumcircle of the triangle PQR at the point T. If S is not the centre of the circumcircle, then

1 1 2 1 1 2
(a)   (b)  
PS ST QS  SR PS ST QS  SR

1 1 4 1 1 4
(c)   (d)   (IIT)
PS ST QR PS ST QR

20. Suppose four distinct positive numbers, a1, a2, a3, a4 are in G.P. Let b1 = a1, b2 = b1 + a2, b3 = b2 + a3
and b4 = b3 + a4. (IIT)

STATEMENT-1: The numbers b1, b2, b3, b4 are neither in A.P. nor in G.P.

STATEMENT-2: The numbers b1, b2, b3, b4 are in H.P.

(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is and 2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

21. If the sum of first n terms of an A.P. is cn2, then the sum of squares of these n terms is (IIT)

n(4n 2  1)c 2 n(4n 2  1)c 2 n(4n 2  1)c 2 n(4n 2  1)c 2

(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 3 6

k 1
22. Let Sk, k = 1, 2,....100, denote the sum of the infinite geometric series whose first term is and the
k!
1 1002 100
common ratio is . Then the value of  |(k 2  3k  1) Sk | is
 (IIT)
k 100! k 1

23. Let a1, a2, a3,...., a11 be real numbers satisfying

a1 = 15, 27 – 2a2 > 0 and ak = 2ak–1 – ak–2 for k = 3, 4, ...., 11

a12  a22  ...  a11

2
a  a2  ...  a11
If  90 , then the value of 1 is equal to (IIT)
11 11

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24. The minimum value of the sum of real numbers a–5, a–4, 3a–3, 1, a8 and a10 with a > 0 is (IIT)
p
25. Let a1, a2, a3, …, a100 be an arithmetic progression with a1 = 3 and S p   ai , 1  p  100. For any
i 1

Sm
integer n with 1  n  20, let m = 5n. If does not depend on n, then a2 is (IIT)
Sn

26. Let a1, a2, a3 .... be in harmonic progression with a1 = 5 and a20 = 25. The least positive integer n for
which an < 0 is (IIT)
(a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25

Paragraph for Question 27 to 28

Let an denote the number of all n-digit positive integers formed by the digits 0, 1 or both such that no
consecutive digits in them are 0, Let bn = the number of such n-digit integers ending with digit 1 and
cn = the number of such n-digit integers ending with digit 0.

27. The value of b6 is

(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 11

28. Which of the following is correct ?

(a) a17 = a16 + a15 (b) a17  a16 + a15 (c) a17  a16 + a16 (d) a17 = a17 + a16

4n k  k 1
29. Let Sn    1 2 k 2 . Then Sn can take value(s) (JEE-Advance)
k 1

(a)1056 (b) 1088 (c) 1120 (d) 1332

30. A pack contains n cards numbered from 1 to n. Two consecutive numbered cards are removed from
the pack and the sum of the numbers on the remaining cards is 1224. If the smaller of the numbers on
the removed cards is k, then k – 20 = (JEE-Advance)

b
31. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that is an integer. If a, b, c are in geometric progression and the
a
a 2 + a - 14
arithmetic means of a, b, c is b + 2, then the value of is (JEE-Advance)
a+ 1

32. Suppose that all the terms of an arithmetic progression (A.P.) are natural numbers. If the ratio of the
sum of the first seven terms to the sum of the first eleven terms is 6 : 11 and the seventh term lies in
between 130 and 140, then the common difference of this A.P. is (JEE-Advance)

33. Let bi > 1 for i = 1, 2,....,101. Suppose loge b1, loge b2,...,loge b101 are in Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
with the common difference loge2. Suppose a1, a2,...,a101 are in A.P. such that a1 = b1 and a51 = b51. If
t = b1 + b2 + .... + b51 and s = a1 + a2 + ... + a51, then (JEE-Advance)

(a) s > t and a101 > b101 (b) s > t and a101 < b101

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 Progressions & Series

(c) s < t and a101 > b101 (d) s < t and a101 < b101

34. Let X be the set consisting of the first 2018 terms of the arithmetic progression 1, 6, 11,… , and Y be the
set consisting of the first 2018 terms of the arithmetic progression 9, 16, 23,…. Then, the number of
elements in the set X  Y is _____. (JEE-Advance)

DCE QUESTIONS

1. If p, q, r are in A.P. then pth, qth and rth terms of any G.P. are in [DCE]
(a) A. P. (b) G.P.
(c) reciprocals of these terms are in A.P. (d) none of these

2. log32, log62, log122 are in [DCE]

(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these

3. The sum of series 2, 5, 8, 11, ..... is 60100, then n is [DCE]

(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 150 (d) 250

4. The rational number which is equal to the number 2.357 with recurring decimal is [DCE]

2355 2370 2355

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
1001 997 999

5. If a, b, c are in A.P., then 2ax + 1, 2bx + 1, 2cx + 1, x  0 are in [DCE]

(a) A.P. (b) G.P. only when x > 0
(c) G.P. if x < 0 (d) G.P. for all x  0

bc ca ab
6. , , are in H.P. Then [DCE]
ac  ab bc  ab bc  ac

1 1 1
(a) , , are in H.P.. (b) a, b, c are in H.P.
a b c
(c) bc, ca, ab are in A.P. (d) (ca + ab), (bc + ab), (bc + ac) are in A.P.

7. If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and x2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root

d e f
if , , are in [DCE]
a b c
(a) A. P. (b) G. P. (c) H. P. (d) none of these

8. If G1 and G2 are two GM’s and A the AM’s inserted between two numbers, then the value of
G12 G2
 2 is [DCE]
G2 G1
A
(a) (b) A (c) 2A (d) none of these
2
9. If ax = by = cz and x, y, z are in H.P., then a, b, c are in [DCE]

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Progressions & Series

(a) A.P. (b) H.P. (c) G.P. (d) none of these

3 5 7
10. 1 +  2  3 + ......  is equal to [DCE]
2 2 2
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12

11. If y = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ....., then x = [DCE]

y 1 1 y y
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
y y 1 y

12. If a, b, c are in G. P. and log c a, logb c, loga b are in A.P., then common difference of A.P.
is [DCE]

3 1 2
(a) 3 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3

A1  A 2
13. If A1 , A2 be two AM’s and G 1 , G 2 be two GM’s between a and b, then is equal
G1 G 2
to [DCE]

ab 2ab ab ab

(a) (b) (c) (d)
2ab ab ab ab

14. The value of 21/4 . 41/8 . 81/16 . 161/32 ..... is [DCE]

3 5
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 2

1 3 7 15
15. Sum of the first n terms of the series    + ..... is equal to [DCE]
2 4 8 16
(a) (2n – n – 1) (b) 1 – 2–n (c) n + 2–n – 1 (d) 2n – 1

4 7 10
16. The sum to infinity of the series 1+  2  3 + ..... is [DCE]
5 5 5

16 11 35 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
35 8 16 16

17. The sum of the 10 terms of the 2  6  18 + ... is [DCE]

121
(a) 121 ( 6  2) (b) (c) 243 ( 3  1 ) (d) 243 ( 3  1 )
3 1

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 Progressions & Series

1 3 7 15
18. The sum of the first n terms of the series    +... is equal to [DCE]
2 4 8 16
(a) 2n – n – 1 (b) 1 – 2–n (c) n + 2–n – 1 (d) 2n – 1

19. If 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 = 1015, then the value of n is equal to [DCE]

(a) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (d) none of these

20. 12 + (12 + 22) + (12 + 22 + 32) + ... up to 22nd term is [DCE]

(a) 22368 (b) 23276 (c) 22376 (d) none of these

21. If pth term of an A.P. is q and qth term is p, then rth terms [DCE]
(a) q – p + r (b) p – q + r (c) p + q + r (d) p + q – r

22. If a, b, c are in A.P. and a2, b2, c2 are in H.P., then [DCE]
(a) a = b = c (b) a + b = c (c) b + c = a (d) c + a = b

23. If numbers p, q, r are in A.P., then m7p, m7q, m7r (m > 0) are in [DCE]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these

24. If a, b, c, d and p are distinct real numbers such that

(a2 + b2 + c2)p2 – 2(ab + bc + cd) p + (b2 + c2 + d2)  0 then a, b, c, d are in [DCE]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) ab = cd

25. If log102, log10(2x + 1) and log10(2x + 3) are three consecutive terms of an A.P., then [DCE]
1
(a) x = 0 (b) x = 1 (c) x = log102 (d) x = log 5
2 2
1 3 7 15
26. The sum of the series     .... upto n-terms is [DCE]
2 4 8 16
1 1 1 1
(a) n 1  (b) n (c) 2n  (d) n 1
2n 2n 2n 2n

 S 
S1 1  3 
8
27. If S1 = n, S2 = n2, S3 = n3 then the value of lim  2  is equal to [DCE]
n S2

(a) 3/32 (b) 3/64 (c) 9/32 (d) 9/64

28. If A.M. of two numbers is twice of their G.M. then the ratio of greatest number to smallest number
is [DCE]

(a) 7 – 4 3 (b) 7 + 4 3 (c) 21 (d) 5

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Progressions & Series

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS

1. If a1, a2, ..., an are in H.P., then the expression : a1a2 + a2a3 + ... + an a is equal to
–1 n

(a) (n – 1)a1an (b) n(a1 – an ) (c) (n – 1)(a1 – an) (d) na 1 a n

  
n
2. If x   a n , y   b , z   c n where a, b, c are in A.P. and |a| < 1, |b| < 1, |c| < 1 then x, y, z
n0 n0 n0

are in [AIEEE]
(a) Arithmetic – Geometric Progression (b) HP
(c) GP (d) AP

3. Let T r be the rth term of an A.P. whose first term is a and common difference is d. If for some
1 1
positive integers m, n, m  n, Tm = and Tn = , then a – d equals [AIEEE]
n m
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b)  (c) (d) 1
m n mn

n( n  1) 2
4. The sum of the first n terms of the series 12 + 2 · 22 + 32 + 2 · 42 + 52 + 2 · 62 +  is
2
when n is even. When n is odd the sum is [AIEEE]
2
3n( n  1)  n(n  1)  n( n  1) 2 n 2 ( n  1)
(a) (b)   (c) (d)
2  2  4 2

5. If x1, x2, x3 and y1, y2, y3 are both in G.P. with the same common ratio, then the points (x1, y1),
(x2, y2) and (x3, y3) [AIEEE]
(a) are vertices of a triangle (b) lie on a straight line
(c) lie on an ellipse (d) lie on a circle.

6. The value of 21/4+ 41/8 + 81/16 + ....  is [AIEEE]

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3/2 (d) 4
7. Fifth term of an G.P. is 2, then the product of its 9 terms is [AIEEE]
(a) 256 (b) 512 (c) 1024 (d) none of these
8. Sum of infinite number of terms of G. P. is 20 and sum of their square is 100. The common ratio of
G. P. is [AIEEE]
(a) 5 (b) 3/5 (c) 8/5 (d) 1/5
9. 13 – 23 + 33 – 43 + ... + 93 = [AIEEE]
(a) 425 (b) –425 (c) 475 (d) –475
10. If a, b, c are distinct +ve real numbers and a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 then ab + bc + ca is [AIEEE]
(a) less than 1 (b) equal to 1 (c) greater than 1 (d) any real no.

a1  a2  ...  a p p2 a6
11. Let a1, a2, a3, ... be terms of an A.P. If  , p  q then
a1  a2  ...  aq q 2 a21 equals

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 Progressions & Series

11 41 7 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
41 11 2 7
1 1 1
12. The sum of the series    .... upto infinity is [AIEEE]
2 ! 3! 4 !
(a) e –1/2 (b) e +1/2 (c) e –2 (d) e –1

13. In a geometric progression consisting of positive terms, each term equals the sum of the next two
terms. Then the common ratio of this progression equals [AIEEE]
1 1 1
(a) 5 (b) ( 5  1) (c) (1  5 ) (d) 5
2 2 2

14. If p and q are positive real numbers such that p2 + q2 = 1, then the maximum value of (p + q) is
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) [AIEEE]
2 2
2 6 10 14
15. The sum to infinity of the series 1      is [AIEEE]
3 32 33 34
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 2

16. A person is to count 4500 currency notes. Let an denote the number of notes he counts in the nth
minute. If a1 = a2 = ... = a10 = 150 and a10, a11, ... are in an AP with common difference –2, then the
time taken by him to count all notes is [AIEEE]

(a) 135 minutes (b) 24 minutes (c) 34 minutes (d) 125 minutes

17. A man saves Rs. 200 in each of the first three months of his service. In each of the subsequent
months his saving increases by Rs. 40 more than the saving of immediately previous month. His total
saving from the start of service will be Rs. 11040 after : [AIEEE]
(a) 18 months (b) 19 months (c) 20 months (d) 21 months

18. The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, ..... , is [JEE-Mains]

7 7 7 7
(a)
81

179  1020  (b)
9

99  1020  (c)
81

179  1020  (d)
9

99  1020 
19. Three positive numbers form an increasing G.P. If the middle term in this G.P. is doubled, the new
numbers are in A.P. Then the common ratio of the G.P. is [JEE-Mains]

(a) 2 3 (b) 3 2 (c) 2 3 (d) 2 3

20. If (10)9 + 2(11)1 (10)8 + 3(11)2 (10)7 + ....+10(11)9 = k (10)9, then k is equal to [JEE-Mains]

121 441
(a) (b) (c) 100 (d) 110
10 100

13 13  2 3 13  23  33
21. The sum of first 9 terms of the series    .... is : [JEE-Mains]
1 1 3 1 3  5
(a) 71 (b) 96 (c) 142 (d) 192

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22. If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-constant A.P. are in G.P., then the common ratio of this G.P. is :

7 8 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 [JEE-Mains]
4 5 3
2 2 2 2
 3  2  1 2  4 16
23. if the sum of the first ten terms of the series  1    2    3   4   4   ..... , is m,
 5  5  5  5 5
then m is equal to [JEE-Mains]
(a) 99 (b) 102 (c) 101 (d) 100

24. For any three positive real numbers a, b and c, 9(25a 2 + b 2 ) + 25(c 2 – 3ac)
= 15b(3a + c). Then [JEE-Mains]
(a) a, b and c are in G.P. (b) b, c and a are in G.P.
(c) b, c and a are in A.P. (d) a, b and c are in A.P.

25. Let A be the sum of the first 20 terms and B be the sum of the first 40 terms of the series
12 + 2.22 + 32 + 2.42 + 52 + 2.62 + ...
If B – 2A = 100, then  is equal to [JEE-Mains]

(a) 496 (b) 232 (c) 248 (d) 464

12

26. Let a1, a2, a3, ... a49 be in A.P. such that a
k 0
4 k 1  416 and a + a = 66. If a 2  a 2  ...  a 2  140 m,
9 43 1 2 17

then m is equal to [JEE-Mains]

(a) 33 (b) 66 (c) 68 (d) 34

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 CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.


1. If 0 <  < , then tan  + cot  is
2
(a) < 2 (b)  2 (c) can have any value (d) none of these

1 1 1
2. If x > 1 , y > 1 , z > 1 are in G.P. , then k  ln x , k  ln y , k  ln z are in

(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these

3. If the first and (2n – 1)th terms of an A.P., G.P and H.P are equal and their nth terms are a , b and c
respectively, then
(a) a = b = c (b) a + c = b (c) a > b > c (d) none of these

4. If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that a + b + c + d = 2, then M = ( a + b )( c + d ) satisfies

the relation
(a) 0 < M  1 (b) 1  M  2 (c) 2  M  3 (d) none of these

2
 1  1
5. The sum of n terms of the series 1  2  1    3  1    .... is given by
 n  n
2
 1
(a) n2 (b) n( n + 1 ) (c) n1   (d) none of these
 n

SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.

6. If Sn denote the sum to n terms of an A.P. and pSp = qSq , where p  q, then Sp+q is
(a) independent of the first term (b) depends on p and q
(c) depends on the common difference (d) none of these

7. If sum of the G.P. p, 1 , 1/p , 1/p2 , .......... is 9/2 then value of p is

(a) 3 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/2 (d) 1/3

1 1 1
8. The sum to n terms of the series + + + .... is
3 7 7  11 11  15

3  4n  3 n n
(a) (b) (c) less than n (d) greater than
4 3  4n  3 2

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Progressions & Series

9. If a, b, c are distinct positive real which are in H.P, then the quadratic equation
ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 has
(a) two non-real roots such that their sum is real
(b) two purely imaginary roots
(c) two non-real roots such that their product is real
(d) none of these

1 1 2 1  2  .....  n
10. Let Sn = + + .......+ , n = 1 , 2 , 3, ...... Then Sn cannot be greater than:
13 13  2 3 13  23  .....n3
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.

Four different integers form an increasing A.P. One of these numbers is equal to to the sum of the
squares of the other three numbers. Then
11. The smallest number is
(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 2

12. The common difference of the four numbers is

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4

13. The sum of all the four numbers is

(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 6

SECTION- IV: MATRIX MATCH TYPE

This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
14. It is given that 1  +  +  + ...... = log 2 and 1 +  +  +.....= . Then
2 3 4 5 6 3 5 7 9 11 4
1 1 1
A. + + + ....... (p) /6
1. 3 5 . 7 9 .11
1 1 1
B. + + + ....... (q) /8
1. 2 3. 4 5. 6
 1

1
C. (r) log 2
r 1 (2r  1) r 2
(s) log2
(t) log4

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SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.

15. Suppose x and y are two unequal real numbers. Suppose n arithmetic means A1, A2, ......, An are
inserted between x and 2y and n arithmetic means B1, B2, .... Bn are inserted between y and 2x.
If Ar = Br , then (n + 1)/r = _____.

16. The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P. If the smallest angle is 100º and the common difference
is 4º, then number of sides of the polygon are______.
2
1/ 3 3  ....up to  )
. ) log 2 .5 (1/ 3 1/ 3
17. Value of (016 is ______.

3 5 7
18. Find the sum of the series to infinity 1   2  3  ...
2 2 2

19. If log2 (a + b) + log2(c + d)  4. Then find minimum value of a + b + c + d.

20. In a G.P. sum of n terms is 364. First term is 1 and common ratio is 3. Find n.

a n  bn
21. If is the A.M. between a & b then find the value of ‘n’
a n 1  b n 1

22. An A.P. whose first terms is unity, and in which the sum of the first half of any even number of
terms of that of the second half of the same number of terms is in constant ratio, then the common
difference is d is given by

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 ANSWERS

Chapter Assignment:
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8 (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a)
16. (a,b,c,d) 17. (a, b) 18. (a,b) 19. (a,b,c) 20. (a,b)
21. (a,b) 22. (a,b,d) 23. (a,c) 24. (a,b,c) 25. (a,b,d)
26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (a)

31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (a)

35. A-(p); B-(r); C-(q); D-(p) 36. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(r)
37. (2) 38. (6) 39. (6) 40. (2) 41. (2)
42. (9) 43. (8) 44. (2) 45. (7) 46. (3)

Chapter Assignment Hint/Solutions

p
1. (d): (2a  ( p  1) d )  q ....(i)
2
q
(2a  (q  1)d )  p ....(ii)
2
Substructing we get 2a + (p + q –1)d = – 2
so S p + q = –(p + q)

2. (b): Applying componendo and dividendo we get

a b c
   a, b, c, d are in G.P..
b c d

3. (c): b2 = ac
2logxb = logxa + logxc  logax, logxb, logxc are in H.P.

4. (d): 2b = a + c and b2 = ac  (a + c)2 = 4ac.

a=b=c

8
5. (b): 2 + 12 + (a + b + c + d + e + f ) = (2  12)  56
2
 (a + b + c + d + e + f ) = 56 – 14 = 42

1 1
6. (c): Tm = and Tn =
n m
1 1 1
a=d=  Tmn =  (mn  1) 1
mn mn mn

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7. (c): ax = by = cz = d
a = d1/x, b = d1/y, c = d1/z
 d2/y = d 1/x + 1/z  x, y, z are in H.P.

1
8 (c): Tn = 1 –
2n

1
Sn = n + 1
2n

9. (d): x1 . x2 . x3 ..... xn = 1
x1 + x2 + ..... + xn  n.(1)1/n
 Sum is a positive number.

10. (c): log4 (21–x + 1) = log2(5.2x + 1) + 1

 10.(2x)2 + 2x –2 = 0  2x = 2/5
x = log2 0.4.

11. (a): Sn = 1 + 4 + 8 + 13 + ..... + Tn

Sn = 1 + 4 + 8 + ..... Tn
 Tn = 1 + 3 + 4 + 6 + ....

n 1 n2  3n  2
= 1 (6  ( n  2)) 
2 2

n 2
 Sn = (n  6n  1)
6

12. (d): a1 + a5 + a10 + ..... + a24 = 225

6
 [2a1  23d ] = 225  2a1 + 23d = 75
2
a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + a24 = 12 × (2a1 + 23d) = 12 × 75 = 900

13. (b): The nth term of series 3 + 8 + 13 + .... + 198 = 5n –2

and Tr for another series = 2 + 4r
 5n –2 = 2 + 4r where 1  n  39 and 1  r  50
 5n = 2 + 4r
 n = 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38.

2( a  x)(c  x)
14. (b): b + x =
2  c  2x

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b(a  c) – 2ac b( a  c  2b)

x= 
(a  c  2b) (a  c  2b)

x=b

x1  x2
15. (a): = A  x1 + x2 = 2A
2

x1 x2 = G  x1x2 = G2

16. (a,b,c,d):
b1r2 > 4b1r – 3b1
r2 > 4r – 3; r2 – 4r + 3 > 0
(r –1) (r –3) > 0  r < 1 and r > 3

2ab 4
17. (a,b):   a  1 and 4
(a  b) ab 5 b 4 1

18. (a,b): ax = logx a . logbx = logba

x = loga (logba) = – loga(logab)
= loga(logca) – loga(logcb)

19. (a,b,c):
a A1 A2 b
2a  b a  2b
A1 = A2 =
3 3
3ab 3ab
H1 = H2 =
a  2b 2a  b
 A1H2 = A2H1 = G1G2 = ab.

20. (a,b): x2 + 9y2 + 25z2 = 15yz + 5xz + 3xy

2x2 + 18y2 + 50z2 – 30 yz – 10 xz – 6xy = 0
(x – 5z)2 + (3y – 5z)2 + (x –3y)2 = 0

1 1 1
 x = 3y = 5z  x, y, z are in H.P. and x , y , z are in A.P..

2ac
21. (a,b): Using b =
ac

(ac  ab  bc )(ab  bc  ac ) 2 1 ( a  c )(3a  c )

  
( abc ) 2 bc b2 4a 2 c 2

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22. (a,b,d):

n 1 4 8 3 9 2 7
 r ( r  1)(2r  3)  n  n  n  n
r 1 2 3 2 3

bd
 a – b = d – c,  10
a

a b bc
23. (a,c): b2 = ac, x = ,y
2 2

a c 1 1 2
 x  y  2 also x  y  b

24. (a,b,c,d):

 n64  1 
a
 n  1 
 
So m = 64, 32, 16 and 8.

25. (a,b,d):

1 1 1
E=    ....
2 2
1 2 32

1 1 1 1
E>     ....
2 2 4
1 2 2 28

1 4
E> 
1 3
1
4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E<        ....
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 4 4 4 42

1 1
E < 1   .... = 2
2 4

1
26. (a): Tn = n( n  1)( n  2)( n  3)

1 1
= 3n( n  1)( n  2)  3(n  1)( n  2)( n  3)

1 1
Sn = 
18 3  101  102  103

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Progressions & Series

1  1 
= 1
18  101  17  102 


1 176850  58950
=   
18  176851  1061106

 1 1 1 
27. (c): sin d  sin a sin a  sin a sin a  ....  sin a sin a 
 1 2 2 3 n1 n

sin(a2  a1)
  cot a1  cot a2
sin a1 sin a2

2n  1 1 1
28. (a): Tn =  
2 2 2
n (n  1) n ( n  1) 2

1
Sn = 1– S = 1
(n  1) 2

1 3 1
29. (d): 
2 1 2

1 2n  1  2 n  1

2n  1  2n  1 2

2n  1  1
Sn =
2

30. (a): 2 sin x sin 3x = cos 2x – cos 4x

2sin x sin (2n + 1)x = cos 2nx – cos (2n + 2)x
Sn = cos 2x – cos (2n + 2)x

31. (a): (1 + y2 + 2y) (1 – y)–2

= (1 + y2 + 2y) (1 + 2y + 3y2 + .... + (x + 1)yn + 1......)
coefficient of yn is (n + 1) + 2n + 1(n –1) = 4n

32. (a): Using the formulae (1 – x)–3

The sum is (a)

33. (c): (1 –x)–3 = 1  3C1 x1  4C 2 x 2  .... 1  3C1 x1  4 C 2 x 2  .... n  2 C n x n  ....

(n  2)(n  1)
=n + 2 C 2 =
2

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34. (a): Coefficient of x10 in (x + x2 + .... + x6)3

= coefficient of x7 in (1 + x + ..... x5)3
= 9C2 – 3C1 × 2 = 36 – 9 = 27

35. A-(p); B-(r); C-(q); D-(p):

A. a, b, c are in H.P.

1 1 1
 , , are in A.P..
a b c

a bc abc abc

 , , are in A.P..
a b c

b  c a c  a b a b c
 , , are in H.P..
a b c

1 1 a
B.  
b b  a b( a  b)

1 1 c
 
b  c b b(b  c )
as a, b, c are in H.P. so both are equal.
2
 b   a  b  c  b 
C.     
 2   2  2 

2ac
 b , are in G.P..
ac
1 1 1
D. , , are in A.P..
a b c

a bc a bc abc

, , are in A.P..
a b c
bc ac ab
, , are in A.P..
a b c

a b c
, , are in H.P..
bc ac ab

36. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(r):

A. b2 = ac
2log10b = log10a + log10c
 loga 10, logb10, logc 10 are in H.P.
B. Applying c and d we get

a b c
  , a, b, c and d are in G.P..
b c d

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C. x2, b2, y2  ab, b2, bc

are in A.P.
D. ax = by = cz = k
log k log k log k
x= log a , y  log b , z  log c

y2 = xz
(log k )2 log k log k
2
 ,
(log b) log a log c

(log b)2 = (log a) × (log c) Hence in G.P.

2
37. (2): 81+|cos x| + cos x + ....  = 43
1
 81|cos x|  82
1
 2
1 | cos x |
1 1
 1 – |cos x| =  |cos x| =
2 2
so no of solutions = 2

6(2n  1) 1 1 
38. (6): Tn =  6  
n( n  1)(2n  1)  n n  1

S = 6

39. (6): S2n = 3Sn

 (n + 1)d = 2a
S3n 3[2a  (3n  1) d ]

Sn [2a  ( n  1)d ]
=3×2=6

1 1 1
40. (2): Hn = 1    ... 
2 3 n
3 5 2n  1
Sn = 1 +   .... 
2 3 n
1
Sn =  2  = 2n – Hn
n
a=2

41. (2): Let b = a + n

c = a + 2n
d = a + 3n

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 Progressions & Series

a + 3n = 3a2 + 5n2 + 6an

 a(3a + 6n –1) = 3n – 5n2
 a = –1 & n = 1
a+b+c+d=2

42. (9): If a, x, y, z, b are in A.P. then

3a  b
x  a + b = 10
4
2a  2b
y=
4
a  3b
z
4
1 1 1 5
  
x y z 3

6 ab 5
     ab = 9
4  ab  3

43. (8): Pn = 24 × 22 × ....

Pn = 2n (5 – n)

n Pn  25 n

24
S =  25
1
1
2

S
 23  8
4

1 1 1
44. (2): Tn = (2n  1)(2n  1)(2n  3) = 4(2n  1)(2n  1)  4(2n  1)(2n  3)

1
S = , 36S = 3
12

30 m  211
45. (7): d = A7 =
m 1 m 1

30( m  1)
Am–1 = 1 
m 1

m  211 5 2044 m
 m=  14 , 7
31m  29 9 146 2

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a
46. (3): Let , a, ar are in G.P..
r
 a3 = 216  a = 6

a2
 a 2 r  a 2  156
r

1 10
 r  r=3
r 3

Previous Year Questions

IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b,d) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. 6 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b,d) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. 3 23. 0 24. (8) 25. (9)
26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (a, d) 30. (5)
31. (4) 32. (9) 33. (b) 34. (3748)
DCE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d)

26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b)

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a)
13. (c) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c)
26. (d)

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Chapter Test
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a)
6. (a,b,c) 7. (a,c) 8. (a,b,c,d) 9. (a,c) 10. (c,d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. A-(b); B-(s); C-(t)
15. 3 16. 5 17. 4 18. 6 19. 8
20. 6 21. 1 22. 2

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 3
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES
3.1. ANGLE IN TRIGONOMETRY

In trigonometry, the measure of an angle is the amount of

rotation from the direction of one ray of the angle to the other B

ray. Angle may be positive or negative and can be of any

magnitude. For example if OA and OB be the positions of
revolving rays, the angle formed will be AOB.
O A

3.1.1. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES

The angles are measured in degrees or in radians which are defined as follows :

3.1.1.1. Degree or British system: A right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and each part is called
a degree. Thus a right angle is equal to 90 degrees. One degree is denoted by 1º.
A degree is divided into sixty equal parts and each part is called a minute and is denoted by 1. A
minute is divided into sixty equal parts and each part is called a second and is denoted by 1.
Thus, we have:
1 right angle = 90º
1º = 60
1 = 60

3.1.1.2.Radian or Circular measure: A radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle, by an
arc equal in length to the radius of the circle. In the figure OA = OB = arc AB = r = radius of
the circle; the measurement of AOB is one radian and is denoted by 1c. (Note: usually we write
1c as 1)
The ratio of the circumference of the circle to the B
diameter of the circle is always equal to a constant and r
C
this constant is denoted by . 1
C O r A
circumference
Thus,  = ; Further 2c = 360°
diameter

3.1.1.3. Relation between different system of units: If the measure of an angle in degrees and
radians be D and C respectively. Then

D C

180 

3.1.2. LENGTH OF AN ARC:

If  is the angle in radian subtended by an arc of length l at the centre of a circle of radius r. Then
l
 .
r

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Sample Problem-1:
Express 45° 20´ 10´´ in radian measure.

 10 ´  10    1  
Solution: 10´´       
 60   60  60   360 

 20    1  
20´     
 60   3 

 1 1    16321 
 45° 20´ 10´´ =  45     
 360 3   360 

 16321  
=   radians
 360 180 

Sample Problem-2:
The angle of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. Find the smallest angle and radians.
Solution: Let the three angles be 3x, 4x and 5x degrees.
 3x + 4x + 5x = 180°
 x = 15°
 Smallest angle = 45°
= /4 radian.

Sample Problem-3:
The wheel of a railway carriage is 4 feet in diameter and makes 6 revolutions in a second, then find
the speed of the train.
Solution: Radius of the wheel = 2 feet.
 Circumference = 2r = 4  feet.
Number of revolution in 1 second = 6
 distance covered in 1 second = 4 × 6 feet
 speed of the train = 24 feet/sec.

3.2. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

In a right angled triangle ABC, if BAC =  then the six trigonometric ratios are defined
as follows:
C
Perpendicu lar P
sin  = 
Hypotenuse H
H P
Base B
cos  = 
Hypotenuse H

A B B
P B H H
tan  = , cot  = , cosec  = , sec  =
B P P B

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3.2.1. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

y
3.2.1. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
2nd 1st
1st quadrant : 0 <  < 90º, all trigonometric ratios, are +ve. sin, cosec All Ratios
are +ve are +ve
2nd qudarant : 90º <  < 180º, only sin  and cosec  are +ve. x
O
3rd 4th
3rd quadrant : 180º <  < 270º, only tan  and cot  are +ve tan, cot cos, sec
are +ve are +ve

4th quadrant : 270º <  < 360º, only cos  and sec  are +ve

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3.2.2. LIMITS OF THE VALUE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

(a) –1  sin   1 (b) –1  cos   1

(c) sec   –1 or sec   1 (d) cosec   –1 or cosec   1
(e) –  < tan  <  (f) – < cot  < 

3.2.3. ALLIED ANGLES

1  1 
The angles  n    and  n    , where n is any integer, are known as allied or related
2  2 
angles. The trigonometric functions of these angles can be expressed as trigonometric functions of
, with either plus or minus sign. The following working rules can be used in determining these
functions:
1. Let 0 <  < 90°. Find the quadrant in which the given allied angle lies. The result has a plus
or a minus sign according as the given function is positive or negative in that quadrant.
2. If n is even, the result contains the same trigonometric function as the given function of the
allied angle but if n is odd, the result contains the corresponding co-function i.e. sine becomes
cosine, tangent becomes cotangent, secant becomes cosecant and vice-versa.
3. To determine sin (630º –  ), we note that 630º –  = 7  90º – , which belongs to the third
quadrant if 0 <  < 90º. In this quadrant sine is negative and since given angle contains an odd
multiple of /2, sine is replaced by cosine
 sin (630º –  ) = –cos 
4. To determine cos (720º –  ), we note that 720º –  = 8  90º – , is in the 4th quadrant if
0 <  < 90º. In this quadrant, cosine is positive and since given angle contains an even multiple
of /2, cosine function is retained. Hence cos (720º –  ) = cos .
3.2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
     
sin     = cos sin     = cos
2  2 
   
cos      = sin cos     = –sin
2  2 
   
tan  2    = cot tan  2    = –cot
   
 
sin    = sin  
sin    = –sin
cos    = –cos cos    = –cos
tan    = –tan tan    = tan
  
sin      = –cos sin     = –cos
 2   2 
 
cos      = –sin cos      = sin
 2   2 
  
tan      = cot tan     = –cot
 2   2 
 
sin    = –sin sin    = sin
cos    = cos cos    = cos
tan    = –tan tan    = tan

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3.2.5. SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT OF SOME ANGLES LESS THAN 90°

Angles 0º 15º 18º 30º 36º 45º 60º 90º

6 2 5 1 1 10  2 5 1 3
sin 0 2
1
4 4 2 4 2

6 2 10  2 5 3 5 1 1 1
cos 1 2
0
4 4 2 4 2

2510 5 1
tan 0 2– 3
3
52 5 1 3 not defined
5

Sample Problem-4:

sin 300.tan 330.sec 420

Simplify
tan135.sin 210.sec315

sin 300.tan 330.sec 420 sin(360 – 60).tan(360  30).sec(360  60)

Solution: tan135.sin 210.sec315  tan(180 – 45)sin(180  30)sec(360 – 45)

(  sin 60).( tan 30).sec60 sin 60.tan 30.sec60

= ( tan 45).(  sin 30)(sec 45)  tan 45.sin 30.sec 45

3 1
. .2

2 3  1  2
= 1 1
1. . 2
2 2

Sample Problem-5:
Prove that 2sec2 – sec4 – 2cosec2  + cosec4 = cot4  – tan4 .

Solution: L.H.S. = 2sec2 – sec4  – 2cosec2 + cosec4 

= 2[sec2 – cosec2] + cosec4  – sec4 

= 2[sec2  – cosec2] + (cosec2 – sec2 )(cosec2  + sec2 )

= (sec2  – cosec2 )(2 – (cosec2 + sec2 ))

= (1 + tan2 – 1 – cot2)(2 – (1 + cot2 + 1 + tan2 ))

= – (tan2 – cot2  )(cot2  + tan2 )

= – (tan4  – cot4 )

= cot4 – tan4  = R.H.S.

Sample Problem-6:
   
Find the value of cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2 .
16 16 16 16

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   
Solution: cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2
16 16 16 16

        
cos2 + cos2 + cos2    + cos2   
16 16  2 16   2 16 
   
= cos2 + cos2 + sin2 + sin2
16 16 16 16
     2   
=  cos 2  sin 2    cos  sin 2 
 16 16   16 16 
= 1 + 1 = 2.

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-3.1 & 3.2:

sec480.cosec570.tan 330
1. The value of =
sin 600.cos 660.cot 405

8 16 32
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
3 3 3

Hint (b): Similar to sample problem 4.

2. sin2 6º + sin2 12º + sin2 18º + ..... + sin2 84º + sin2 90º =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8

Hint (d): sin (90° – ) = cos .

3. 18° 33´ 45´´ =

11 22 33

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
320 320 320

Hint (c): Similar to sample problem 1.

4. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and least angle is 30º; then the greatest angle is
(a) /2 (b) /3 (c) /4 (d) /6

Hint (a): Angles are x – d, x, x + d.

5. A wheel makes 30 revolutions per minute. Find the circular measure of the angle described by a spoke
in 1/2 second.
(a) /2 (b) /3 (c) /4 (d) /6

Hint (a): No of revolution in 1 s = 1/2 revolution.

6. The value of cos 1° cos 2° ...... cos 100° is

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) none of these

Hint (c): cos 90° = 0

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7. Which of the following statement is correct ? [sin 1  sin 1C ]


(a) sin 1º > sin 1 (b) sin 1º < sin 1 (c) sin 1º = sin 1 (d) sin 1º = sin 1
180

180
Hint (b): 1C =


4 xy
8. sec2 = , where x  R, y  R is true if and only if
( x  y)2

(a) x + y  0 (b) x = y, x  0 (c) x = y (d) x  0, x  y

Hint (b): sec2  1

9. The arc of a circle of radius 21 cm subtends an angle of 60º at the centre. Then the length of the arc.
is (Take  = 22/7).
(a) 11 cm (b) 22 cm (c) 33 cm (d) none of these


Hint (b):  
3

l
Use  
r

10. Let A = sin10+ cos14, then for all values of ,

1 3
(a) A  1 (b) 0  A  1 (c) 0 < A  1 (d)  A 
2 4

Hint (c): 0  sin2 1

 sin2  sin10 and cos2  cos14.

3.3. COMPOUND ANGLE

Algebraic sum of two or more angles is called a compound angle. If A, B, C are angles then
A + B, A – B, A + B + C, A – B + C, A – B – C, A + B – C, etc, are all compound angles.

3.3.1. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULAE

 sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sin B

 sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB

 cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB

 cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

tan A  tan B
 tan(A + B) =
1  tan A tan B

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tan A  tan B
 tan(A – B) =
1  tan A tan B

cot A cot B 1
 cot (A + B) =
cot B cot A

cot A cot B 1
cot (A – B) =
cot B cot A

tan A  tan B tan C tan A tan Btan C

 tan(A + B + C) = 1  tan A tan B tan Btan C tan C tan A

 sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A

cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A

2 tan A
 sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA =
1  tan 2 A

1  tan 2 A
 cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 1 – 2 sin2A = 2 cos2A – 1 =
1  tan 2 A

2 tan A
 tan 2A =
1  tan 2 A

 sin 3A = 3 sinA – 4 sin3A = 4sinA sin(60º – A) sin(60º + A)

 cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cosA = 4cos A cos(60º – A) cos(60º + A)

(3 tan A  tan 3 A)
 tan 3A = = tan A tan(60º – A) tan(60º + A)
1  3 tan 2 A

Sample Problem-7:
Prove that sin 3A sin3A + cos 3A cos3A = cos32A.

Solution: L.H.S. = cos3A cos 3 A + sin3A sin 3 A

1 1
= (3 cos A + cos 3A) cos 3A + (3sin A – sin 3A) sin 3A
4 4

3 1
= (cos 3A cos A + sin 3A sin A) + (cos23A – sin23A)
4 4
3 1
= cos (3A – A) + cos(2.3 A)
4 4

3 1
= cos 2 A + cos (3.2 A)
4 4

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3 1
= cos 2A + (4cos32A – 3cos 2A)
4 4
3 3
= cos 2A + cos32A – cos 2A = cos32A = R.H.S.
4 4

Sample Problem-8:
If A + B = 45º, show that : (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2.

tan A  tan B
Solution: tan (A + B) = tan 45° or =1
1  tan A tan B
or, tan A + tan B = 1 – tan A tan B
or, tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1
or, 1 + tan A + tan B (1 + tan B) = 1 + 1
or, (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2.

Sample Problem-9:

If 3 tan  tan  = 1, prove that 2 cos( + ) = cos ( – ).

cos  cos  3
Solution: 3 tan tan  =1  sin  sin  =
1
By Componendo and Dividendo Rule, we have

cos  cos   sin  sin  31

cos  cos   sin  sin  = 3  1

cos (    )
or cos (    ) =2

or 2 cos ( + ) = cos ( – )

Sample Problem-10:

tan 8 A
Show that sec 8 A  1 =
sec 4 A  1 tan 2 A

1
1
cos 8 A 1  cos 8 A cos 4 A
Solution: L.H.S. = = 
1 1  cos 4 A cos 8 A
1
cos 4 A

2 sin 2 4 A cos 4 A sin 4 A ( 2sin 4 A cos 4 A)

=  =
2
2 sin 2 A cos 8 A 2sin 2 2 A cos 8 A

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2 sin 2 A cos 2 A sin 8 A cos 2 A

= 2
= . tan 8 A
2 sin 2 A cos 8 A sin 2 A

tan 8 A
= cot 2A . tan 8A = .
tan 2 A

Sample Problem-11:

3 1  cos x  1  cos x x 
If  < x < 2 & x  , prove that  cot    .
2 1  cos x  1  cos x 2 4

1  cos x  1  cos x
Solution: L.H.S. =
1  cos x  1  cos x

2 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 x
= 2 2
2 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 x
2 2

2 | cos x |  2 | sin x |
= 2 2
2 | cos |  2 | sin x |
x
2 2

cos x  sin x
= 2 2 = cot  x     R . H .S
cos x  sin x 2 4
2 2

3.4. PRODUCT FORMULAE

 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

3.4.1. FORMULAE ON SUMS AND DIFFERENCES

CD
 sinC + sinD = 2 sin C  D cos
2 2
CD
 sinC – sinD = 2 cos C  D sin
2 2

CD
 cosC + cosD = 2 cos C  D cos
2 2

 cosC – cosD = 2 sin C  D sin D  C

2 2

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Sample Problem-12:

sin A + sin 2 A + sin 4 A + sin 5 A

Prove that cosA + cos 2 A + cos 4 A + cos5A = tan 3A.

(sinA+ sin 5A) + (sin 2 A+ sin 4 A)

Solution: L.H.S. = (cosA+ cos 5A) + (cos 2 A+ cos 4 A)

2sin 3Acos 2 A+ 2sin 3AcosA

=
2cos3Acos 2 A+ 2cos3AcosA

2sin 3A(cos 2 A+ cos A)

= 2 cos3A(cos 2 A+ cosA) = tan 3A = R.H.S.

Sample Problem-13:

sin   sin 
If   and  are in A.P. Prove that cot  
cos   cos 


Solution: Since  are in AP. 2 = cot  = cot  
 2 

  

cos   2cos   sin
 2   2  2
cot  =   
sin   2sin sin
 2  2 2

sin   sin 
= = R.H.S.
cos   cos 

Sample Problem-14:
Evaluate sin 78° – sin 66° – sin 42° + sin 6°

Solution: (sin 78° – sin 42°) – (sin 66° – sin 6°)

= 2cos 60° sin 18° –2 cos 36° sin 30°
= sin 18° – cos 36°

5 1 5 1 1
=  
4 4 2

Sample Problem-15:

3
Prove that sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80° =
16

1
Solution: L.H.S. = sin 20° sin 60° (2 sin 40° sin 80°)
2

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1 3
=  sin 20° (cos 40° – cos 120°)
2 2

3
= [2 sin 20° cos 40° – 2 sin 20° cos 120°]
8

3  1 
=  sin 60  sin 20  2     sin 20 
8   2 

3
= [sin 60° – sin 20° + sin 20°]
8

3 3 3 3
= sin 60    = R.H.S.
8 8 2 16

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-3.3 & 3.4:

1. The value of sin 12° sin 48° sin 54° =

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 8 16

 5 1 
Hint (c): Use cos 36° =  4 
 

2. 3 cosec 20° – sec 20° =

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Hint (d): cosec  = 1/sin  and sec  = 1/cos .

3. If sin sin – cos cos + 1 = 0. Then 1 + cot tan =

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3

Hint (b): sin  sin  – cos  cos  + 1 = 0

or cos () = 1

4. tan 40° + 2 tan 10° =

(a) tan 50° (b) 2 tan 50° (c) 3 tan 50° (d) none of these

Hint (a): tan 50° = tan (40° + 10°)

5. If  = 90°, then maximum value of sin  sin  is

(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) none of these

Hint (b): y = sin  sin  = 1/2(2sin  sin )

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   
6. tan      tan     
4  4 
(a) 2 sec 2 (b) 2 cos 2 (c) 2 sin 2 (d) 2 tan 2

Hint (a): Use the formula of tan (A + B) and tan (A – B)

 2   4 
7. sin3 + sin3      sin 3    
 3   3 

3 3
(a) – 3 sin 3 (b) 4 sin 3 (c)  sin 3 (d) sin 3
4 4

1
Hint (c): sin3 = (3 sin  – sin 3)
4

2 4 6
8. cos cos cos 
7 7 7
1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 6 4

2 4 6
Hint (b): Let y = cos cos cos
7 7 7

2 4  
= cos cos cos   
7 7  7
 2 4
=  cos cos cos
7 7 7
 2 2 4
8 y sin =  4 sin cos cos
7 7 7 7
4 4
=  2sin cos
7 7

8   
=  sin   sin     = sin
7  7 7

1
y=
8

tan 2 2  tan 2 
9. =
1  tan 2 2 tan 2 

(a) tan 2 · tan  (b) tan 3 (c) tan 3 · tan  (d) none of these

Hint (c): Factorize the given expression

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10. 2 sin2 + 4 cos ( + )sin  sin  + cos (2 + 2) =

(a) cos 2 (b) cos  (c) cos 3 (d) cos 4

Hint (a): Use cos () = cos cos – sin sin  .

3.5. CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENITITIES

3.5.1. Identities : A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true for all values of the angle or angles
involved.

3.5.2. Conditional Identities : When the angles involved satisfy a given relation, the identity is called
conditional identity. In proving these identies we require the properties of complementary and
supplementary angles

3.5.3. SOME IMPORTANT CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES :

If A + B + C = , then
 tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
 cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1
 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
 cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = – 1 – 4 cosA cosB cos C
 cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1 –2 cos A cos B cos C
A B C
 cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B B C C A
 tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
 cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2

 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C.

Sample Problem-16:

A B B C C A
If A + B + C = , prove that tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2

Solution: A+B+C=

A B  C
or + = 
2 2 2 2

 A B  C
 tan  +  = tan   
2 2 2 2

A B
tan  tan
2 2  cot C
or
A B 2
1  tan tan
2 2

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A B
tan  tan
2 2  1
or, A B C
1  tan tan tan
2 2 2

A B B C C A A B
or tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1– tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

A B B C C A
or, tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2

Sample Problem-17:

If A + C = B, prove that : tanA tanB tanC = tanB – tanA – tanC

Solution: A+C=B  tan(A + C) = tanB

or tan A  tan C = tanB

1  tan A tan C

or tanA + tanC = tanB – tanA tanB tanC

or tanA tanB tanC = tanB – tanA – tanC

Sample Problem-18:

If A + B + C = 2, prove that cos2B + cos2C – sin2A = 2cosA cosB cosC.

Solution:L.H.S. = cos2B – sin2A + cos2C

= cos(B + A) cos(B – A) + cos2C
= cos(2 – C) cos(A – B) + cos2C
= cosC [cos(A – B) + cos(2 – A  B )]
= cosC [cos(A – B) + cos(A + B)]
= 2cosA cosB cosC
= R.H.S.

Sample Problem-19:

A B C (  A) (  B) (  C )
If A + B + C = , show that cos  cos  cos  4 cos cos cos
2 2 2 4 4 4

A B C
Solution: L.H.S. = cos  cos  cos
2 2 2
A B A B C
= 2 cos cos  cos
4 4 2
 C  A B  C 
= 2 cos  cos  sin  
 4  4  2 

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 C  A B  C   C 

= 2 cos  cos  2 sin   cos 
 4  4  4   4 

 C  A B  C 
= 2 cos    cos  sin
 4  4 4 

   C  A B     C 
= 2 cos   cos  cos   
 4  4 2 4 

   C  A B   C A B C 
= 2 cos  2 cos cos 
 4  8 8 

   C   2  2 B   2 A  2 
= 4 cos  cos  cos 
 4   8   8 
  A    B   C 
= 4 cos  cos  cos 
 4   4   4 
= R.H.S.
3.6. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF a cos  + b sin 

Consider a point (a, b) on the Cartesian plane. Let its distance from origin be r and the line joining
the point and the origin make an angle  with the positive direction of x-axis.
Then, a = r cos  and b = r sin 
a cos  + b sin  = r (cos  cos  + sin  sin  )
= r cos ( –  )
 –r  a cos  + b sin   r as –1  cos ( –  )  1
Hence, the maximum value is a 2  b 2 and minimum value is – a 2  b 2

Sample Problem-20:

Show that (2 + 3 )sin + 2cos lies between  (2  5 ) and (2  5 ).

Solution: We have seen that acos + bsin has limits ± r where r = a2 b2 .

a = 2; b = 2  3 and r = 11 4 3 . Since r < 2  5 , the assertion is proved

Sample Problem-21:

Find the maximum and minimum values of sin6 x + cos6 x.

Solution: y = sin6 x + cos6 x

= (sin2 x)3 + (cos2 x)3
= (1 – 3 sin2 x cos2 x) ( a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 –3ab(a + b))

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 3 2  3 5 3
= 1  sin 2 x  = 1  (1  cos 4 x) =  cos 4 x
 4  8 8 8
5 3
y ma x =  (1) = 1
8 8
5 3
y min =  (1) = 1
8 8 4

Sample Problem-22:
Find the maximum and minimum value of 6 sin x cos x + 4 cos 2x.

Solution: 6 sin x cos x + 4 cos 2x = 3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x

  32  4 2  3sin 2 x  4cos 2 x  32  4 2
– 5  3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x 5

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-3.5 & 3.6:

1. The minimum value of 3 sin 2x + 4cos 2x + 3 is

(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 8 (d) none of these

Hint (a):  a 2  b 2  a sin x  b cos x  a 2  b 2

 
2. If a  5 cos  + 3 cos      3  b for all values of , then a + b =
 3

(a) –4 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 10

Hint (c): Use cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B.

sin 2 A+ sin 2 B+ sin 2C

3. If A + B + C = , then =
cosA+ cosB+ cosC 1

A B C A B C
(a) 4cos cos cos (b) 8cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(c) 4sin sin sin (d) 8sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

Hint (b): Use conditional identities.

x y z
4. If xy + yz + zx = 1, then   
1  x 1  y 1  z2
2 2

2 xyz 4 xyz
(a) (b)
(1  x )(1  y 2 )(1  z 2 )
2
(1  x )(1  y 2 )(1  z 2 )
2

8 xyz
(c) (d) none of these
(1  x )(1  y 2 )(1  z 2 )
2

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Hint (b): Let x = tan A, y = tan B, z = tan C.

5. If x + y + z = 0, then cot (x + z – y) cot (x + y – z) + cot (x + y –z) cot (y + z – x) + cot (y + z –x)

cot (z + x – y) =
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1/2 (d) 1

Hint (d): Let A = x + y –z, B = z + x –y, C = y + z –x.

6. Find the minimum value of cos2 – 6 sin  cos  + 3 sin2  + 2

(a) 4 –10 (b) 4 +10 (c) 2 –10 (d) 2 + 10

Hint (a):  a 2  b 2  a sin x  b cos x  a 2  b 2

tanA+ tanB+ tanC + tanD

7. If A, B, C, D be the angles of a quadrilateral then cotA + cot B+ cot C + cot D =

(a) sin A sin B sin C sin D (b) cos A cos B cos C cos D
(c) cot A cot B cot C cot D (d) tan A tan B tan C tan D

Hint (d): A + B = 2 – (C + D)
 tan (A + B) = – tan (C + D)

8. If A + B + C = , then (cot B + cot C) (cot C + cot A) (cot A + cot B) =

(a) cosec A cosec B cosec C (b) sec A sec B sec C
(c) sin A sin B sin C (d) none of these

cosBsinC+ sinBcosC sinA

Hint (a): cot B + cot C = 
sinBsinC sinBsinC

9. The minimum value of cos 2 + cos  is

9
(a) –1 (b)  (c) 0 (d) 1
8

Hint (b): cos 2 + cos  = 2cos2 –1 + cos .

2
 1 9
2  cos    
 4 8

sin 3x
10. If a   b, x  n, then a + b =
sin x

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3

sin 3 x 3sin x  4sin 3 x

Hint (c):  = 3 – 4 sin2x
sin x sin x

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MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Sample Problem-23:


Show that sin is a root of 8x3 – 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0.
14

  
Solution: Let  = ;  7 = ; 4 =  3
14 2 2

 
sin 4 = sin   3   = cos 3
2 
2(2sin cos) cos2 = cos [4cos2 – 3]
4sin(1 – 2sin2) = 4 – 4sin2 – 3
4sin – 8sin3 = 1 – 4sin2
8sin3 – 4sin2 – 4sin + 1 = 0
Hence sin is root of 8x3 – 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 .

Sample Problem-24:

Find Sn where Sn = tanx tan2x + tan2x tan3x + .... + tannx tan(n + 1)x

Solution: Let Tr denote the rth term

 Tr = tanrx tan(r + 1)x

tan( r  1) x  tan rx
tan[(r + 1)x – rx] =
1  tan( r  1) x tan rx

or tanx + tanx tan(r + 1)x tanrx = tan(r + 1)x – tanrx

or tan(r + 1)x tanrx = cotx [tan(r + 1)x – tanrx] – 1
Putting r = 1, 2, 3, ...., n and adding, we get
Sn = cotx [tan(n +1)x – tanx] – n
= cotx tan(n +1)x – 1 – n
= cotx tan(n +1)x – (1 + n)

Sample Problem-25:


If  = n
, prove that 2ncos cos2 cos22 .... cos2n–1 = –1: n > 1
2 1

Solution: Let y = 2ncos cos2 cos22 ... cos2n–1

y sin = 2nsin cos cos2 cos22 ... cos2n–1
= 2n–1sin2 cos2 cos22 ... cos2n–1 

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= 2n–2sin22 cos22 ... cos2n–1 

Repeating this process, y sin = sin2n = sin ( + ) = – sin
 y = –1

Sample Problem-26:
n
If sin3 x sin3x =  cm cos mx is an identity in x, where c0, c 1, c2 , ...., cn are constants and
m 0
cn  0, find the value of n.

n
Solution: sin3x sin3x =  cm cos mx
m 0

 3 sin x – sin 3 x  n
   . sin 3x   cm cos mx
 4  m 0

3 1 n
or . ( 2 sin 3x . sin x) – . 2 sin 2 3x   cm cos mx
8 8 m 0

3 1 n
or [cos 2 x – cos 4 x] – [1 – cos 6 x ]   cm cos mx
8 8 m 0

1 3 3 1 n
or –  cos 2 x – cos 4 x  cos 6 x   cm cos mx
8 8 8 8 m0

On comparing coefficients of like terms, we get n = 6.

Sample Problem-27:

 
Show that cos(sin) > sin(cos) for all  belonging to the interval  0 ,  .
 2

   
Solution: We have to show that sin  – sin   > sin(cos). The sine function increases in  0 ,  and
2   2
     
the angles  – sin   and cos , lie in  0 ,  for    0 ,  .
2   2  2

 
Since, – sin > cos ( sin + cos  2 < ),  cos(sin) > sin(cos)
2 2

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 CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

3 θ
1. If sin =  and  lies in the third quadrant then the value of cos is
5 2

1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c)  (d) none of these
5 10 5

2. The value of cos 10º – sin 10º is

(a) positive (b) negative (c) 0 (d) 1

1 3
3. – is equal to
sin 10º cos10º

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) none of these

  A   A
4. sin2    – sin2    is
8 2 8 2
A 1
(a) 2 sin A (b) 2 sin (c) sin A (d) none of these
2 2

5. If sin x + sin2x = 1 then cos12x + 3cos10x + 3cos8x + cos6x =

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0

6. In a triangle ABC, if angle C is 45º, then (1 + cot A) (1 + cot B) equals

1
(a) –1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)
2


7. If A + B + C = , then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =
2
(a) 1 – 4cosA cosB cosC (b) 4sinA sinB sinC
(c) 1 + 2cosA cosB cosC (d) 1 – 4sinA sinB sinC

2x 2y 2z
8. If x + y + z = xyz, then 2
 2
 =
1 x 1– y 1 – z2

(a) xyz (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these

9. If   +  = 60º, then (cos2 + cos2 – cos cos ) =

3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
4

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7  
10. If sin + cos = , 0 <  < , then tan is equal to
2 6 2

1
(a) 7 2 (b) ( 7  2) (c) 2 7 (d) none of these
3

π
11. If 5 sin θ  3 sin  θ    a , for all  then the value of a is
 3

(a) 34 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) none of these

   2 
12. If tan + tan     + tan     = K tan3, then K is equal to
3   3 
(a) 1 (b) 1/3 (c) 3 (d) none of these

13. If ,  are two values of  obtained from equation a tan + b = c sec, then the value of
αβ
tan is
2
(a) a/b (b) b/a (c) c/a (d) none of these

14. The value of tan 20° + tan 40° + 3 tan 20° tan 40° =
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4

15. If m tan ( –30°) = n tan ( + 120°), then cos 2 =

mn mn m  2n m  2n
(a) 2(m  n) (b) 2(m  n) (c) (d)
mn mn

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

16. If x  sec   tan  and y  cos ec   cot  , then

y 1 y 1 1 x
(a) x  y  1 (b) x  y  1 (c) y  (d) xy + x – y + 1= 0
1 x
17. The equation sin 4 x  cos 4 x  a has a real solution for
1 7
(a) all value of a (b) a  (c) a  (d) a = 1
2 10
3
18. If cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) + cos ( –)  , then
2
(a)  cos   0 (b)  sin   0
(c)  cos  sin   0 (d)  (cos   sin )  0

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sin 4  cos 4  1
19. If   , then
a b ab
sin 4  cos 4  sin 4  cos 4 
(a)  (b) 
a2 b2 b2 a2
sin 8  cos8  1 4 a2
(c) 3
 3
 (d) sin  
a b (a  b )3 (a  b )2
20. If Pn  cosn   sin n  , then
(a) 2 P6  3P4  1 (b) 2 P6  3P4  1
(c) 6 P10  15 P8  10 P6  0 (d) 6 P10  15 P8  10 P6  1

21. If A and B are acute angles such that (A +B) and (A – B) satisfy the equation tan 2   4 tan   1  0 ,
then
   
(a) A  (b) A  (c) B  (d) B 
4 6 4 6

22. For 0    , tan   tan 2  tan 3  0 if
2
(a) tan   0 (b) tan 2  0 (c) tan 3  0 (d) tan  tan 2  2
3
23. If 0  ,    and cos   cos   cos(  )  , then
2
  
(a)   (b)   (c)    (d)    
3 3 3
x 2 x
24. If tan  cosec x  sin x , then tan   
2 2
(a) 2  5 (b) 52 (c) (9  4 5)(2  5) (d) (9  4 5)(2  5)
6 6 2
25. The equation sin x + cos x = a has real solutions if

 1 1 
(a) a  (1,1) (b) a    1,   (c) a   , 1 (d) none of these
 2 2 

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Comprehension-1

sin 2n 
The value of cos  cos 2  cos 4  ... cos 2n–1 = ,   n
2n sin 

2 4 6
26. The value of cos cos cos is
7 7 7
1 1 1 1
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4 8

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6

27. If  =
13
, then the value of  cos r
r 1
is

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) – (c) (d) 
64 64 32 8

 5 7
28. The value of sin sin sin is
18 18 18
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c)  (d) –1
16 8 8

Comprehension-2

AB is a vertical line and BC is horizontal. D and E are two points on BC. ACB = , ADB = 2,
AEB = 3. DL and EM are perpendiculars on BC meeting AC at L and M respectively. DL = x,
EM = y, BA = z.

cot 2  cot 3
29. is equal to
cot 
z y yx zx
(a) (b) (c) y
(d) none of these
x z

cot   cot 2
30. is equal to
cot 
(a) x/z (b) y/z (c) y/x (d) x/y
31. AD is equal to
(a) x cot  (b) y cot  (c) z cot  (d) none of these

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

32. A. cos 36° – cos 72° (p) 5/4

B. cos 36° cos 72° (q) 1/2
C. tan 36° tan 18° (r) 1/4
D. sin 36° cos 18° (s) (5 – 25)/5

33. cos  + sin  = x, cos  – sin  = y

A. cos 2 (p) 1 – y2
B. sin 2 (q) xy

1  y2
C. cot  (r)
xy
x y
D. tan 2 (s)
x y

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INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

  
34. tan6 – 33 tan4 + 27 tan2 is equal to
9 9 9

 3   x 4 2
35. If x   ,  , then 4 cos2     4sin x  sin 2 x is always equal to
 2  4 2

36. If sin A, cos A and tan A are in G.P., then cot6A – cot2A = .

37. If tan2 = 2tan2 + 1, then cos2 + sin2 is equal to.

x
38. cos 36° cos72° cos108° cos 144° = , then x is equal to
16

9x 5y 9 x sin  5 y cos  [(9 x ) 2/3  (5 y ) 2/3 ]3

39. If   56 and   0 , then value of is
cos  sin  cos2  sin 2  784

3cos 2  1
40. If ,  are positive acute angles and cos2 = , and tan  = k tan , then k4 =
3  cos 2

41. If sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3 x  1 , then cos6 x  4cos 4 x  8cos 2 x 

   2 
42. If tan x  tan  x    tan  x    3 , then tan3x =
 3  3 

43. If sin 47  sin 61  sin11  sin 25  cos , then  =

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following number(s) is/are rational? (IIT Sc)

(a) sin 15° (b) cos 15° (c) sin 15° cos 15° (d) sin 15° cos 75°


2. For 0 <  < if
2
  
x   cos2 n , y   sin 2 n , z   cos2 n  ·sin 2 n  then (IIT Sc.)
n 0 n 0 n 0

(a) xyz = xz + y (b) xyz = xy + z (c) xyz = x + y + z (d) xyz = yz + x


3. For a positive integer n, let fn() = tan (1 + sec ) (1 + sec 2) (1 + sec 4) .... (1 + sec 2n),
2
then (IIT Sc)

    
(a) f 2    1 (b) f 3    1 (c) f 4    1 (d) All of these
 16   32   64 


4. If  +  = and  +  = , then tan  equals (IIT Sc.)
2
(a) 2(tan  + tan ) (b) tan  + tan  (c) tan  + 2 tan  (d) 2 tan  + tan 


5. The maximum value of cos 1 cos 2 .... cos n under the restrictions 0  , 2, 3, ..., n 
2
and cot 1 cot 2 cot 3 .... cot n = 1 is (IIT Sc.)

1 1 1
(a) n/2 (b) (c) (d) 1
2 2n 2n

 P Q
6. In a triangle PQR, R = . If tan   and tan   are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
2 2 2
(a  0) then (IIT Sc.)
(a) a + b = c (b) b + c = a (c) a + c = b (d) b = c

n
7. Let n be an odd integer. If sin n = b r sin r  , for every value of , then (IIT Sc)
r0

(a) b0 = 1, b1 = 3 (b) b0 = 0, b1 = n
(c) b0 = –1, b1 = n (d) b0= 0, b1= n2– 3n + 3

4 xy
8. sec2 = is true if and only if (IIT Sc)
( x  y)2

(a) x + y  0 (b) x = y, x  0 (c) x = y (d) x  0, y  0

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  3   5   7 
9. The value of 1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  is equal to (IIT Sc)
 8 8  8  8 

1  1 1 2
(a) (b) cos (c) (d)
2 8 8 2 2

10. The value of the expression 3 cosec 20° – sec 20° is equal to (IIT Sc)

2 sin 20 4 sin 20

(a) 2 (b) (c) 4 (d)
sin 40 sin 40

11. The graph of the function cos x cos(x + 2) – cos2(x + 1) is (IIT Sc)
(a) a straight line passing through (0, –sin21) with slope 2
(b) a straight line passing through (0, 0)
(c) a parabola with vertex (1, –sin21)

2 
(d) a straight line passing through the point  ,  sin 1 and parallel to the x-axis
2 

12. If in the triangle PQR, sin P, sin Q, sin R are in A.P., then (IIT)
(a) the altitudes are in A.P. (b) the altitudes are in H.P.
(c) the medians are in G.P (d) the medians are in A.P.

sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
13. If   , then (IIT)
2 3 5
2 2 sin 8 x cos8 x 1
(a) tan x  (b)  
3 8 27 125

1 sin 8 x cos8 x 2
(c) tan 2 x  (d)  
3 8 27 125

6
  ( m  1)   m 
14. For 0   
2
, the solution(s) of  cosec   
m 1 4
 cosec   
 
  4 2 is(are)
4 
(IIT)

   5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 6 12 12

15. The number of all possible values of , where 0 <  < , for which the system of equations

2cos3 2sin 3
(y + z) cos 3 = (xyz) sin 3x sin 3 = 
y z
(xyz) sin 3 = (y + 2z) cos3 + y sin 3have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0 z0  0, is (IIT)

16. Let P  { : sin   cos   2 cos } and Q  { : sin   cos   2 sin } be two sets. Then
(a) P  Q and Q  P  Q (b) QP (IIT)
(c) PQ (d) P = Q

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2   
17. Let ,  [0,2] be such that 2cos (1  sin )  sin   tan  cot  cos   1 , tan(2   )  0
 2 2

3
and 1  sin    . Then  cannot satisfy (IIT)
2

  4 4 3 3
(a) 0 (b)  (c)  (d)    2
2 2 3 3 2 2

18. Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists :
(JEE-Advance)

List – I List – II

2 1/ 2
  1 1  
 1  cos(tan y )  y sin(tan y )   y 4  1 5
P.  y 2  cot(sin 1 y )  tan(sin 1 y )   takes value 1.
 
2 3

Q. If cos x + cos y + cos z = 0 = sin x + sin y + sin z then 2. 2

x y
possible value of cos is
2

  1
R. If cos   x  cos 2 x  sin x sin 2 x sec x  cos x sin 2 x sec x  3.
 4  2

 
cos   x  cos 2 x then possible value of sec x is
4 

S. 
If cot sin
1
   
1  x 2  sin tan 1 x 6 , x  0 , 4. 1

then possible value of x is

(a) P-(4); Q-(3); R-(1); S-(2) (b) P-(4); Q-(3); R-(2); S-(1)
(c) P-(3); Q-(4); R-(2); S-(1) (d) P-(3); Q-(4); R-(1); S-(2)

13
1
19. The value of 
k 1   ( k  1)    k 
is equal to (JEE-Advance)
sin   sin
   
4 6  4 6 

(a) 3 3 (b) 
2 3 3  (c) 2  
3 1 (d) 
2 2 3 
20. Let  and be nonzero real numbers such that 2(cos   cos  )  cos  cos   1 . Then which of the
following is/are true ? (JEE-Advance)

   

(a) 3 tan    tan    0 (b) 3 tan    tan    0
2 2 2 2

   

(c) tan    3 tan    0 (d) tan    3 tan    0
2 2 2 2

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21. In a triangle PQR, let PQR= 30° and the sides PQ and QR have lengths 103 and 10, respectively.
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE?
(a) QPR= 45°
(b) The area of the triangle PQR is 253 and QRP = 120°
(c) The radius of the incircle of the triangle PQR is 103–15
(d) The area of the circumcircle of the triangle PQR is 100 

DCE QUESTIONS

1. If sin A = sin B and cos A = cos B, then A = [DCE]

(a) 2n + B (b) 2n – B (c) n + B (d) n + (–1)n B

2. tan 10° + tan 35° + tan 10° · tan 35° = [DCE]

1
(a) 0 (b) (c) –1 (d) 1
2

3. If cos ( + ) = m cos ( – ), tan  is = [DCE]

(a) [(1 + m)/(1 – m)]tan  (b) [(1 – m)/(1 + m)]tan 
(c) [(1 – m)/(1 + m)]cot  (d) [(1 + m)/(1 – m)]sec 

4. If 2 cos x + 2 cos 3x = cos y, 2 sin x + 2 sin 3x = sin y, then the value of cos 2x is [DCE]

7 1 1 7
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
8 8 8 8

    
5. If tan  · tan 3    · tan  3    = K tan 3, then the value of K is [DCE]
   

1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 3 (d) none of these
3

6. If cos 20° = K and cos x = 2K2 – 1, then the possible values of x between 0° and 360° are [DCE]
(a) 140° (b) 40° and 140° (c) 40° and 320° (d) 50° and 130°

7. The maximum value of 12 sin  – 6 sin2is [DCE]

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) none of these

2 4 6 7
8. The value of cos  cos  cos  cos is [DCE]
7 7 7 7

1 3
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) (d) 
2 2

9. If cos  + cos  = a, sin  + sin  = b, then cos( – ) is equal to [DCE]

2ab a2  b2 a2  b2  2 b2  a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a  b2
2
a2  b2 2 a2  b2

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3 A 5A
10. If cos A = , then value of 32 sin sin is [DCE]
4 2 2

(a) 11 (b) – 11 (c) 11 (d) None of these

   3   5   7 
11. 1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  is equal to [DCE]
 8  8  8  8 

1  1 (1  2)
(a) (b) cos (c) (d)
2 8 8 2 2

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS
1
1. If 0 < x <  , and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is
2
(a) 1  7  / 4 (b) 1  7  / 4 (c) 4  7  / 3 (d) 
 4 7 /3 
21 27
2. Let ,  be such that  <  –  < 3. If sin  + sin  =  and cos  + cos  = – , then the
65 65

value of cos is [AIEEE]
2
3 6 6 3
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
130 65 65 130


3. The sides of a triangle are sin , cos  and 1  sin  cos  for some 0 <  < . Then the greatest
2
angle of the triangle is [AIEEE]
(a) 60° (b) 150° (c) 120° (d) 90°

4. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 3  ] satisfying the equation 2 sin2x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0 is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 1
5. Let A and B denote the statements [AIEEE]
A : cos  + cos  + cos  = 0 B : sin  + sin  + sin  = 0
3
If cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) =  , then :
2
(a) A is false and B is true (b) both A and B are true
(c) both A and B are false (d) A is true and B is false

4 5 
6. Let cos (  )  and let sin (  )  , where 0 < ,   . Then tan 2 = [AIEEE]
5 13 4

20 25 56 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 16 33 12

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7. If A = sin2x + cos4x, then for all real x: [AIEEE]

3 13 3 13
(a) A 1 (b) A 1 (c) 1  A  2 (d) A
4 16 4 16

8. In a PQR, if 3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 and 4 sin Q + 3 cos P = 1, then the angle R is equal to

5   3
(a) (b) (c) (d) [AIEEE]
6 6 4 4

9. If x, y, z are in A.P. and tan–1 x, tan–1y and tan–1z are also in A.P., then [JEE-Mains]

(a) 6x = 3y = 2z (b) 6x = 4y = 3z (c) x = y = z (d) 2x = 3y = 6z

tan A cot A
10. The expression  can be written as [JEE-Mains]
1  cot A 1  tan A
(a) tanA + cotA (b) secA + cosecA (c) sinA cosA + 1 (d) secA cosecA + 1

11. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are parallel and BC  CD. If  ADB   , BC = p and
CD = q, then AB is equal to [JEE-Mains]

p2  q 2  p2  q 2  sin   p2  q2  sin  p 2  q 2 cos 

(a) (b) (c) (d)
p 2 cos   q 2 sin   p cos   q sin  2 p cos   q sin  p cos   q sin 

1
12. Let fK(x) = (sinkx + coskx) where x  R and K  1. Then f4(x) – f6(x) equals:
K
[JEE-Mains]

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 4 12

13. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in a straight path, at a uniform speed. At a certain point A on
the path, he observes that the angle of elevation of the top of the pillar is 30°. After walking for 10
minutes from A in the same direction, at a point B, he observes that the angle of elevation of the top of
the pillar is 60°. Then the time taken (in minutes) by him, from B to reach the pillar, is
[JEE-Mains]
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 20

14. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the level ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB and P be a
point on the ground such that AP = 2AB. If BPC = , then tan  is equal to
[JEE-Mains]
4 6 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 7 4 9

15. If 5(tan2x – cos2x) = 2cos 2x + 9, then the value of cos 4x is: [JEE-Mains]

7 3 1 2
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
9 5 3 9

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 CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.

2
1. The values of sin x2  lies in the interval
36
(a) [–1, 1] (b) [–1/2, 1/2] (c) [–1, 0] (d) none of these

2. The minimum value of |a secx – b tan x| where a and b are positive, a > b, is

(a) a2  b2 (b) a + b (c) a2  b2 (d) none of these

3. If sin x + cos x + tan x + cot x + sec x + cosec x = 7 and sin 2x = a – b 7 , then ordered pair
(a, b) can be
(a) (6, 2) (b) (8, 3) (c) (22, 8) (d) (11, 4)

1
4. The maximum value of is
7 sin x  29 cos x  7

1 1
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c)  (d)
2 2

5. The maximum value of 1 + 8 sin2 x cos2x is

(a) 3 (b) –1 (c) –8 (d) 9

SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.

6. If cot  + tan  = x and sec  – cos  = y then

(a) sin  cos  = 1/x (b) sin  tan  = y
2 2/3 2 2/3
(c) (x y) – (xy ) = 1 (d) none of these

x y
7. If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y = b, then tan 
2

4  a2  b2 4  a2  b2 4  a2  b2 4  a2  b2
(a) (b) (c) – (d) –
a2  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2

8. If tan A + tan B = x, cot A + cot B = y, A – B =  0, then

(a) xy > 4 (b) xy = 4
xy ( xy  4) xy ( xy  4)
(c) cot 2   (d) tan 2  
( x  y)2 ( x  y )2

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9. If sin ( cos ) = cos ( sin ), then sin 2 =

1 3 1 3
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
4 4 4 4


10. For a positive integer n, let fn() = tan (1  sec )(1  sec 2).......(1  sec 2n ), then
2

       
(a) f2    1 (b) f3    1 (c) f4    1 (d) f5   1
 16   32   64   128 

SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.

x, y, z are respectively the sines and p, q, r are respectively the cosines of the angles , which are
2
in A.P. with common difference .
3
11. x + y + z is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these

12. yz + zx + xy is equal to

3 3
(a) p + q + r (b) x + y + z (c)  (d) 
4 8

x y z
p q r 
13. Value of the determinant
yz zx xy
3 3
(a) 0 (b) x + y + z (c) p + q + r (d)
8
SECTION- IV: MATCHING LIST TYPE
This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.

1  sin x 1  tan 2 ( x / 2)
14. A. (p)
cos x 1  tan 2 ( x / 2)

1  sin x  x
B. (q) tan 2  
cos x 2
1  cos x 1  tan( x / 2)
C. (r)
1  cos x 1  tan( x / 2)
1  tan( x / 2)
D. cos x (s)
1  tan( x / 2)

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SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.

cos A
15. In a ABC,  sin Bsin C 
16. If cosec  – sin  = m, sec  – cos  = n, then (m2n)2/3 + (mn2)2/3 =

A B C
17. In any triangle ABC the minimum value of tan2 + tan2 + tan2 is
2 2 2

 2 4
18. The value of 8 cos cos cos 
9 9 9

cos 6 x  6cos 4 x  15cos 2 x  10

19. The expression is equal to k cos x. Then the value of k is.
cos5 x  5cos 3x  10cos x

1 1 1 3 1 
20. If cos =  a   and cos3  =  a  3  , then value of k is.
2 a k a 

sin x sin 3 x sin 9 x

21. If    k [tan 27 x  tan x] , then 10 k =
cos 3 x cos 9 x cos 27 x

x a
22. If a2 – 2a cos x + 1 = 674 and tan  7 , here a is an integer then =.
2 5

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 ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)

11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a)

16. (b,c,d) 17. (b,c,d) 18. (a,b,d) 19. (a,c,d) 20. (a,d)

21. (a,d) 22. (c,d) 23. (a,b,c) 24. (b,c) 25. (b,c)
26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. A-(q); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p) 33. A-(q); B-(p); C-(s); D-(r)
34. (3) 35. (2) 36. (1) 37. (0) 38. (1)
39. (4) 40. (4) 41. (4) 42. (1) 43. (7)

Chapter Assignment Hint/Solutions


1. (b): lies in second quadrant.
2

2. (a): sin 80° – sin 10° = 2 cos 45° sin 35°

3. (b): Simplify and use the formula of sin 2x.

4. (c): Factorize and simplify.

5. (a): sin x = 1 – sin2x = cos2x.

6. (b): A + B + C = 180°  A + B = 135°

7. (d): Use conditional identities.

8. (d): Put x = tan A, y = tan B and z = tan C

9. (c):  = 60° – , replace in the given expression.

2 tan A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2
10. (b): sin A = , and cos A =
1  tan 2 A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2

11. (c): Use  a 2  b 2  a sin   b cos   a 2  b 2

12. (c): Simplify using the formula of tan (A + B) and tan (A – B).

- 3.35 -
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 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

2 tan A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2
13. (a): Use tan A = , and sec A =
1  tan 2 A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2

14. (b): tan 60° = tan(20° + 40°)

15. (a): Use componendo and dividendo.

16. (b,c,d):

Use componendo and dividendo

17. (b,c,d):
a = (sin2 x + cos2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x
= 1 – 1/2 sin22x.

18. (a,b,d):
2 cos( – ) + 2cos ( – ) + 2cos ( –) + 1 + 1 + 1 = 0
or (sin  + sin  + sin )2 + (cos  + cos  + cos )2 = 0

19. (a,c,d):

sin 4  cos 4  1
Given  
a b ab
or b(a + b)sin4 + a(a + b)cos4 = ab
or b(a + b)sin4 + a(a + b)(1 – sin2)2 = ab
or b(a + b)sin4 + a(a + b)(1 – 2sin2 + sin4) = ab
or (a + b)2sin4 – 2a(a + b)sin2 + a(a + b) – ab = 0
or [(a + b)sin2 – a]2 = 0
a
 sin2 =
a b
b
 cos2 =
a b
4 4
Now
sin 8  cos 8  =  a  1  b  1
    
a3 b3  a  b  a3  a  b  b3
ab
=
( a  b) 4
1
=
( a  b) 3
20. (a,d): Pn – Pn –2 = – sin2 cos2 Pn – 4

21. (a,d): tan (A + B) + tan (A – B) = 4, tan (A + B) tan (A – B) = 1

Now tan 2A = tan [(A + B) + (A – B)]

22. (c,d): tan 3 = tan ( + 2)

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23. (a,b,c):
        3
2cos cos   2cos 2  1 
2 2  2  2
2
      
or  2cos  cos   sin 2 0
 2 2  2

2 tan A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2
24. (b,c): sin A = , and cos A =
1  tan 2 A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2

25. (b,c): a2 = (sin2x)3 + (cos2x)3 = (sin2x + cos2x) [(sin2x + cos2x)2 – 3sin2x cos2x]

2 4  
26. (d): cos cos cos    
7 7  7

 2  3  4  8   6 
27. (a): – cos cos cos     cos cos     cos  2  
13 13  13  13  13   13 

     5    7  
28. (b): cos    cos    cos   
 2 18   2 18   2 18 

z cot 2  z cot 3 BD  BE DE CE  CD
29. (b):   
z cot  BC BC BC

z cot   z cot 2 BC  BD CD x
30. (a):   
z cot  BC BC z

31. (a): AD = CD = x cot .

32. A-(q); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p):

5 1 5 1
Use sin 18° = and cos 36° =
4 4

33. A-(q); B-(p); C-(s); D-(r)

xy = (cos  + sin ) (cos  – sin ) = cos 2.
x cos   sin 

y cos   sin  , then use C and D


34. (3): Let A =
9
2
 3tan A  tan 3 A 
2
(tan 3A) =  2 
 1  3tan A 

 
1  cos   x 
 x  2 
35. (2): Use cos2     and sin 2x = 2sin x cos x.
 4 2 2

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36. (1): cos2A = sin A tan A  cos3A = sin2A

cot2A = sec A  cot4A = 1 + tan2A
37. (0): Use componendo and dividendo.

5 1 5 1
38. (1): Use sin 18° = and cos 36° =
4 4
cos3  sin 3 
39. (4): 9x sin3 = 5y cos3    k3
9x 5y

1  tan 2 A
40. (4): Use cos 2A =
1  tan 2 A

41. (4): sin x (1 + sin2x) = 1 – sin2x = cos2x

(1 – cos2x) (2 – cos2x)2 = cos4x.

42. (1): Use the formula of tan (A + B).

43. (7): (sin 47° + sin 61°) – (sin 11° + sin 25°)

Previous Year Questions

ANSWERS FOR IIT-SCREENING
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a,b) 14. (c,d) 15. (3)
16. (d) 17. (a,c,d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c,d)

21. (b,c,d)
ANSWERS FOR DCE
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (c)
ANSWERS FOR AIEEE
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a)

Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a,b,c) 7. (a,c) 8. (a,d) 9. (b,d) 10. (a,b,c,d)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. A-(r); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p)
15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (2)
20. (2) 21. (5) 22. (5)

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 4
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
INTRODUCTION

An equation involving one or more trigonometric ratios of unknown angle is called as a trigonometric
equation. e.g., sin – cos = 1; cosx + sin2x = 1, etc.

Note: Trigonometric identity is satisfied for every value of the unknown angle where as
trigonometric equation is satisfied only for some values of unknown angles.

Example: sin2x + cos2x = 1 is a trigonometric identity.

4.1. SOLUTION OR ROOT OF A TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION:

A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equation is called a solution of the
trigonometric equation.

Example: The equation 2sin = 1, holds for  = 30º and  = 150º. Therefore, 30º and 150º are
solutions of the equation.

The equation generating all possible solutions of a trigonometric equation is called its general solution.

4.1.1. GENERAL SOLUTION OF SOME SIMPLE EQUATIONS :

1. sin  = 0
The graph of y = sin shows that sin = 0 for  = 0, ±, ±2, ...
  = n : n  I
2. cos  = 0
 3 5
The graph of y = cos shows that cos = 0 for  =  , , , ...
2 2 2

 cos = 0  = (2n + 1) : nI
2
3. tan  = 0
The graph of y = tan shows that tan = 0 if  = 0, ±, ±2, ...
  = n : n  I
4. General Solution of the equation sin = k where –1  k  1.
Let  be an angle such that k = sin ; then,
sin – sin = 0
θα θα
 2cos sin =0
2 2
 θα   θα  
cos   =0    = (2m + 1) : m  I
 2   2  2
or  = (2m + 1) –  ...(i)

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 Trigonometric Equations

θα θα
sin =0  = r: rI
2 2
or  –  = 2r
or  = 2r +  : rI ...(ii)
Combining (i) and (ii), we get
 = n + (–1)n. : n  I
5. General Solution of the equation cos  = k, where –1  k  1
Let  be an angle such that k = cos; then,
cos = cos
 cos – cos = 0

θα θα
 –2sin sin =0
2 2
θα θα
 Either sin = 0 or sin =0
2 2

θα θα
When sin = 0, = n or  = 2n – : n  I ...(i)
2 2
θα θα
When sin = 0, = n or  = 2n +  : n  I ...(ii)
2 2
From (i) and (ii), we have
 = 2n ± , where n  I
6. General Solution of the equation tan  = k, where k  R
Let  an angle such that tan  = k; then,
tan  = tan 

sin θ sin α
 =
cos θ cos α

 sin cos – cos sin = 0

 sin ( – ) = 0
  –  = n : n  I
  = n +  : n  I
7. General Solution of the equations sin2 = sin2  or cos2  = cos2  or tan2 = tan2
sin2 = sin2  .....(i)
 1 – sin2 = 1 – sin2 
 cos2 = cos2  .....(ii)
dividing (i) by (ii),
tan2  = tan2

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Trigonometric Equations

so equations sin2 = sin2, cos2 = cos2 , tan2 = tan2  have same solution.
Now tan2  = tan2 
 tan  = ± tan  = tan (± )
 =n±
So equations sin2  = sin2, cos2 = cos2, tan2 = tan2 have same solution  = n  ± .

4.1.2. SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION a cos  + b sin  = c

Let a = rcos  b = rsin  r= a2  b2

Substituting these values in the given equation, we have
rcos cos  + rsin sin  = c
or rcos( – ) = c

c c
or cos( – )  = = cos , (say);
r a2  b2

c
[If does not lie in [–1, 1], then given equation has no solution]
a2 b2
or  –  = 2n ±  : n  I
 = 2n +  ± : n  I

4.1.3. DON’TS WHILE SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

(i) Do not multiply by some expression as multiplying causes extra roots.

(ii) Do not divide by some expression as division causes root loss.

(iii) Do not square as squaring causes extra roots.

(iv) Any value cannot be taken as solution at which any term of the equation becomes undefined.

Sample Problem-1:

Solve: 2cos2 + 2 sin θ = 2.

Solution: 2 sin θ = 2(1 – cos2) = 4sin2 

 2sin = 16sin4 : sin 0

sin = 0 or sin3 = 1
8

1
 sin = 0 or
2


 = m : m  I or  = n + (–1)n :nI
6

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 Trigonometric Equations

Sample Problem-2:

Solve: sinx + 3 cosx = 2.

Solution: “sinx + 3 cosx = 2 ” is of the type acos + bsin = c, where a = 3 , b = 1, c =

2 ;

 
  = 2n +  : nI
6 4

Sample Problem-3:

x
Solve: 8 tan2 = 1 + secx.
2

x 1  cos x
Solution: We know that tan 2 =
2 1  cos x

x
8 tan2 = 1 + secx ...(i)
2

 1  cos x  cos x  1
 8  = : cosx  0, –1
 1  cos x  cos x

or (8 – 8cosx)cosx = (cosx + 1)2

or 8cosx – 8cos2x = cos2x + 2cosx + 1
or 9cos2x – 6cosx + 1 = 0
or (3cosx – 1)2 = 0

1
or cosx = = cos, (say)
3
 x = 2n ±  : n  I

Sample Problem-4:

Solve: sinx + cosx – 2 2 sinx cosx = 0.

Solution: Here sinx + cosx = 2 sin2x

 1 1 
or 2  sin x  cos x   2 sin 2 x
 2 2 

 
or sin  x    sin 2 x
 4

 
 2x = n + (–1)n  x   : n  I
 4

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Sample Problem-5:

3 1
Find the general value of  which satisfies both the equations cos θ   and sinθ  .
2 2

3 5 5
Solution: cos =  = cos   = 2 n  :nI
2 6 6

1 
sin =   = m + (–1)m. :mI
2 6

5 
2 n  = m + (–1)m.
6 6
 5 2
If m = 2k: k  I then 2(n – k) =  =  ,
6 6 3
Since L.H.S. is even multiple of , there is no solution when m is an even integer.
 5 
If m = 2k – 1; then, 2(n – k) =     = –2,  .
6 6 3
Since L.H.S. is an even multiple of ,  n – k = –1 which does not invite any restriction
on n or m
5
  = 2n + where n  I (the ‘–’ sign is rejected)
6

Sample Problem-6:
x 
Show that the equation 2 cos 2   sin 2 x  x 2  x 2 for 0  x  has no real solution.
2 2

1 x 2
Solution: x2   2  x with equality for x2 = 1 alone. Since 2cos2 sin x  2,
x2 2

x 2 2 1
 2cos2 sin x = x  2 holds only if x2 = 1
2 x
x
 x = 1 and cos sinx = ±1
2

1c
i.e., cos  2  .sin1c = ±1, which is not true. Hence, the given equation has no solution.
 

Sample Problem-7:
Determine ‘a’ for which the equation a2 – 2a + sec2((a + x)) = 0 has solutions and find the
solutions.

Solution: a2 – 2a + 1+ tan2((a + x)) = 0

or (a – 1)2 + [tan(a + x)]2 = 0

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 Trigonometric Equations

 a – 1 = 0 and tan(a + x) = 0
 tan(1 + x) = 0
 (1 + x) = n  n  I
 x = n – 1: n  I ; a=1

Sample Problem-8:

Solve the equation cos7x + sin4x = 1.

Solution: cos7x  cos2x and sin4x  sin2x

 1 = cos7x + sin4x  cos2x + sin2x = 1
 cos7x = cos2x and sin4x = sin2x
cos7x = cos2x  cos2x (cos5x – 1) = 0
 cosx = 0 or cosx = 1
 x = (2n + 1) /2 : n  I or x = 2m : m  I ...(i)
sin2x = sin4x
 sin2x cos2x = 0
 cos x = 0 or sinx = 0 ...(ii)
Since (i) satisfies the system (ii),  solution set is given by (i)

Sample Problem-9:

Solve for x and y : 12sinx + 5cosx = 2y2 – 8y + 21 .

Solution: 12sinx + 5cosx = 2y2 – 8y + 21

 12 5 
 12 2  5 2  sin x  cos x   2( y 2  4 y  4)  13
 13 13 

5 12
or 13cos(x  )  2( y  2) 2  13 : cos = and sin =
13 13
Thus, cos(x – ) = 1 and y = 2
or x –  = 2n : n  I and y = 2
 x = 2n +  : n  I and y = 2

Sample Problem-10:
Solve for x, y
xcos3y + 3xcosy sin2y = 14
xsin3y + 3xcos2y siny = 13 .

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Trigonometric Equations

Solution: We note that “x = 0; siny = 0 or cosy = 0” do not yield a solution to given system.

cos 3 y  3cos y sin 2 y 14


sin 3 y  3cos 2 y sin y 13

By componendo and dividendo ,

cos 3 y  3 cos y sin 2 y  3 cos 2 y sin y  sin 3 y 14  13


cos 3 y  3 cos y sin 2 y  3 cos 2 y sin y  sin 3 y 14  13

3
 cos y  sin y 
or    27  (3) 3
 cos y  sin y 

or cos y  sin y
3
cos y  sin y

1  tan y 3
or 
1  tan y 1

1
tany = = tan; y = n +  : n  I
2
Since siny and cosy have signs we have the following cases:
1 2
(i) siny = and cosy = ; then,
5 5

 8 2 1
x 3 .   14  x  5 5
5 5 5 5

1 2
(ii) siny =  and cosy =  ; then,
5 5

 8  2  1
x  3 .   14  x  5 5
5 5  5  5

Sample Problem-11:

Solve: 3tan( – 15º) = tan( + 15º)

Solution: Given, 3tan( – 15º) = tan( + 15º)

or tan (θ  15º ) 3

tan (θ – 15º ) 1

tan(   15 )  tan(   15 ) 4

tan(   15 )  tan(   15 ) =
2

sin (θ  15º  θ – 15º )

or =2
sin (θ  15º – θ  15º )

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
or sin 2 = 1 = sin
2


 2 = n + (–1)n :nI
2

n 
 =  (–1) n :nI
2 4

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-4.1
1. The solution set of (2cosx – 1) (3 + 2cosx) = 0 in the interval 0  x  2 is

π   π 5π 
(a)   (b)  , 
3 3 3 

 π 5π   3 
(c)  , , cos 1   (d) none of these
3 3  2 

Hint (b): –1  cos x  1

2. The general solution of equation : sin2 sec + 3 tan = 0, is

 
(a)  = n +(–1)n+1 (b)  = n (c)  = n + (–1)n+1 (d)none of these
3 6

Hint (b): sin  [–1, 1]

3. The general solution of sinx – 3sin2x + sin 3x = cosx – 3cos2x + cos3x, is

π nπ π nπ π
(a) n + (b) + (c) (–1)n + (d) none of these
8 2 8 2 8

Hint (b): tan  = tan  = n +, n  I

4. The equation cosx + sinx = 2, has

(a) only one solution (b) two solutions (c) no solutions (d) none of these

c
Hint (c): For a cos x + b sin x = c, if  1, then it has no solution.
a  b2
2

1 1
5. The general value of  which satisfies both the equations sin =  and tan = , is
2 3

π π 11π 7π
(a) 2n + (b) 2n + (c) 2n + (d) 2n +
6 4 6 6

Hint (d): sin  < 0 and tan  > 0, then  3rd quadrant.
6. The number of solutions of the equation sin 5x cos3x = sin6x cos2x in (0,  are
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these

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Trigonometric Equations

  5
Hint (d): Use 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B), x = , ,
6 2 6
7. The smallest positive root of the equation tanx – x = 0 lies in

  3 
(a) (0, ) (b)  ,   (c)  ,  (d) none of these
2   2 
Hint (c): Draw the graph of y = x and y = tan x.

8. The number of roots of the equation tanx = x + 1 between – and 2 is
2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) none of these

Hint (b): Draw the graph of y = tan x and y = x + 1.

9. The number of solutions of the equation 2(sin 4 2 x  cos 4 2 x)  3 sin 2 x cos 2 x  0 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these

Hint (a): Use sin2  0 and cos2  0.

10. If | cot x | < 1 and 0  x  , the solution set of x is

      3   
(a)  ,  (b)  0,    ,   (c)  0,  (d) none of these
4 2  4  4   4

Hint (a): Draw the graph of y= |cot x|.

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 CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1 1 3
1. If tan    and sin   ,cos    then the value of  will be
3 2 2
 5 7 
(a) (b) (c) (d) 
6 6 6 6
2. If tan (cot x) = cot (tan x), then sin 2x =
 4 4
(a) (2n  1) (b) (2n  1)  (c) 4(2n + 1) (d)
4 2n  1

3. If 3 tan 2  3 tan 3  tan 2 tan 3  1 then the general value of  is

  1  1  1
(a) n  (b)  n   (c)  2n   (d)  n  
5  6 5  65  3 5

5
4. If cos   sec   then the general value of  is
2
   
(a) n  (b) 2n  (c) n  (d) 2n 
3 6 6 3
5. If tan  + tan 2 + tan . tan 2 = 1 then the general value of  is
n  n  2n  2n 
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12

6. The solution of tan  + sec  = 3 for x  [0, 2] is

  2
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
6 3 3
7. The general set of 4 sin2 x – 8 sin x + 3 < 0 in the interval [0, 2] are
  5    3    5 
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d) none of these
2 2  4 4  6 6 

8. Solve 3 cos2 – 2 3 sin  cos  – 3 sin2 = 0

 n   
(a) n  (b)  (c) n  (d) n 
6 2 6 2 3

9. The number of roots of the equation x + 2 tan x = lying between 0 and 2 is
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

10. If tan   tan 2  tan 3  tan  tan 2 tan 3. then the general value of  is
n  n
(a) n  (b) (c) n  (d)
6 3 2

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11. If 4 sin4x + cos4x = 1, then x =

1 2 
(a) n  (b) n  sin (c) n  (d) 2n
5 6
12. If sin4x + cos4x = (7/2) sin x. cos x then the general value of x is
n   n  
(a)  (1) n (b) n  ( 1)
n
(c)  (1)n (d) n  ( 1)
n
2 6 6 2 12 12
13. Find the general solution of the equation sin 3 = 4 sin  sin (x + ) sin (x – ), given sin 0.
 2 
(a) n  (b) 2n  (c) n  (d) none of these
3 3 3
14. The solution of the equation tan x.tan 4x = 1 is
 n  
(a) x = n  (b) x =  (c) x = 2n  (d) none of these
4 5 10 4

15. If tan x – sin x = 1 – tan x. sin x then the general value of x is

   
(a) 2n  (b) 2n  (c) n  (d) n 
2 2 4 4

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

16. If sin 5  a sin 5   b sin 3   c sin   d , then

(a) a + b + c + d = 1 (b) a + b + c = 1 (c) 5a + 4d = 0 (d) b + 4c = 0

17. If x + y + z = , tan x tan y = 2, tan x + tan y + tan z = 6, then (l, m, n  I)


(a) x = m + (b) y = n + tan–12 (c) z = l  + tan–1 3 (d) none of these
4

18. Solution of the equation sin x = cos 4x for x  [0, ] are

  9 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 2 10 6


19. If cos is geometric mean between sin  and cos where 0  ,   , then cos 2 
2

2  2  2  2 

(a) 2sin     (b) 2cos     (c) 2sin     (d) 2cos    
4  4  4  4 

2 sin 2 x   2  2
20.  has a solution if
1  tan 2 x cos 2 x
(a) –1 (b)  1
(c) = 1/2 (d)  is any real number

21. 4cos – 3sec = 2tan, then  =

  
(a) n + (–1)n (b) n +(–1)n (c) n – (–1)n (d) none of these
10 6 10

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 Trigonometric Equations

22. If sinx + sin2x + sin3x = cosx + cos2x + cos3x, then, x is equal to

nπ π 2π π
(a) + (b) 2n ± (c) n + (d) none of these
2 8 3 4

23. If sec – 1 = ( 2 – 1) tan, then  is

π π
(a) 2n (b) 2n + (c) 2n + (d) none of these
4 6

24. If sec4 – sec2 = 2, then  is given by

 1  1
(a)  =  n    (b)  =  n   (c)  = (n + 1) (d) none of these
 2  25

25. sinx + cosx = 1 + sinx cosx, if

  1   1   1
(a) sin  x    (b) sin  x    (c) cos x    (d) none of these
 4 2  4 2  4 2

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Comprehension-1

cos  cos 2  cos 3  = 1/4 (0 )

26. Sum of the roots of this equation is

(a)  (b) 2  (c) 3  (d) 4 

27. If  is a root of this equation, 2 cos  is a root of the equation

(a) x2 – 1 = 0 (b) x2 + 1 = 0 (c) x4 – 4x2 + 2 = 0 (d) x4 – 4 x2 + 3 = 0

28. One of the roots  of the equation satisfies the system of equations
32 tan8  = 2 cos2  – 3 cos  and 3 cos 2  = 1
(a) True (b) False (c) can not say (d) none of these

Comprehension-2
Consider the equations
5 sin2 x + 3 sin x cos x – 3 cos2x = 2 .....(i)
and sin2x – cos 2x = 2 – sin 2x. .....(ii)

29. If  is a root of (i) and  is a root of (ii) then tan  + tan  can be equal to

69 69 3  69 3  69
(a) 1  (b) 1  (c) (d)
6 6 6 6

30. If tan , tan  satisfy (i) and cos , cos  satisfy (ii) then tan  tan  + cos  + cos  can be equal to

5 2 5 2 5 2
(a) –1 (b)   (c)  (d)  
3 13 3 13 3 13

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Trigonometric Equations

31. The number of solutions common to (i) and (ii) is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) finite (d) infinite

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

32. A. The number of solutions of the equation (p) 2
1
| cot x | cot x  (0  x  )
sin x
1
B. If sin2x – cos x  , then number of solutions for 0  x  2 is (q) 4
4
C. If 0  x  2, then number of solutions of sin 2x = cos 3x is (r) 1
D. If 0  x  2, then number of solutions of tan2x + cot2 x =2 is (s) 6

33. A root of the equation on L.H.S. satisfy R.H.S.

1
A. (2sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2x (p) sin x =
2
B. 1+ sin 2x = cos x + sin x (q) tan x = –1
C. 4x4 + x6 + sin25x = 0 (r) x = 0
1
D. sin x + sin 2x = 0 (s) cos x = 
2

INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

34. The arithmetic mean of the roots of the equation 4cos3x – 4cos2x – cos ( + x) –1 = 0 in the interval
(0, 315) is A, then A/17 is.

x 2 x
35. If 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 5, then the value of 6 tan    9 tan   is.
2 2

36. If tan ( cos ) = cot ( sin ), then the value of 16 cos2( –/4) is.

37. If sin 3 = 4 sin  sin (x + ) sin (x – ), then the value of 4 sin2 x is.

 xy 
38. If x and y are the solutions of the equation 12 sin x + 5 cos x = 2y2 – 8y + 21, the value of 12 cot  
 2 
is.
39. The number of solution of the equation esin x – e–sin x – 4 = 0 has.
40. The number of values of x lying in the interval (–, ) which satisfy the equation :
2
x  |cos 3 x|  .....  
81  |cos x|  cos  43

41. The sum of the roots in the equation cos 4x + 6 = 7 cos 2 x in the interval [0, 99] is 990 k, then
value of k. is

42. The number of points of intersection of the curves y = cosx, y = sin3x if –/2  x  /2 is
43. If the solution of equation : 4sin4x + cos4x = 1 are x = n and x = n ± . Then 5sin2 =


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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS

1. In a triangle ABC, angle A is greater than angle B. If the measure of angles A and B satisfy the
equation
3 sin x – 4 sin3x – k = 0, 0 < k < 1, then the measure of angle C is (IIT Sc.)
  2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 3 6
sin x cos x cos x
2. The number of distinct real roots of cos x sin x cos x  0
cos x cos x sin x

in the interval    x   is (IIT Sc.)

4 4
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3

3. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 5] satisfying the equation
3 sin2x – 7 sin x + 2 = 0 is (IIT Sc.)
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 10

4. Number of solutions of the equation tan x + sec x = 2 cos x lying in the interval [0, 2] is (IIT Sc.)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

5. The number of integral values of k for which the equation

7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 has a solution is (IIT Sc.)
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
6. The smallest positive root of the equation tan x – x = 0 lies in the interval (IIT Sc.)

     3   3 
(a)  0,  (b)  ,   (c)  ,  (d)  , 2 
 2 2   2   2 

 
7. The value of  lying between 0,  and satisfying the equation
 2

1  sin 2  cos 2  4 sin 4

2
sin  2
1  cos  4 sin 4  0 are (IIT Sc.)
2 2
sin  cos  1  4 sin 2

7 5 11 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24 24 24 24
8. The number of real solution of the equation sin(ex) = 5x + 5–x is (IIT Sc.)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinitely many

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Trigonometric Equations

9. The general solution of the equation

sin x – 3 sin 2x + sin 3x = cos x – 3 cos 2x + cos 3x is (IIT Sc.)

 n  n  1
(a) n + (b)  (c) ( 1) n  (d) 2n + cos–1
8 2 8 8 8 2

10. 0    2 , 2sin2  – 5 sin  + 2 > 0, then the range of  is (IIT)

    5   5 
(a)  0,    , 2  (b)  0,    , 2  
 6  6   6 

   41 
(c)  0,     , 2   (d)  , 
 6  48 
1 1
11. Given both  and  are acute angles and sin  = , cos  = , then the value of  +  belongs
2 3
to (IIT)

     2   2 5   5 
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d)  , 
 3 2 2 3   3 6   6 

12. cos ( ) = 1 and cos ( ) = 1/e, where   [ ]. Pairs of   which satisfy both the
equations is/are (IIT)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
13. The number of solutions of the pair of equations
2 sin2 – cos 2 = 0
2 cos2 – 3 sin  = 0
in the interval [0, 2] is (IIT)
(a) zero (b) one (c) two (d) four

6
  ( m  1)   m 
14. For 0   
2
, the solution(s) of  cosec   
m 1 4
 cosec   
 
  4 2 is(are)
4 
(IIT)

   5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 6 12 12

1 1 1
15. The positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying the equation   is
   2   3 
sin   sin   sin  
n  n   n 
(IIT)

5
16. The number of distinct solutions of the equation: cos 2 2 x  cos 4 x  sin 4 x  cos6 x  sin 6 x  2 in the
4
interval [0, 2] is [JEE-Advance]

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 Trigonometric Equations

 
17. Let S   x  (  ,  ) : x  0,   . the sum of all distinet solutions of the equation
 2
3 sec x  cosec x  2(tan x  cot x )  0 in the set S is equal to [JEE-Advance]

7 2 5
(a)  (b)  (c) 0 (d)
9 9 9

18. Let a, b, c be three non-zero real numbers such that the equation

  
3a cos x  2 b sin x  c , x    ,  , has two distinct real roots  and  with      . Then,
 2 2 3
b
the value of is _____ . [JEE-Advance]
a
DCE QUESTIONS/AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS

1. If sin A = sin B and cos A = cos B, then A = [DCE]

(a) 2n + B (b) 2n – B (c) n + B (d) n + (–1)n B

2. If cos 20° = K and cos x = 2K2 – 1, then the possible values of x between 0° and 360° are [DCE]
(a) 140° (b) 40° and 140° (c) 40° and 320° (d) 50° and 130°

3. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 3  ] satisfying the equation 2 sin2x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0 is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 1

4. The number of solution of tan x + sec x = 2 cos x in [0, 2 ) is [AIEEE]

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1

5. If A = sin2x + cos4x, then for all real x: [AIEEE]

3 13 3 13
(a) A 1 (b) A 1 (c) 1  A  2 (d) A
4 16 4 16

6. The equation esinx – e–sinx – 4 = 0 has [AIEEE]

(a) infinite number of real roots (b) no real roots
(c) exactly one real root (d) exactly four real roots
7. If 0  x  2π , then the number of real values of x, which satisfy the equation [JEE-Mains]
cosx + cos2x + cos3x + cos4x = 0, is
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7

     1
8. If sum of all the solutions of the equation 8 cos x.  cos   x  .cos   x     1 in
 6  6  2
[0, ] is k, then k is equal to: [JEE-Mains]

20 2 13 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 3 9 9

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 CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.

 x2  x 
1. The equation 2 cos 2    2 x  2  x has
 6 
(a) one real solution (b) more than two real solution
(c) no real solution (d) none of these

2. The equation sin4x + cos4x + sin2x +  = 0 is solvable for

1 1 3 1
(a) –  α (b) –3    1 (c) – α (d) –1    1
2 2 2 2

3. The number of all possible triplets (a1, a2, a3) such that a1 + a2cos2x + a3sin2x = 0 for all x is
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Three (d) Infinite

1
4. If sin x  cos x  y  , x [0, ] , then
y
(a) x   / 4 (b) x   / 2 (c) x   / 6 (d) x  3 / 4
2
5. If x  4 x  5  sin y  0, y  [0, 2) , then
(a) x = 1, y = 0 (b) x = 1, y = /2 (c) x = 2, y = 0 (d) x = 2, y = /2

SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.

   
6. The equation 4 sin  x   cos  x    a2 + 3 sin 2 x  cos 2 x has a solution if the value of a is
 3  6
(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) none of these
7. The general solution of the trigonometric equation : sinx + cosx = 1, is given by
π π π
(a) x = 2n (b) x=n+(–1)n – (c) x = 2n + (d) none of these
4 4 2
8. The solution of equation 3cos2 – 2 3 sin  cos   3sin 2   0 are

   
(a) (2n  1) (b) (2n  1) (c) (2n  1) (d) (2n  1)
2 4 8 6
9. The solution of (sec  + 1) = (2+ 3) tan  (0 <  < 2) are
  
(a) (b) (c) (d) 
6 4 2

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 Trigonometric Equations

10. 2 sin x cos 2x = sin x if

  
(a) x = n + (b) x = n – (c) x = n. (d) x = n +
6 6 2

SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.

Consider cosn x – sinnx = 1, where n is a natural number and –  < x 

11. When n = 1, the sum of the values of x satisfying the equation is

  
(a)  (b) 0 (c) (d)
2 4 2

12. When n is an even natural number then the value of x is


(a) 0 (b) (c)  (d) 3
2

13. When n is an odd natural number other than 1, then the value of x is

(a) – (b) 0 (c)  (d) 3 
2

SECTION- IV: MATCHING LIST TYPE

This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.

14. A. The number of solutions of tan x + sec x = 2 cos x in [0, 2] is (p) 3

B. The smallest positive root of the equation tan x – x = 0 lies in interval (q) 2

 2 3 
C. The number of solutions of the pair of equations 2sin2 x – cos2x = 0 (r)  , 
 3 4 

and 2cos2x – 3sin x = 0 in the interval [0, 2] is

5  3 
D. Total number of solutions of the equation 3x + 2tanx = in (s)  , 
2  2 
x  [0, 2] is equal to

SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.

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Trigonometric Equations

15. The number of solutions of the equation sin 5x cos 3x = sin 6x cos 2x in the interval [0, ] are

16. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 5] satisfying the equation 3 sin2 x – 7 sin x + 2 = 0 is

17. The number of solutions of equation |cos x| = 2[x] when [x] denotes greatest integer function of x, is

18. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 3] satisfying the equation 2sin2x+ 5sin x – 3 = 0 is

n sin 2 x  3sin x  2
19. If x  and (cos x)  1, then number of solution is
2
20. The number of solution of the equation sin4x = 1 + tan8x is

21. The number of values of x in [0, 6], satisfying | 3 sin x  cos x |  2, is

22. The number of solutions of the equation sin x = |cos 3x| in [0, 2] is

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 ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (a,b,c,d) 17. (a,b,c) 18. (a,b,c) 19. (a,b) 20. (a,b)
21. (a,c) 22. (a,b) 23. (a,b) 24. (a,b) 25. (a,c)
26. (c) 27. (a,c) 28. (a) 29. (a,b) 30. (b,d)
31. (a) 32. A-(r), B-(p), C-(s), D-(q) 33. A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(r),(s)
34. (3) 35. (1) 36. (2) 37. (3) 38. (5)
39. (0) 40. (4) 41. (5) 42. (3) 43. (2)

Chapter Assignment Hints

1   1    3  
1. (b): tan   tan  ,sin  sin   and cos    cos    
3  6  2  6  2  6 
5
Hence the value is  
6

 
2. (b): tan (cot x) = cot (tan x)  tan(cot x)  tan   tan x 
 2 

 cot x  n   tan x
2
 4
tan x  cot x  n   sin 2 x 
2 (2 n  1)

3. (b): 3 tan 2  3 tan 3  tan 2 tan 3  1

tan 2  tan 3 1 
   tan 5  tan
1  tan 2 tan 3 3 6
  1
 5  n     n   , n  I
6  65

5 1  
4. (d): cos2   cos   1  0  cos    cos      2n 
2 2 3 3
5. (a): we are write the equation as;
tan  + tan 2 = 1 – tan . tan 2
tan   tan  
 = 1  tan 3 = 1 = tan
1  tan  tan 2 4
 n 
 3 = n    
4 3 12

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sin  1
6. (a):   3
cos  cos 
3 cos   sin   1
Dividing both sides by 2
3 1 1
cos   sin  
2 2 2
      
cos      cos       2n   
 6 3  6 3 6
7. (c): Here, (2sin x –1) (2sin x –3)  0
1  5
sin x   x
2 6 6

8. (b):  
3 cos 2   sin 2   3  2sin  cos 

3cos 2  3 sin 2  tan 2  3  tan
3
n 
 
2 6
 x
9. (d) Draw the garph of y = tan x and y =  .
4 2

10. (b): tan   tan   tan 3  tan  tan 2 tan 3

tan  tan2  tan3  tan tan2 tan3
tan6  = 0, (from the given condition)
1 tan tan2
 6  n    n / 6
11. (a): The given equation can be put in the form
4sin4x = 1 – cos4x = (1 – cos2x) (1 + cos2x)

 sin 2 x [5sin 2 x  2]  0  sin x  0 or sin x   2 / 5

Hence, x = n is the required answer.

12. (c): sin4x + cos4x = (7/2) sin x . cos x

2 2 2 2 2
 (sin x + cos x) – 2 sin x cos x = (7/2) sin x . cos x
1 7
 1– (sin 2x)2 = (sin 2x)  2 sin2 2x + 7 sin 2x – 4 = 0
2 4
 (2 sin 2x – 1) (sin 2x + 4) = 0
1 n 
 sin 2x = or sin 2x = – 4 < –1  2x = n + (–1) 6
2
n 
i.e., x   ( 1) n
2 12
13. (c): sin 3 = 4sin  sin (x + ) sin (x – )
 
3sin   4sin 3   4sin   sin 2 x  sin 2    sin 2 x  sin 2  x  n 
3 3

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 Trigonometric Equations

14. (b): The given equation can be written as

cos 4x cos x – sin 4x sin x = 0
cos 5x = 0
 1 
5x   n     x   2n  1
 2 10


15. (c): (tan x –1) (1 + sin x) = 0  tan x = 1 or sin x = –1  x = n 
4

16. (a,b,c,d): Express sin 5 in terms of sin .

tan x  tan y
17. (a,b,c): 1  tan x tan y  tan z  tan z = 3

 
18. (a,b,c): cos 4x = cos   x 
2 

19. (a,b): cos2 = sin  cos .

cos 2 = 2 cos2 – 1 = – (cos  – sin )2

2 (sin 2 x   2  2)(1  tan 2 x ) 2

20. (a,b):   sin2x =
2
1  tan x 2
1  tan x 1  2

21. (a,c): 4cos2– 3 = 2 sin  4 sin2 + 2 sin  –1 = 0

22. (a,b): (sin x + sin 3 x) + sin2x = (cos x + cos 3x) + cos 2x

 sin 2x( 2 cos x + 1) – cos 2x (2cos x + 1) = 0

  
23. (a,b): 1 – cos  = (2 –1) sin  2 sin2  ( 2  1)2sin cos  0
2 2 2
  
 sin  0,sin  ( 2  1)cos  0
2 2 2

  
 sin  0, tan  2  1  tan
2 2 8

1 1
24. (a,b):   2  cos 2– cos 4  = 2 cos 4 cos 2 .
cos 4 cos 2
 cos 2 – cos 4 = cos 6  + cos 2.

y2  1
25. (a,c): Let sin x + cos x = y  sin x cos x =
2
y2  1
y = 1  (y –1)2 = 0  y = 1
2

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Trigonometric Equations

Comprehension-1: 26. (c): 27. (a,c); 28. (a)

2 cos 2(cos 4 + cos 2) = 1
2cos 2 cos 4 + 2 cos22 –1 = 0

 2
cos4  (2cos 2+ 1) = 0  = and
3 3

Comprehension-2: 29. (a,b); 30.(b,d); 31. (a)

5sin2x + 3 sin x cos x – 3cos2x = 2(sin2x + cos2x)

3  69
 tan x =
6
and sin2x – cos 2x = 2 – sin 2x
 3sin2x + 2 sin x cos x = 3 (sin2x + cos2x)
 cos x (2sin x – 3 cos x) = 0
3 2
either cos x = 0 or tan x =  cos x = 
2 13

32. A-(r), B-(p), C-(s), D-(q):

A. |cot x| = cot x, for 0 < x < /2
= – cot x, /2 < x < .
1 1
B. sin2x – cos x =  1 – cos2x – cos x =
4 4
 
C. sin 2x = cos 3x  cos   2 x   cos3x
2 
D. tan x + cot x = 2  tan x – 2 tan2x + 1 =0
2 2 4

33. A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(r),(s)

(2sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2x
 2sin x(1 + cos x) – cos x – cos2x – sin2x = 0
(1 + cos x) (2 sinx –1) = 0
Which holds if sin x = (1/2)
1+ sin 2x = cos x + sin x  (cos x + sin x)2 = cos x + sin x.

34. (3): (4cos2x + 1) (cos x –1) = 0  cos x = 1

x = 2, 4, ......., 100.

3 4
35. (1): sin x + cos x = 1  cos (x – ) = cos 0
5 5
3
where tan =
4
 
36. (2): tan ( cos ) = tan    sin   .
2 

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 Trigonometric Equations

37. (3): 3sin  – 4 sin3 = 4 sin (sin2 x – sin2)

3
 sin2x =
4
38. (5): 12sinx + 5cosx = 2y2 – 8y + 21

 12 5 
 12 2  5 2  sin x  cos x   2( y 2  4 y  4)  13
 13 13 
5 12
or 13cos(x  )  2( y  2) 2  13 : cos = and sin =
13 13
Thus, cos(x – ) = 1 and y = 2
or x –  = 2n : n  I and y = 2
 x = 2n +  : n  I and y = 2
39. (0): Let esin x = y.
a
40. (4): Sum of infinite G.P = , |r| < 1.
1 r
41. (5): cos 4x – cos 2x = 6(cos 2x –1)

 
42. (3): cos x = cos   3 x 
 2 
43. (2): 4 sin4x = (1 – cos2x) (1 + cos2 x).

Previous Year Questions

IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (a, c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c,d) 15. (7)
16. (8) 17. (c) 18. (0.50)
DCE QUESTIONS /AIEEE/JEE-MAINS
1. (a) 2. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a)
5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c)

Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (a,b,c) 7. (a,b,c) 8. (a,b,c) 9. (a,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (a,b) 12. (a,c) 13. (a,b) 14. A-(q); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p)
15. (5) 16. (6) 17. (0) 18. (4) 19. (0)
20. (0) 21. (6) 22. (6)

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 5
PROPERTIES AND SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLES
INTRODUCTION
In a ABC the angles are denoted by capital letters A, B and C and the length of the sides opposite to
these angles are denoted by small letters a, b and c. Semi perimeter of the triangle is

abc
given by s = and its area is denoted by  .
2

5.1. SINE RULE

a b c
In a ABC,   = 2R (where R is circum radius)
sin A sin B sin C

1 1 1
Note : Area of triangle = bc sin A = ac sin B = ab sin C.
2 2 2

Sample Problem-1:
B C A
Prove that a cos  (b  c) sin .
2 2

bc sin B  sin C

Solution: = , [using sine Rule]
a sin A

B C B C
2 sin cos
= 2 2
A A
2 sin cos
2 2

A B C
2 cos cos
= 2 2 , [ A + B + C = ]

A A
2 sin cos
2 2

B C
cos
= 2
A
sin
2

A B C
 (b + c) sin = a cos .
2 2

5.2. COSINE RULE

In a ABC,

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

b2  c 2  a 2 c2  a2  b2
(i) cos A = (ii) cos B =
2bc 2ca

a 2  b2  c 2
(iii) cos C =
2ab

Sample Problem 2:
Find the angles of the triangle whose sides are 3 + 3,2 3 and 6.

Solution: Let a = 3 +

b 2  c 2  a 2 12  6  9  3  6 3


3,b=2 3,c= 6  cos A =
2bc 12 2

66 3 1 3
=  = cos 105°  A = 105°
12 2 2 2

a b
Applying Sine formula :  , we get
sin A sin B

b 2 3 1
 sin B = sin A  sin 105  =  B = 45°
a 3 3 2
 A = 105°, B = 45°, C = 30°
5.3. PROJECTION FORMULAE
(i) a = b cos C + c cos B (ii) b = c cos A + a cos C (iii) c = a cos B + b cos C

Sample Problem 3:
If A = 45°, B = 75°, prove that a + c
2 = 2b.
Solution: As A = 45°, B = 75° we have C = 60°
 2b = 2 (a cos C + c cos A) = 2(a cos 60° + c cos 45°)
= a + c 2 = L.H.S.

Sample Problem-4:
In any triangle ABC, prove that, (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C = a + b + c.

Solution: L.H.S. = (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C

= b cos A + c cos A + c cos B + a cos B + a cos C + b cos C,
= (b cos A + a cos B) + (c cos A + a cos C) + (c cos B +b cos C)
= c + b + a = R.H.S. [By using projection Rule]

5.4. NAPIER’S ANALOGY (TANGENT RULE)

 B C  b  c A  C A  c  a B
(i) tan   cot (ii) tan   cot
 2  bc 2  2  ca 2

 A B  a  b C
(iii) tan   cot
 2  a b 2

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5.5. HALF ANGLE FORMULAE

A

 s  b  s  c  B

 s  c  s  a 
5.5.1. (i) sin (ii) sin
2 bc 2 ca

C  s  a  s  b 
(iii) sin 
2 ab

A s s  a B s s  b
5.5.2. (i) cos = (ii) cos =
2 bc 2 ca

C s  s  c
(iii) cos 
2 ab

A  s  b  s  c  B  s  c  s  a 
5.5.3. (i) tan = ss  a (ii) tan = s  s  b
2 2

C  s  a  s  b 
(iii) tan 2  s s  c

Sample Problem-5:

A B C (a  b  c) 2
In a triangle ABC, prove that, cot + cot + cot = .
2 2 2 4

A B C
Solution: L.H.S.= cot + cot + cot
2 2 2

s( s  a) s ( s  b) s ( s  c)
=  
( s  b)( s  c ) ( s  c )( s  a) ( s  a)( s  b)

s 2 (s  a) 2 s 2 (s  b)2 s 2 (s  c)2
=  
s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) s ( s  b )( s  c )( s  a ) s ( s  c )( s  a )( s  b )

s( s  a ) s ( s  b) s( s  c )
=  
  

3s 2  s( a  b  c )
=


3s 2  2s 2 s2 ( a  b  c) 2
=   = R.H.S.
  4

5.6. AREA OF TRIANGLE

Area of triangle = s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )

2 2Δ 2 2Δ
5.6.1. (i) sin A = s  s  a  s  b  s  c   (ii) sin B= s  s  a  s  b  s  c  
bc bc ca ca

2 2Δ
(iii) sin C = s  s  a  s  b  s  c  
ab ab
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5.7. m-n THEOREM

A
Let D be a point on the side BC of a ABC such that
BD : DC = m : n and ADC = , BAD =  and
DAC = . Then
B m C
D n
(i) (m + n) cot = m cot – n cot 
(ii) (m + n) cot  = n cot B – m cot C

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-5.1 TO 5.7:

1. If a = 3, b = 4, c = 5, then the value of sin2B is

24 25 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
25 24 24
Hint (a): sin 2B = 2sin B cos B, find cos B using cosine rule.

a b c
2. If   , then the triangle is
cos A cos B cos C

(a) right angled (b) isosceles (c) obtuse angled (d) equilateral
Hint (d): Use Cosine rule.

3. If a = 4, b = 3, A = 60º then c is the root of the equation

(a) c2 – 3c – 7 = 0 (b) c2 + 3c + 7 = 0 (c) c2 – 3c + 7 = 0 (d) c2 + 3c – 7 = 0

Hint (a): Use Cosine rule

A B C
4. b c cos2 + c a cos2 + a b cos2 =
2 2 2
(a) (s – a)2 (b) (s – b)2 (c) (s – c)2 (d) s 2

 A
Hint (d): Use half angle formula of cos   .
2

5. In a triangle ABC, if  = a2– (b – c)2, then tanA is equal to

15 8 8 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 15 17 2
 A ( s  b)( s  c)
Hint (b): First find tan   =
2 s( s  a )


6. If b = 3, c = 4 and B = , then the number of triangles that can be constructed is
3
(a) Infinite (b) Two (c) One (d) Nil
Hint (d): Use Sine rule.

7. If one side of a triangle is twice the other side and the angles opposite to these sides differ by 60º,
then the triangle is
(a) Equilateral (b) Isosceles (c) Right angled (d) none of these

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

Hint (c): Use Napier’s Analogy.

2 cos A cos B 2 cos C a b

8. If in a triangle ABC,     then the value of the angle A is
a b c bc ca
(a) 90º (b) 60º (c) 30º (d) none of these
Hint (a): Use cosine rule

9. In a triangle, the lengths of the two larger sides are 10 and 9 respectively. If the angles are in A.P,
then the length of the third side can be

(a) 5 6 (b) 3 3 (c) 5 (d) 5 6

Hint (a): Use cosine rule.

10. In a right-angled triangle the hypotenuse is four times as long as the distance of the hypotenuse
from the opposite vertex. Its acute angles are

(a) 30º, 60º (b) 15º, 75º (c) 45º, 45º (d) none of these
Hint (b): Use cosine rule.

5.8. CENTROID AND MEDIANS OF A TRIANGLE

The line joining any vertex of a triangle to the mid point of the opposite side of the triangle is called the
median of the triangle. The three medians of a triangle are concurrent and the point of concurrency of
the medians of any triangle is called the centroid of the triangle. The centroid divides the median in the
ratio 2 : 1.

Sample Problem 6:
Find the lengths of the medians and the angles made by the medians with the sides of a triangle ABC.

a2
Solution: AD2 = AC2 + CD2 – 2AC. CD cos C = b2 + – ab cos C,
4
and c2 = b2 + a2 – 2ab cos C.
A
2
a  
Hence 2AD2 – c2 = b2 – ,
2 F
E
1 1 2
so that AD = 2b 2  2c 2  a 2 = b  c 2  2bc cos A G
2 2

B
Similarly, D C

1 1
BE = 2c 2  2a 2  b2 , and CF = 2a 2  2b 2  c 2
2 2
If BAD   and CAD  , we have

sin  DC a
 
sin C AD 2 AD

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

a sin C a sin C
 sin  = 2 AD 
2b 2  2c 2  a 2

a sin B
Similarly sin  =
2b 2  2c 2  a 2

5.9. CIRCUMCIRCLE A

The circle which passes through the angular points of a ABC, is

called its circumcircle. The centre of this circle i.e., the point of E F
O
concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the
A A
ABC, is called the circumcenter.
B C
a/2 D a/2
Radius of the circumcircle is given by the following formulae

a b c abc
R=   
2sin A 2sin B 2sin C 4

Sample Problem 7:
If in a ABC, O is the circumcenter and R is the circumradius and R1, R2 and R3 are the circumradii
a b c abc
of the triangles OBC, OCA and OAB respectively, then prove that R  R  R  3 .
1 2 3 R
Solution: Clearly, in the OBC, BOC = 2A, OB = OC = R, BC = a.
a
 2R1 = {using sine rule in BOC)
sin 2 A
b c A
Similarly, 2R2 = and 2 R 3 
sin 2 B sin 2C

a b c
 R  R  R = 2(sin2A + sin2B + sin 2C) O
1 2 3

= 2.4 sin A sin B sin C,

B C
a b c abc
=8 . .  3 .
2 R 2R 2 R R

Sample Problem 8:
If the distances of the sides of a ABC from its circumcenter be x, y and z respectively, then prove
a b c abc
that x  y  z  4 xyz .

a
Solution: Let M be the circumcenter. MD  BC. So BD = DC = and  BMD = A.
2
BD a/2 a
In  BDM, = tan A or = tan A, i.e., = tan A,
MD x 2x

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles
A
b c
Similarly, 2 y = tan B, = tan C
2z F E
z
a b c M y
 tan A + tan B + tan C = 2 x  2 y  2 z
A x
B D C
a b c
and tan A. tan B. tan C = 2 x . 2 y . 2 z

But in a ABC, tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C

a b c abc
 x  y  z  4 xyz

5.10. ORTHOCENTER AND PEDAL TRIANGLE OF A TRIANGLE.

In a triangle the altitudes drawn from the three vertices to the
A
opposite sides are concurrent and the point of cuncurrency of the
altitudes of the triangle is called the orthocenter of the triangle. F
E
The triangle formed by joining the feet of these perpendiculars is
P
called the pedal triangle i.e.
900 – C
B C
DEF is the pedal triangle of ABC. D

Sample Problem 9:
Find the distance of the orthocenter from the sides and angular points of a ABC.
Solution: PD = DB tan  PBD = DB tan (90° – C)

c
= AB cos B cot C = cos B cos C = 2R cos B cos C A
sin C
Similarly PE = 2R cosA cosC and PF = 2R cosA cosB
F
Again E
AP = AE sec DAC = c cos A cosec C
P
c B
90 – C
= cos A = 2 R cos A D C
sin C
so, BP = 2R cos B and CP = 2R cos C

Sample Problem 10:

Find the distance between the circumcenter and the orthocenter of a ABC
Solution: Let O be the circumcenter and P be the orthocenter of the ABC
A
If OF be perpendicular to AB, we have
OAF = 90° – C F
P
O L
Also PAL = 90° – C

 OAP = C – B
B C
Also OA = R and PA = 2R cosA D K

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

 OP2 = OA2 + PA2 – 2OA. PA cos OAP

= R2 + 4R2 cos2 A – 4R2 cosA cos (C – B)
= R2 – 4R2 cosA [cos(B + C) + cos (C – B)] = R2 – 8R2 cos A cos B cosC
 OP = R 1 8 cos A cos B cos C

5.11. BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES

If AD bisects the angle A and divide the base into portions x and y, we have, by Geometry,

x AB c x y x y a
    
y AC b  c b bc bc

ac ab A
 x= and y =
bc bc
Also let  be the length of AD
we have ABD + ACD = ABC 

1 A 1 A 1
 c sin  b sin  bc sin A,
2 2 2 2 2 B C
x D y

bc sin A 2bc A
i.e.,   b  c sin(A/ 2)  b  c cos 2

5.12. INCIRCLE
A
The circle which can be inscribed within the triangle so as to touch each
of the sides of the triangle is called its incircle. The centre of this circle
E
i.e., the point of concurrency of angle bisectors of the triangle is called r F
I r
the incentre of the ABC.
900– B/2
Radius of the Incircle is given by the following formulae B/2 r C/2
B C
D
 A B C A B C
r= = (s – a) tan = (s – b) tan = (s – c) tan = 4R sin sin sin .
s 2 2 2 2 2 2

Sample Problem 11:

Find the distance between the circumcenter and the incentre.
Solution: Let O be the circumcenter and I be the incentre of ABC.
Let OF be perpendicular to AB and IE be perpendicular to AC.
OAF = 90° – C A

OAI = IAF – OAF

F
A A A+ B+ C C B E
=  (90  C)  + C 
2 2 2 2 O I

IE r B C
Also, AI = sin(A/ 2)  sin(A/ 2)  4 Rsin 2 sin 2 B C

 OI2 = OA2 + AI2 – 2OA . AI cos OAI

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

B 2 C B C C B
= R2 + 16R2 sin2 sin – 8R2 sin sin cos
2 2 2 2 2

OI 2 B 2C B C B C B C
 = 1+16sin 2 sin – 8sin sin  cos cos + sin sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
R

B C B C B C
= 1 – 8 sin sin  cos cos  sin sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2

B C A
= 1 – 8 sin sin sin . . . (i)
2 2 2

B C A
 OI = R 1  8sin sin sin .
2 2 2

Sample Problem 12:

If the distances of the vertices of a ABC from the points of contacts of the incircle with sides be ,
2 
 and , then prove that r 


Solution: Let the incircle touches the side AB at P, where AP = . Let I be the incentre.
 From the right-angled IPA,
r A A B C
 tan ;    r cot similarly,  = r cot and   r cot
 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
In ABC, we have the identity cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
      A
    . .
r r r r r r 

1 1 P E
or         3 
r r I


 r2 =      . B C

Sample Problem 13:

Show that the line joining the in-centre to the circumcenter of a triangle ABC is inclined to the side BC
1  cos B  cosC  1 
at an angle tan  .
 sin C  sin B 
Solution: Let I be the in-centre of O be the circumcenter of the triangle ABC. Let OL be parallel to BC. Let
IOL = . . IM = r OC = R, NOC  A

IL IM  LM IM  ON r  RcosA
 tan  OL  BM  BN = BM  NC  r cot(B/ 2)  RsinA

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

A B C
sin sin  R cos A
4R sin A
 2 2 2
A B C B
4R sin sin sin .cot  R sin A
2 2 2 2 I
L
O
cos A  cos B  cos C  1  cos A cos B  cos C  1
 
sin A  sin C  sin B  sin A sin C  sin B B NM C

1  cos B  cos C  1 
   tan  sin C  sin B  .
 

5.13. THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE SPECIAL POINTS

(i) The distance between circumcenter and orthocenter is = R. 1  8cos AcosBcosC

(ii) The distance between circumcenter and incentre is = R2 2R r .

(iii) The distance between incentre and orthocenter is 2 r 2  4R 2 cos A cos B cos C .

5.14. ESCRIBED CIRCLES

The circle which touches the side BC and the two sides AB and AC produced is called the escribed
circle opposite the angle A. Its centre and radius will be denoted by I1 and r1 respectively.
Radii of the excircles are given by the following formulae A

 A A B C
(i) r1 =  s ta n = 4 Rsin cos cos
sa 2 2 2 2 B D1
C
F1
 B A B C
(ii) r2 =  s tan = 4 Rcos sin cos E1
sb 2 2 2 2
L I1
 C A B C
(iii) r3 =  s tan = 4 Rcos cos sin .
sc 2 2 2 2 M

5.15. EXCENTRAL TRIANGLE

The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I1, I2 and I3 of
ABC is called the excentral or excentric triangle. Not that "
(i) Incentre I of ABC is the orthocenter of the excentral I1I2I3.
(ii) ABC is the pedal triangle of the I1I2I3.
A B
(iii) The sides of the excentral triangle are 4 R cos , 4 R cos and
2 2
C  A  B  C
4 R cos and its angles are – , – and – .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
(iv) II1 = 4 R sin : II2 = 4 R sin : II3 = 4 R sin
2 2 2

Sample Problem 14:

If the exradii r1, r2 and r3 of a ABC are in HP, show that its sides a, b and c are in A.P.

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

  
Solution: We know that r1 = , r2  , r3 
sa sb s c
 r1, r2, r3 are in HP
s a sb s c
 , , are in AP
  
 s – a, s – b, s – c are in AP  a, b, c are in AP

5.16. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES

When any three of the six elements (except all the three angles) of a triangle are given, the triangle is
known completely. This process is called the solution of triangles.

b2  c2  a2
(a) If the sides a, b and c are given, then cos A = . B and C can be obtained in the
2bc
similar way.
B C b  c A
(b) If two sides b and c and the included angle A are given, then using tan  cot , we
2 bc 2
BC
get .
2
BC A b sin A
Also = 90° – , so that B and C can be evaluated. The third side is given by a = .
2 2 sin B
(c) If two sides b and c and the angle B (opposite to side b) are given, then sin C =(c/b) sin B,
b sin A
A = 180° – (B + C) and a = give the remaining elements. If b < c sin B, there is no triangle
sin B
possible (figure (i)). If b = c sin B and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle possible
(figure (ii)). If c sin B < b < c and B is an acute angle, then there are two values of angle C (figure
(iii)). If c < b and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle (figure (iv)).

A A

c c
b c sinB b c sinB

(i) (ii)

B D B D

A A

c b
c sinB b c sinB
b b c
(iii) (iv)
D
C2 B C1
B C2 C1

This case is, sometimes, called an ambiguous case.

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Sample Problem-15:

In any ABC, if a = 2, b = 3  1 and C = 60º, solve the triangle.

Solution: Two sides and included angle is given

BA ba C
tan = cot
2 ba 2

3 1 2
= cot 30º
3 1 2
3 1
= 3
3 3

3 1 tan 60º  tan 45º

= =
3 1 1  tan 60º tan 45º

= tan (60º – 45º)

= tan 15º

BA
 = 15º
2
or B – A = 30º ...(i)
We know, A + B + C = 180º A + B = 120º ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get B = 75º & A = 45º
To find side c, we use sine Rule

a c
=
sin A sin 60º
2 3
or c= 2  6
1 2

Thus A = 45º, B = 75º and c = 6.

Sample Problem-16:

If A = 30º, a = 100, c = 100 2 , solve the triangle.

a c 1
Solution: =  sin C = ;  C = 135° or 45°
sin A sin C 2

c sin B 100
C = 45°  B = 105° ; b= = ( 3  1)
sin C 2

c sin B 100
C = 135°  B = 15° ; b= = ( 3  1)
sin C 2

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Sample Problem 17:

In any ABC, the sides are 6 cm, 10 cm and 14 cm. Show that the triangle is obtuse-angled with the
obtuse angle equal to 120°.
Solution: Let a = 14, b = 10, c = 6
 The largest angle is opposite the largest side.

b 2  c 2  a 2 100  36  196 1
 cos A =     A  120
2bc 120 2

Sample Problem 18:

If in a ABC, a = (1 + 3 ) cm, b = 2 cm and C = 60°, then find the other two angles and the third side
2
a b c 2 1 1 3  4  c
2

2
2
 
Solution: cos C = . 
2ab 2 2 1  3 .2  
 c2 = 6  c= 6
sin A sin B sin C
Also,  
a b c

3
sin A
sin B 1
   2  sin B = 2
 B = 45°
1 3 2 6
 A = 180° – (45° + 60°) = 75°
Sample Problem 19:
Given the base of a triangle, the opposite angle A, and the product k2 of the other two sides, show that
it is not possible for a to be less than 2k sin (A/2).

Solution: Given b.c = k2

b2  c2  a 2
Now cos A =
2bc
A
2
 k2  2
or 2k cos A = b +    a
2 2
b
 
c b
4 2 2 2 4
or b – (a + 2k cosA). b + k = 0
Since b2 is real, (a2 + 2k2) (a2 + 2k2 cosA – 2k2)  0
B C
 2 2 2 A  2 2 2 A
a
  a  2k .2cos 2  a  2k .2sin 2   0
  

2 2 2 2 2A2 A
  a  4k cos 2   a  4k sin 2   0
  

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

2 2 2 A A
 a  4k sin  0 [since a2 + 4k2 cos2 is always positive]
2 2

 A A
  a  2k sin 2   a  2k sin 2   0
  

A A
 a   2k sin or a  2k sin (since 2ksin(A/2) is real)
2 2
A
But a must be positive.  a  – 2k sin is rejected
2

A
Hence a  2 k sin
2

5.17. INSCRIBED & CIRCUMSCRIBED POLYGONS (Important Formulae)

1 2 2
I. Area of Polygone of n sides inscribed in a circle of radius r = nr sin
2 n
1 2 
II. Area of Polygone of n sides inscribing a circle of radius r = nr tan
2 n

III. Side of Inscribed polygone = 2r sin .
n

IV. Side of Circumscribed polygone = 2r tan .
n

Sample Problem 20:

Find the radii of the inscribed and the circumscribed circles of a regular polygon of n sides with each
side a and also find the area of the regular polygon.

Solution: Let AB, BC and CD be three successive sides of the polygon and O be the centre of both the

2 1  2  
incircle and the circumcircle of the polygon  BOC    BOL  2  n   n
n  
If a be a side of the polygon, we have
A O D
 a 
a = BC = 2BL = 2RsinBOL = 2Rsin  r  cot .
n 2 n R R
Now the area of the regular polygon = n times the area of the
1  1 a  na 2  B L C
OAB  n  OL.BC   n . cot .a  cot .
2  2 2 n 4 n

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-5.1 TO 5.7:

1. If the sides of a triangle are 3 : 7 : 8 then R : r

(a) 2 : 7 (b) 7 : 2 (c) 3 : 7 (d) 7 : 3

Hint (b): Let a = 3k, b = 7 k, c = 8 k, then find R and r.

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

A B C
2. In ABC, 4 R r cos cos cos =
2 2 2
(a) s (b) s 2 (c) (Area of triangle)2 (d) Area of triangle
Hint (d): Use half angle formula.

3. If p1, p2, p3 are respectively the perpendiculars from the vertices of a triangle to the opposite
sides, then p1 p2 p3 =

a 2 b2 c2 abc a 3 b3 c3
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
8 R3 8R 3 8 R3

1 1 1
Hint (a): Use   ap1  bp2  bp3 .
2 2 2

4. If in a triangle ABC, the exradii r1, r2, r3 are such that r1 = 2 r2 = 3 r3 then a : b : c is

(a) 5 : 4 : 3 (b) 4 : 5 : 3 (c) 3 : 4 5 (d) none of these

k k
Hint (a): Let r1 = k, r2 = , r3  .
2 3

5. If triangle ABC is right angled at B then the diameter of the inscribed circle of the triangle ABC
is

(a) a + b – c (b) b + c – a (c) c + a – b (d) none of these

 ac
Hint (c): r = 
s a bc

2ac (a  c ) 2  b 2
2r = =  a c b .
a bc abc

6. In a triangle ABC, tan A = 2 and tan B = 3/2. If c = 65 then the circumradius of the triangle is

(a) 65 / 7 (b) 65 / 14 (c) 65 (d) none of these

c c
Hint (b): R = 2sin C  2sin( A  B) .

7. If the median AD of a triangle ABC makes an angle  with AB, then sin (A – ) is equal to

b sin  c sin  b
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
c b c sin 
Hint (b): Use sine rule.

8. If the bisector of angle A of triangle ABC makes an angle  with BC, then sin  is equal to

BC B C  A
(a) cos (b) sin (c) sin  B   (d) none of these
2 2  2

A    ( B  1)    B  C 
Hint (a):  C       – C      
2  2  2  2 

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

9. The ratio of the distances of the orthocentre of an acute-angled ABC from the sides BC, AC and
AB is
(a) cos A : cos B : cos C (b) sin A : sin B : sin C
(c) sec A : sec B : sec C (d) none of these
Hint (c): Use properties of ortho centre.

10. In a DABC, the sides are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6. The ratio of the cicumradius and the inradius is

(a) 8 : 7 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 7 : 3 (d) 16 : 7

Hint (d): Let a = 4k, b = 5k, c = 6k.

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Sample Problem-21:

Let O be a point inside a triangle ABC such that OAB  OBC  OCA   . Show that
cot  = cot A + cot B + cot C.

Solution: AOB =  – B and BOC =  – C

Applying the sine Rule in triangle AOB, we have A
c OB
=  A- 
sin(   B ) sin 

c sin  O
OB = sin B . ..(i)
B-  
Applying the sine Rule in triangle BOC, we have  C- 
B C
OB a
=
sin (C  ) sin(   C )
a sin( C  )
OB = ...(ii)
sin C
From (i) and (ii), we have
c sin  a sin (C  )
sin B = sin C
Using Sine Rule we have
2 R sin C sin  2 R sin A sin (C  )
=
sin B sin C

sin C sin( C  )
=
sin A sin B sin C sin 

sin ( A  B)
sin A sin B = cot  – cot C

cot B + cot A = cot  – cot C

or cot  = cot A + cot B + cot C.
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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

Sample Problem-22:
In any triangle prove that, (b2 – c2)cot A + (c2 – a2) cot B + (a2 – b2) cot C = 0.

a b c
Solution: =   2R
sin A sin B sin C

(b2 – c2)cotA + (c2 – a2)cotB + (a2 –b2) cot C

 cos A cos B cos C 

= 2R (b 2  c 2 )  (c 2  a 2 )  (a 2  b 2 )
 a b c 

 b2  c 2 b2  c2  a 2 c 2  a2 a2  c 2  b2 a 2  b2 a2  b2  c 2 
= 2R   .  . 
 a 2bc b 2ac c 2ab 

2R
= [b4– c4– a2(b2 – c2) + c4– a4– b2(c2– a2) + a4– b4– c2(a2 – b2)]. = 0
2 abc

Sample Problem-23:

cos A cos B cos C 1

If p1, p2, p3 are the altitudes of the triangle ABC, prove that,    .
p1 p2 p3 R

Solution: In the triangle ABC, let AN = p1

BM = p2 A

CQ = p3

1 1 1 Q M
Then, area of triangle ABC =  = ap = bp = cp
2 1 2 2 2 3

2 2 2
or p1 = , p2 = , p3 =
a b c B N C

cos A cos B cos C (cos A)a (cos B)b (cos C )c

    
p1 p2 p3 2 2 2

1
=
2
2 R sin A cos A  2 R sin B cos B  2 R sin C cos C , [using sine rule]
R
=
2
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C 
R
=
2
2 sin ( A  B ) cos ( A  B)  2 sin C cos C 

2 R sin C
=
2
cos ( A  B )  cos ( A  B)  [using A + B + C = ]

R sin C
= 2 sin A sin B


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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

2R
= sin A sin B sin C

2R a b c
= . . [using sine rule]
 2R 2R 2R
abc 1
=  2
4 R
R 1 abc
= 2
 [by using R = ]
R R 4

Sample Problem-24:

If the sides of a triangle ABC are in A.P and if its greatest angle exceeds the least angle by ,
1  cos 
show that the sides are in the ratio 1 – x : 1 : 1 + x where x = .
7  cos 

Solution: Let the sides be a – d, a, a + d : d > 0

Let A be the least angle and C be the greatest angle.
Let A =  ; then C =  + andB = 180º– (2 

ad ad a
= 
sin  sin(   ) sin[   ( 2  )]

ad ad a 2a
or =   ...(i)
sin  sin(   ) sin( 2  ) sin   sin(    )
From first and second term we get

ad ad A
sin  =
sin (    )
a+d a
ad sin 
or =
ad sin (  )
B C
By compenendo and dividendo, we have a–d

2 sin      cos 
2a sin   sin (    )  2 2
= =
2d  sin   sin (    ) 
2 cos     sin 
 2 2

  
tan     tan
a  2 d 2
or =  = ...(ii)
d  a  
tan tan    
2  2

From third and fourth terms of (i) we get

sin   sin (  )
2 =
sin (2  )

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles


cos
2 = 2
 
cos    
 2


   cos 2    
 cos    2   2 (Note: 0 < <  cos > 0 ;    is acute)
  2 2 2 2


4  cos 2
 tan      = 2 ...(iii)
 2 
cos
2
From (ii) and (iii) we get


sin
d 2
=
a 
4  cos 2
2

 1  cos 
d sin 2
= 2 = 2
a  1  cos 
4  cos 2 4
2 2

1  cos 
= 7  cos  = x

Required Ratio = a – d : a : a + d
= 1 – d/a : 1 : 1 + d/ a
= 1 – x : 1 : 1 + x.

Sample Problem-25:

In a triangle ABC, the median AD and the perpendicular AE from the vertex A to the side BC
divide angle A into three equal parts. Show that

A A 3a2
cos sin 2  .
3 3 32 bc

A
Solution: BAD = DAE = EAC =
3

a
BD = CD =
2
a
DE = EC = [Since triangle ADE and triangle AEC are congruent]
4
AD = AC =b

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

 In ABD
2
c2  b2  a
A 4
cos =
3 2cb

4c 2  4b 2  a 2 A
= ...(i)
8bc
A b
In triangle ABC, we have c A
3 A
3 3
b
2 2 2
c b a
cos A =
2bc
B D E C

A A 2 2 2 a a
c b a
4 cos 3  3 cos = ...(ii) 2 2
3 3 2bc

Subtracting (ii) from (i) we get

A A A 4c 2  4b 2  a 2 c 2  b 2  a 2
cos  4 cos 3  3 cos = 
3 3 3 8bc 2bc

A  A 3 a2
4 cos 1  cos 2  =
3  3 8 bc

A A 3 a2
cos sin 2 = .
3 3 32 bc

Sample Problem-26:

If ,  and  are the distances of the vertices of a triangle ABC from nearest points of contact

of the incircle with sides of ABC, prove that r2 = .
   

Solution: Given

AF= AE =  A

 
BF= BD = 

CD = CE =  F E

2s = Perimeter of triangle ABC  I



= AB + BC + CA
B   C
D
=c+a+b

= 2+ 2 + 2v

Area of triangle ABC  s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c )

= (     )(         )(         )(         )

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

= (     )

 (    )
 r= 
s 


 r2 = 
 

Sample Problem-27:

a b c
In any triangle ABC, if cos  = , cos  = , cos  = where , ,  lie between
bc ac a b
   A B C
0 and , prove that tan tan tan  tan tan tan .
2 2 2 2 2 2


1  tan 2
a 2
Solution: = cos  = 2 
bc 1  tan
2

By componendo and dividendo

2 a bc
=
2 tan 2  bca
2

 2 s  2a sa
 tan 2 = =
2 2s s

 sb  sc
Similarly, tan 2 = and tan2 =
2 s 2 s

 22  2 
( s  a)( s  b)( s  c ) 2
 tan tan tan = = 4
2 2 2 s3 s

   
 tan tan tan = 2 ...(i)
2 2 2 s
A B C ( s  b)( s  c) ( s  c)( s  a) ( s  a)( s  b)
Now tan tan tan =
2 2 2 s( s  a) s( s  b) s ( s  c)

( s  a)( s  b)( s  c)
=
s3


= ...(ii)
s2
From (i) and (ii)

   A B C
tan tan tan = tan tan tan .
2 2 2 2 2 2

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

Sample Problem-28:

The bisector of angle A of triangle ABC meets BC at D. If AD = l then, prove that

2 bc A a l2
(i) l = cos (ii) = 1
bc 2 bc bc

Solution: (i) Area of triangle ABC = Area of triangle ABD + Area of triangle ADC

1 1 A 1 A
bc sin A= c l sin  b l sin
2 2 2 2 2

A A
2 b c cos = l (b + c)
2
A A
2bc A c 2 2
 l = cos b
bc 2
BD AB c
(ii) = 
DC AC b B D C

BD CD BD  CD a
or =  
c b cb cb
BD a
 = ...(A)
c cb
A c 2  l 2  BD 2
In triangle ABD, cos 
2 2cl
A
–2cl cos + c2 + l2 = BD2
2
A
Substituting value of cos from (i) we get
2
l (b  c ) c 2b  l 2c
BD2 = –2cl + c2 + l2 =
2 bc b
2
BD 2  a 

Equation (A) gives 
c2  cb 
2
c 2b  l 2c  a 
or =  
bc 2
 cb 

l2 a
or 1 = .
bc cb

Sample Problem-29:

3 3
A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD of area is inscribed in a unit circle. If one of its sides
4
AB = 1 and A is acute and the diagonal BD = 3 find the lengths of the other sides.

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

Solution: Given AB= 1, BD = 3

OA = OB = OD = OC = 1 = R (O being centre of the circle)
In triangle ABD,

BD 3
sin A = 2 R   sin A ( Given circle is circumcircle of ABD)
2


 A=
3

2
Hence C = ( ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral)
3
Using Cosine Rule in triangle ABD

( AB ) 2  ( AD) 2  ( BD ) 2
cos A =
2 AB. AD

1 1  ( AD) 2  3
=
2 2 AD
or AD2 – AD – 2 = 0
or (AD – 2) (AD + 1) = 0
 AD = 2
Using Cosine Rule in triangle BCD, we have

( BC ) 2  (CD ) 2  ( BD ) 2
cos C =
2( BC ).(CD )

1 ( BC ) 2  (CD ) 2  3
 =
2 2( BC ).(CD )
or (BC)2 + (CD)2 + (BC)(CD) – 3 = 0 ...(i)
Area of cyclic quadrilateral = Area of triangle ABD + Area of triangle BCD

3 3 1  1 2
= .1.2 sin  . BC . CD sin
4 2 3 2 3
3 = 2 + BC.CD
or BC.CD = 1 ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
BC = CD = 1
Hence length of sides of cyclic quadrilateral are

AD = 2, BC = CD = 1.

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 CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. If D is the mid point of the side BC of a triangle ABC and AD is perpendicular to AC, then
(a) 3b2 = a2 – c2 (b) 3a2 = b2 – 3c2 (c) b2 = a2 – c2 (d) a2 + b2 = 5c2

2. There exists a ABC satisfying

sin A sin B sin C
(a) tanA + tanB + tan C = 0 (b)  
2 3 7
(c) (a + b)2 = c2 + ab (d) none of these
3. If the tangents of the angles A and B of a triangle ABC satisfy the equation abx2 – c2x + ab = 0, then
(a) tan A = a/b (b) tan B = b/a
(c) cos C = 0 (d) all of these

4. If in a triangle ABC sin A , sin B and sin C are in A.P., then the altitudes are in
(a) A.P. (b) H.P. (c) G.P. (d) none of these

5. In a ABC, medians AD and CE are drawn. If AD = 5, DAC =  /8 and ACE = /4, then the area
of the triangle ABC is equal to

25 25 25 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 3 18 3

6. In a triangle ABC, if tan (A/2) = 5/6 and tan (B/2) = 20/37, the sides a, b and c are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P (d) none of these

7. If in a triangle ABC, a = 5, b = 4 and cos (A – B) = 31/32, then the third side c is equal to
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) none of these
8. The number of possible triangles ABC in which BC = 11 cm, CA = 13 cm and A = 60° is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these

9. Let AD be a median of the  ABC. If AE and AF are medians of the triangles ABD and ADC
respectively and AD = m1, AE = m2, AF = m3, then a2/8 is equal to

(a) m22  m32  2m12 (b) m12  m22  2m32 (c) m22  m32  2m12 (d) none of these

10. If I is the incentre of a ABC, then the ratio IA : IB : IC is equal to

A B C A B C
(a) cosec : cosec : cosec (b) sin : sin : sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
(c) sec : sec : sec (d) none of these
2 2 2

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

a cos A  b cos B c cos C

11. In a  ABC, the value of is equal to
a bc
R R r 2r
(a) (b) (c) (d)
r 2r R R

12. The area of a circle is A1and the area of a regular pentagon inscribed in the circle is A2. Then
A1 : A2 is

  2  2 
(a) cos (b) sec (c) cos ec (d) none of these
5 10 5 10 5 10

13. In a ABC a = 5, b = 4 and c = 3. ‘G’ is the centroid of the triangle. Circumradius of triangle GAB is
equal to

5 5 3
(a) 2 13 (b) 13 (c) 13 (d) 13
12 3 2

14. A variable ABC is circumscribed about a fixed circle of unit radius. Side BC always touches the
circle at D and has fixed direction. If B and C vary in such a way that (BD). (CD) = 2 then locus of
vertex A will be a straight line
(a) parallel to side BC (b) right angle to side BC
(c) making an angle  /6 with BC (d) making an angle sin–1 (2/3) with BC

15. In the adjacent figure AB is the diameter of circle, centered B D

at ‘O’. If COA = 60°. AB = 2r, AC = d and CD =  , then

(a) 3  r  d (b) r 2 d 2 O

(c) r 3 d 3 (d) 2  r  d

C

A
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE
4
16. If in a ABC, a = 6, b = 3 and cos (A – B)  then
5
 2
(a) C (b) A  sin 1 (c) ar (ABC) = 9 (d) none of these
4 5

17. In a triangle ABC, if r1 = 2r2 = 3r3, then a : b is equal to

5 4 7 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 4 7

18. There exists a ABC satisfying the conditions :

 
(a) b sin A  a, A  (b) b sin A  a, A 
2 2
 
(c) b sin A  a, A  (d) b sin A  a, A 
2 2

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19. In a triangle the cosines of two angles are inversely proportional to the sides opposite the angles. The
triangle is
(a) isosceles (b) equilateral (c) right angled (d) none of these

20. In a ABC, the line sigements AD, BE and CF are three altitudes. If R is the circumradius of the
ABC, a side of the DEF will be
(a) R sin 2A (b) c cos B (c) a sin A (d) b cos B

21. In a ABC, tan A and tan B are the roots of the equation ab (x2 + 1) = c2x, where a, b and c are the
sides of the triangles. Then

a2  b2
(a) tan( A  B)  (b) cot C = 0
2ab
(c) sin2A + sin2B =1 (d) none of these

22. The distances of the circumcentre of the acute-angled ABC from the sides BC, CA and AB are in
the ratio
(a) a sin A : b sin B : c sin C (b) cos A : cos B : cos A
(c) a cot A : b cot B : c cot C (d) none of these

23. In any ABC, a3 sin (B – C) is equal to

(a) a(sin B – sin C) (b) a2 (cos2B – cos2C)
(c) 0 (d) none of these

AC ac
24. In a ABC, 2 cos  . Then
2 a  c 2  ac
2


(a) B (b) B = C (c) A, B, C are in AP (d) B + C = A
3
25. In a ABC, tan C < 0. Then
(a) tan A. tan B < 1 (b) tan A. tan B > 1
(c) tan A +tan B + tan C < 0 (d) tan A + tan B + tan C > 0

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Comprehension-I

In a triangle, the sum of two sides is x and their product is y such that (x + z)(x – z) = y where z is the
third side of the triangle.

26. Greatest angle of the triangle is

(a) 90° (b) 110° (c) 120° (d) 135°

27. Square of the length of the third side of the triangle is

(a) x2 + y (b) x2 – y (c) x2 + y2 (d) x – y2

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

28. Area of the triangle is

3  1  3
(a)  y  8 (x  x2  4 y )2  (b) y
4   4
1
(c) x (d) none of these
4

29. Inradius of the triangle is

xz 3y x
(a) y
(b) (c) y
(d) none of these
2( x  z )

Comprehension-II

If in a triangle ABC with area , r1 = 2r2 = 3r3; D is the mid-point of BC, ADC = . DL is perpendicular
to AB, Area of the triangle ALD is .

30. sin  is equal to

7 24 7 24
(a) (b) (c) – (d) –
25 25 25 25

31. DL is equal to
1 1 1 1
(a) AB (b) AC (c) BC (d) AD
2 2 2 2

32.  is equal to
1 1 1 1
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
4 2 3 8

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

33. In a triangle ABC

A. b cos C + c cos B (p) 2 (R + r)
B. a cos A + b cos B + c cos C (q) r
C. a cot A + b cot B + c cot C (r) 4 R sin A sin B sin C
D. 4R sin (A/2) sin (B/2) sin (C/2) (s) a

34. A. Let the point P lies in the interior of an equilateral ABC of side (p) 3
length 2 and its distnaces from the sides BC, CA and AB are respectively
x, y and z then x + y + z is equal to

B. In a ABC, the minimum value of cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C is (q) 43

C. If the perimeter of an acute angled triangle is 23 units, then the minimum (r) 6

value of r1 + r2 + r3 is

a 2  b2  c 2
D. In a ABC, the minimum value of is (s) 3/4

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

abc
35. In ABC the value of is
.R

1 1 1
36. In ABC the value of r     is
 r1 r2 r3 

r1r2  r2 r3  r3 r2
37. In ABC the value of is
s2

r1  r2  r3  r
38. In ABC the value of is
R
a
39. In ABC the value of is
R sin A

a 2  b2  c2
40. In ABC the value of is
ab cos C

 bc  A A
41. In ABC if S represents the area then   sin cos is
S  2 2
42. Points D, E are taken on the side BC of ABC such that BD = DE = EC. If BAD = x, DAE =
sin  x  y  sin  y  z 
y, EAC = z then the value of equals
sin x sin z

r
43. In ABC if a = 13, b = 14, c = 15, then
r3  r2 is
44. In any ABC if a = 3, A = 60°, then I2I3 is

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS

1. a, b, c are the sides of ABC such that no two sides are equal and x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3
(ab + bc + ca) = 0 if x is real then range for    R  is (IIT)

4 4  2 7 2 7
(a)  (b)  (c)   ,  (d)  , 
3 3  3 3 3 3

2. In ABC, a, b, c are the lengths of its sides and A, B, C are the angles of triangle ABC. The correct
relation is given by (IIT)

 B C  A A  B C 
(a) (b – c) sin   = a cos (b) (b – c) cos = a sin  
 2  2 2  2 

B C A A B C
(c) (b + c) sin   = a cos (d) (b – c) cos = 2 a sin  
 2  2 2  2 

3. A man from the top of a 100 metre high tower sees a car moving towards the tower at an angle of
depression of 30°. After some time, the angle of depression becomes 60°. The distance (in metres)
travelled by the car during this time is (IIT Sc.)

200 3 100 3
(a) 100 3 (b) (c) (d) 200 3
3 3

4. A pole stands inside a triangular park ABC. If the angle of elevation of the top of the pole from each
corner of the park is same, then in ABC the foot of the pole is at the (IIT Sc.)

(a) centroid (b) circum centre (c) incentre (d) other centre

5. The minimum value of the expression sin  + sin  + sin , where , ,  are real positive angles
satisfying  +  +  =  is (IIT Sc)

(a) positive (b) zero (c) negative (d) –3

6. If the vertices P, Q, R of a triangle PQR are rational points, which of the following points of the
triangle PQR is (are) always rational points? (IIT Sc.)
(a) centroid (b) incentre (c) circumcentre (d) orthocentre

  sin BAD
7. In a triangle ABC, B = , C = and D divides BC internally in the ratio 1 : 3, then
3 4 sin CAD
is equal to (IIT)

1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 3 3

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

8. Which of the following pieces of data does not uniquely determine an acute angle triangle
ABC (R being the radius of the circumcircle)? (IIT)
(a) a, sin A, sin B (b) a, b, c (c) a, sin B, R (d) a, sin A, R

abc
9. In a triangle ABC, AD is the altitude from A. Given b > c, C = 23° and AD = ,
b  c2
2

then B = (IIT)

(a) 67° (b) 113° (c) 157° (d) none of these

1
10. In a triangle ABC, 2ac sin (A – B + C) = (IIT)
2
(a) a2 + b2 – c2 (b) c2 + a2 – b2 (c) b2 – c2 – a2 (d) c2 – a2 – b2

11. Let A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 be a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle of unit radius. The product of the
length of the line segments A0 A1, A0 A2 and A0 A4 is (IIT)

3 3 3
(a) (b) 3 3 (c) 3 (d)
4 2

12. In a triangle ABC, if b = a( 3 – 1), C = 30°, then the triangle is (IIT)

(a) right angled (b) isosceles (c) obtuse angled (d) none of these

13. In a triangle, the length of the two larger sides are 10 and 9 respectively. If the angles are in A.P.,
then the length of the third side can be (IIT)
(a) 5 – 6 (b) 3 3 (c) 5 (d) 5 + 6

14. In a triangle ABC if a4 + b4 + c4 = 2c2(a2 + b2) then angle C is equal to (IIT)

(a) 60° (b) 120° (c) 45° (d) 135°

15. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 2, then the angles of the triangle are in the
ratio (IIT)

(a) 1 : 3 : 5 (b) 2 : 3 : 4 (c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 : 3

16. In an equilateral triangle, 3 coins of radii 1 unit each are

kept so that they touch each other and also the sides of
the triangle. Area of the triangle is (IIT 2005)

(a) 4 + 2 3 (b) 6 + 4 3

7 3 7 3
(c) 12 + (d) 3 +
4 4

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

17. If ABC is isosceles triangle and one of angle is 120º and the radius of its incircle is of length 3 then
the area of ABC is (IIT)

(a) 7  12 3 (b) 12  7 3 (c) 12  7 3 (d) 7  12 3

18. Internal bisector of A of triangle ABC meets side BC at D. A line drawn through D perpendicular to
AD intersects the side AC at E and the side AB at F. If a, b, c represent sides of ABC then
2bc A
(a) AE is HM of b and c (b) AD  cos
bc 2
4bc A
(c) EF  sin (d) the triangle AEF is isosceles (IIT)
bc 2

2 A
19. In a triangle ABC with fixed base BC, the vertex A moves such that cos B  cos C  4sin .
2

If a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides of the triangle opposite to the angles A, B and C, respectively,
then (IIT)
(a) b + c = 4a (b) b + c = 2a
(c) locus of point A is an ellipse (d) locus of point A is a pair of straight lines

20. A straight line through the vertex P of a triangle PQR intersects the side QR at the point S and the
circumcircle of the triangle PQR at the point T. If S is not the centre of the circumcircle, then

1 1 2 1 1 2
(a)   (b)   (IIT)
PS ST QS  SR PS ST QS  SR

1 1 4 1 1 4
(c)   (d)  
PS ST QR PS ST QR

2 A
21. In a triangle ABC with fixed base BC, the vertex A moves such that cos B  cos C  4sin . If a, b
2
and c denote the lengths of the sides of the triangle opposite to the angles A, B and C, respectively,
then (IIT)

(a) b + c = 4a (b) b + c = 2a
(c) locus of point A is an ellipse (d) locus of point A is a pair of straight lines

22. If the angles A, B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic progression and if a, b and c denote the
lengths of the sides opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value of the expression

a c
sin 2C  sin 2 A is
c a

1 3
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 3 (IIT)
2 2

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

7 5
23. Let PQR be a triangle of area  with a  2, b  and c  , where a, b and c are the lengths of the
2 2
2sin P  sin 2 P
sides of the triangle opposite to the angles at P, Q and R respectively. Then equals
2sin P  sin 2 P
2 2
3 45  3   45 
(a) (b) (c)   (d)   (IIT)
4 4  4   4 

24. In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the product of the same two sides is y. If x2 – c2 = y, where
c is the third side of the triangle, then the ratio of the in-radius to the circum-radius of the triangle is
3y 3y 3y 3y
(a) 2 x( x  c ) (b) 2c ( x  c ) (c) 4 x( x  c ) (d) 4c ( x  c )

(JEE - Advance)

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS


1. The sides of a triangle are sin , cos  and 1  sin  cos  for some 0 <  < . Then the greatest
2
angle of the triangle is [AIEEE]
(a) 60° (b) 150° (c) 120° (d) 90°

2. If in a ABC, the altitudes from the vertices A, B, C on opposite sides are in H.P., then sin A, sin B,
sin C are in [AIEEE]
(a) Arithmetic – Geometric Progression (b) H.P.
(c) G.P. (d) A.P.


3. In a triangle ABC, let C  . If r is the inradius and R is the circumradius of the triangle ABC,
2
then 2(r + R) equals [AIEEE]
(a) a + b + c (b) c + a (c) b + c (d) a + b

4. The sum of the radii of inscribed and circumscribed circles for an n sided regular polygon of side a,
is [AIEEE]

a      a     
(a) cot   (b) a cot   (c) cot   (d) a cot  
4  2n  n 2  2n   2n 

5. The upper 3/4th portion of a verticle pole subtends an angle tan–13/5 at a point in the horizontal plane
through its foot and at a distance 40 m from the foot. [AIEEE]
(a) 80 m (b) 20 m (c) 40 m (d) 60 m

6. In a triangle ABC, medians AD and BE are drawn. If AD = 4, DAB = /6 and ABE = /3, then
the area of the ABC is [AIEEE]

64 8 16 32
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 3

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

C  A  3b
7. If in a ABC a cos2   + c cos2    , then the sides a, b and c [AIEEE]
2 2 2

(a) satisfy a + b = c (b) are in A. P. (c) are in G. P. (d) are in H. P.

8. A person standing on the bank of a river observes that the angle of elevation of the top of a tree on
the opposite bank of the river is 60° and when he retires 40 meters away from the tree the angle of
elevation becomes 30°. The breadth of the river is [AIEEE]
(a) 20 m (b) 60 m (c) 40 m (d) 30 m

9. AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground level and A at the top. A man finds that the angle of elevation
of the point A from a certain point C on the ground is 60°. He moves away from the pole along the
line BC to a point D such that CD = 7 m. From D the angle of elevation of the point A is 45°. Then
the height of the pole is [AIEEE]

7 3 7 3 7 3 1 7 3 1
(a) ( 3  1) m (b) ( 3  1) m (c) m (d) m
2 2 2 3 1 2 3 1

10. For a regular polygon, let r and R be the radii of the inscribed and the circumscribed circles. A false
statement among the following is [AIEEE]

r 3 r 1
(a) There is a regular polygon with  (b) There is a regular polygon with 
R 2 R 2

r 1 r 2
(c) There is a regular polygon with  (d) There is a regular polygon with 
R 2 R 3

11. Let Tn be the number of all possible triangles formed by joining vertices of an n-sided regular polygon.
If Tn + 1 – Tn = 10, then the value of n is [JEE-Mains]
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 7 (d) 5

12. A bird is sitting on the top of a vertical pole 20 m high and its elevation from a point O on the ground is
45°. It flies off horizontally straight away from the point O. After one second, the elevation of the bird
from O is reduced to 30°. Then the speed (in m/s) of the bird is [JEE-Mains]

(a) 40( 2  1) (b) 40( 3  2) (c) 20 2 (d) 20( 3  1)

13. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower from three collinear points A, B and C, on a line leading
to the foot of the tower, are 30°, 45° and 60° respectively, then the ratio, AB : BC, is :

(a) 3 :1 (b) 3: 2 (c) 1: 3 (d) 2 : 3

[JEE-Mains]

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 CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.

1. A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side 6. The area of any square inscribed in the
circle is
(a) 6 (b) 36 (c) 60 (d) none of these

C B A
2. If in a triangle ABC, b = 2 a, then cot . tan =
2 2
(a) 1/3 (b) 3 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these

(a  b  c) (b  c  a )(c  a  b)(a  b  c)
3. The expression is equal to
4b 2 c 2
(a) cos 2 A (b) sin2 A (c) cos A cos B cos C (d) none of these

4. In a triangle ABC, points D and E are taken on side BC such that DB = DE = EC. If
ADE = AED = , then

(a) tan  = 3 tan B (b) tan  = 3 tan C + 6

6 tan  A
(c) tan A = + 15 (d) 9 cot2 = tan2– 10
tan 2   9 2

5. If the angles A, B and C of triangle ABC are in A.P. and the sides a, b, c opposite these angles
are in G.P., then a2, b2 and c2 are in
(a) G.P. (b) A.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these

SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.

6. If in a  ABC, a = 6, b = 3 and cos (A – B) = (4/5), then

 2
(a) C (b) A  sin 1 (c) area of ABC = 9 (d) none of these
4 5

 3 
7. In a  ABC, A = and b : c = 2 : 3. If tan  = , 0    , then
3 5 2
(a) B = 60° +  (b) C = 60° +  (c) B = 60° –  (d) C = 60° – 

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

8. In a triangle the consines of two angles are inversely proportional to the sides opposite the angles. The
triangle is
(a) isosceles (b) equilateral (c) right angled (d) none of these

9. In a  ABC, the line segments AD, BE and CF are three altitudes. If R is the circumradius of the
 ABC, a side of the  DEF will be
(a) R sin 2A (b) c cos B (c) a sin A (d) b cos B

10. In a  ABC, tan A and tan B are the roots of the equation ab(x2 + 1) = c2x, where a, b and c are the
sides of the triangle. Then

a 2  b2
(a) tan (A – B) = (b) cot C = 0
2ab
(c) sin2A + sin2B = 1 (d) none of these

SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.

In a ABC, P,Q are the mid–points of AB, AC respectively. ‘O’ is the circumcentre of the ABC, R
is the circum radius and AB = c, BC = a, CA = b are the sides of the triangle, then

11. AOQ =

  
(a) A (b) B (c) B (d) B
2 2 2

12. Length of the OQ is

(a) 2R cosA (b) R cos B (c) 2R sinA (d) R sin B

13. Area of OPQ is

aR bR cos Bcos C bR sin Asin B aR cos B cos C

(a) cos B cos C (b) (c) (d)
5 4 5 4

SECTION- IV: MATCHING LIST TYPE

This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

14. ABC is a triangle in which cos (A – B) = (4/5) and BC = 6, AC = 3. AD is the median through A,
BAD = , CL is perpendicular to AD.
Column I Column II
3 5
A. The value of sin  is (p)
2
1
B. Length of the median AD is (q)
10
C. Radius of circumcircle of the triangle ABC is (r) 3 2

D. The value of cot ADC is (s) 1

SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.

1
15. In a ABC, the median to the side BC is of length and it divides the angle A into angles 30°
11  6 3
and 45°. Find the length of the side BC.

1 1 1
16. Let A1, A2, . . . An be the vertices of an n-sided regular polygon such that A A = A A + A A , find
1 2 1 3 1 4

the value of n.
17. The perimeter of a triangle right angled at c is 70 and the inradius is 6, then |a – b| is equal
to

b c
18. If A = 60°, then  is equal to
ca a b

19. In a right angled triangle ABC, sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C is equal to

20. In a triangle ABC, if a is the arithmetic mean and b, c(b  c) are the two geometric means

sin 3 B  sin 3 C
between any two positive real numbers then is equal to
sin A sin B sin C


21. If in triangle ABC, b = 2, c = 3 , A = , then the value of R is equal to
6

B C
22. If b + c = 3a, then the value of cot . cot is equal to
2 2

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 ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c)
16. (b,c) 17. (a,b) 18. (a) 19. (a,c) 20. (a,d)
21. (a,b,c) 22. (b,c) 23. (a,b,c) 24. (a,c) 25. (a,c)
26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. A-(s); B-(r); C-(p); D-(q)
34. A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q) 35. (4) 36. (1) 37. (1)
38. (4) 39. (2) 40. (2) 41. (1) 42. (4)
43. (2) 44. (6)
A
Chapter Assignment Hints
0
90
1. (a): From the right angled  CAD, we have c
A– /2 b

b 2b a 2  b 2  c 2
cos C =  
a/2 a 2ab
B C
a2 + b2 – c2 = 4b2  a2 – c2 = 3b2. a/2 D a/2
2. (c): (A) In a triangle ABC, we know that tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C. Since none of
tan A, tan B, tan C can be zero, (A) is not possible

a b c
If (sin A)/2 = (sin B)/3 = (sin C)/7, then by the laws of sines  
2 3 7
which is not possible, as the sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side

a2  b2  c 2 1 
If (a + b)2 = c2 + ab, then = = cos C = , which is possible
2ab 2 3
3. (d): From the given equation, we get
tan A + tan B = c2 / ab and tan A tan B = 1. A

tan A  tan B
Since tan (A + B) =
1  tan A tan B c
b

 
We get A + B = and hence C = .
2 2
B
a C
Therefore, triangle ABC is right angled at C. Hence,
tan A = a/b, tan B = b/a, cos C = 0, sin A = a/c, sin B = b/c and sin C = 1, so that

a 2 b2 a2  b2
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C =   1   1  1  1  2 [ a2 + b2 = c2]
c2 c2 c2

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

4. (b): If p1, p2, p3, are altitude from A, B, C respectively,

1 1 1 2 2 2
then  = ap1 = bp2 = cp3  p1 = , p2 = , p3 =
2 2 2 a b c
By the law of sines
a b c
  = k (say)
sin A sin B sin C
2Δ 2Δ 2Δ
 p1 = , p2 = , p3 =
k sin A k sin B k sin C
Now, sin A, sin B, sin C are in A.P.  p1, p2, p3 are in H.P..
5. (c): Let O be the point of intersection of the medians of triangle ABC. Then the area of ABC is three
2 10
times that of AOC. Now, in AOC, AO = AD = . Therefore, applying the sine rule to
3 3
AOC, we get

OC AO 10 sin  / 8
  OC  .
sin  / 8 sin  / 4  3 sin  / 4

1
area of AOC = . AO.OC. sin AOC B
2

1 10 10 sin  / 8  
= . . . . sin   
2 3 3 sin  / 4  2 8
E
50 sin  / 8cos  / 8 50 25 D
= .  
9 sin  / 4  18 9
O
25 25 /8 /4
 area of ABC = 3.  A C
9 3

C  A+ B  AB cot A / 2cot B / 2  1

6. (a): We have tan = tan  90   = cot =
2  2  2 cot A / 2   cot B / 2

6 37
. 1
5 20 222  100 122 2
  
= 6 37 120  185 305 5

5 20

A C  s  b  s  c   s  a  s  b 
Also tan tan = ss  a s s  c
2 2

5 2 s b
 .   3(s – b) = s  2s = 3b
6 5 s
 a + b + c = 3b  a + c = 2b
Which shows that a, b and c are in A.P.

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

AB AB
1  tan 2 1  tan 2
2 31 2
 
7. (a): cos (A – B) = 2 AB 32 1  tan 2 A  B
1  tan
2 2

AB AB 1
 63 tan2  1  tan 
2 2 63

A B a b C 1 54 C
Now tan  cot   cot
2 ab 2 63 5  4 2

C 63
 tan =
2 9

1  tan 2 C / 2 1  63 / 81 18 1
Also, cos C = 2
  
1  tan C / 2 1  63 / 81 144 8
2 2 2
c = a + b – 2ab cos C = 25 + 16 – 2.5.4. (1/8) = 36  c = 6
8. (c):

c2  b2 a 2 A
9. (a): In  ABC, AD2 = m12 = 
2 4

2
a
2 2  
In  ABD, AE = m2 = AD  c   2 
2 2
B C
E D F
2 4

2
a
2 2  
AF2 = m32 = AD  b   2 
2 4

b2  c2 a 2 a2 a2 a2
 m22 + m32 = AD2 +   m12  m12    2m12 
2 8 4 8 8

a2
 m22  m32  2m12 
8
10. (a): Here BD : DC = c : b
But BD + DC = a;
c
 BD = .a
bc
A
BD AD

In  ABD, sin A sin B
2 I

ca sinB 2 A B C
D
 AD = b  c . A = b  c cosec 2
sin
2

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

AI AB c bc
Also, ID = BD = ca / b  c  a
 
bc  A  B  C
 AI = .AD  cosec Similarly BI = cosec , CI  cosec
a bc s 2 s 2 s 2
A B C
 IA : IB : IC  cos ec : cos ec : cos ec
2 2 2

a cos A  b cos B c cos C 2 R sin A cos A  2 R sin B cos B 2 R sin C cos C

11. (c): 
abc 2s
R R 4 R abc abc
= .  sin 2 A+ sin 2 B+ sin 2C  = .4sinA sinB sinC = . 3 
2s 2s 2s 8 R 4 sR 2
4 R r
abc  
But R = 
, r = . So, the value = 4. .R 2 R
4 s r
D
360
12. (b): In the  OAB, OA = OB = r and  AOB = = 72°
5

1 1 E O C
 ar (  AOB) = . r . r. sin 72° = r2 cos 18°
2 2 r

2r 2 2  A B
 A1 : A2 = 2
 sec
5r cos18 5 10 A

2 2
13. (b): AG = A A1, BG = BB1
3 3 B1
1 G
 AG = 2b 2  2c 2  a 2
3
B C
1 A1
and BG = 2a 2  2c 2  b 2
3
1 1 2
 AG = a, BG  b  4c 2 as a2 = b2 + c2
3 3
5 1 2
 AG = , BG  16  36  13
3 3 3
1
Also, AB = c = 3 and  GAB   ABC  2
3
If ‘R1’ be the circumradius of triangle GAB then
 AG  BG  AB  5 2 1
R1 =  . 13.3.
4 GAB 3 3 4.2

5 13
= units.
12

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles

14. (a): BD = (s – b), CD = (s – c)  (s – b)(s – c) = 2

 s(s – a) (s – b) (s – c) = 2 s(s – a)
 2 2( s  a)
  = 2 s(s – a)  2 
2  1 (radius of incircle of triangle ABC)
s s
a
 = constant.
s
1
Now  = aH , where ‘Ha’ is the distance of ‘A’ from BC.
2 a
 1 aH a 2s
  = 1  Ha = = constant
s 2 s a
 Locus of ‘A’ will be a straight line parallel to side BC.

15.(c): AC = d, OA = OB = r , CD = BD =  , COA =
3

 AC2 = OA2 + OC2 – 2AOOC. cos B D
3
1
 d2 = 2r2 – 2r2 . = r2 O
2
C
2 
Also, BOD = COD =  A
3.2 3
 BD 
 tan   r 3 d 3
3 OB r

1  tan 2 
16. (b,c): Use cos 2 
1  tan 2 

17. (a,b): From the given relation, we have

A B C
s tan = 2s tan = 3s tan
2 2 2
tan(A/ 2) tan(B/ 2) tan(C/ 2)
= =  k (say)
6 3 2
A B B C C A
Also, since A/2 + B/2 + C/2 = 90°, we get tantan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
 6k. 3k + 3k. 2k + 2k. 6k = 1  36k2 = 1  k = 1/6
2 tan  A/ 2  12k
 sin A = 2
 1
1  tan  A/ 2  1  36k 2

2 tan  B/ 2  6k 4
and sin B = 2
 2

1  tan  B/ 2  1  9k 5
Hence, by the law of sines, sin A/a = sin B/b, we have

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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

a sinA 5
    a:b=5:4
b sinB 4
a b
18. (a)   a sin B = b sin A
sin A sin B
 
(a) If b sin A  a  a sin B  a  B  A
2 2
 
(b) b sin A  a  a sin B  a  B  A
2 2
 
(c) b sin A  a  a sin B  a  B   A
2 2
 
(d) b sin A  a  a sin B  a  B  A
2 2

19. (a,c): Use sine rule.

20. (a,d): Use property of padel triangle.

21. (a,b,c):

c2
tan A + tan B = , tan A tan B = 1
ab
find tan (A + B)

22. (b,c): Distance of circumcentre from the sides is R cos A, R cos B, R cos C.

23. (a,b,c):
Use sine Rule.

24. (a,c): Put a = k sin A, c = k sin C.

25. (a,c): Use tan (A + B) identity.

26. (c): x = a + b, y = ab; z2 = a2 + b2 + ab

find cos C using cosine formula

27. (b): z2 = x2 – y.

1
28. (b): Use,  = ab sin 
2


29. (b): r = .
s

30. (b): 31. (b): 32. (a):

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Properties and Solutions of Triangles


Use r1 =
sa

r2 =
s b


r3 =
sc

33. A-(s); B-(r); C-(p); D-(q):

A. Use projection formula.
B. R[sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C] = 4R sinA sin B sin C
C. 2R[cos A + cos B + cos C] = 2 R [1 + 4 sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2] = 2[R + r]
D. r = 4R sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2

34. A-(p); B-(s); C-(r); D-(q):

A. Consider P as incentre
B. Convert in double angle.
C. Use identities of r1, r2, r3
D. Use AM  GM

abc
35. (4): R =
4

1 1 1 1
36. (1):   
r1 r2 r3 r

37. (1): r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = s2

38. (4): r1 + r2 + r3 = r + 4R

sin A 1
39. (2): 
a 2R

a 2  b 2  c2
40. (2): cos C =
2ab

41. (1): Use half angle formula.

A
sin  y  z  sinC
42. (4): In ADC,  x y z
2a AD
sin x sinB
In ABD, 
a AD
a a a
sin z sinC
In AEC,  B D E C
a AE
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 Properties and Solutions of Triangles

sin  x  y  sinB sin  x  y  sin  y  z 

In ABE ,    4.
2a AE sin x sin z

43. (2): Use formula of inradius and exradii.

a
44. (6): I2 I3 = sin(A/ 2)

Previous Year Questions

IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIOSNS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a, c, d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a,d) 14. (c,d) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a,b,c,d) 19. (b,c) 20. (d)
21. (b,c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (b)

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a)

6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a)

Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a)
6. (b,c) 7. (b,c) 8. (a,c) 9. (a,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(s)
15. (2) 16. (7) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (2)

20. (2) 21. (1) 22. (2)

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS 6
INTRODUCTION

What is the need of complex numbers?

Before complex numbers, there were solutions to the equation x2 = 2 but there were no solutions to the
equation x2 = –2 in real numbers. To find the solutions to such equations and square roots of negative
numbers, mathematicians devised imaginary numbers (complex numbers). Students may think what is
the use of complex numbers. But complex numbers are useful in solving mathematical questions and
geometry and in certain other ways which student will only understand once he solves these questions.

What is complex number?

To get the solution of x2 = –1, 1 is defined as iota (i) which is an imaginary number (imaginary
number means it does not exist in real world)

so i = 1 i2 = –1 i3 = – i i4 = 1

A complex number z is an expression of the form a + ib where a, b  R and i is a root of the equation
x2 + 1 = 0; ‘a’ is called as real part of z = a + ib and is denoted by Re(z) while ‘b’ is called as imaginary
part of z and is denoted by Im(z). Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are equal if,
and only if, x1 = x2 and y1 = y2.

Two complex numbers cannot be compared

14.1. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS:

(i) Addition: (x1 + iy1) + (x2 + iy2) = (x1 + x2) + i (y1 + y2)
(ii) Subtraction: (x1 + iy1) – (x2 + iy2) = (x1 – x2) + i (y1 – y2)
(iii) Multiplication: (x1 + iy1) × (x2 + iy2) = (x1x2 – y1y2) + i (x1y2 + x2y1)

x1  iy1 ( x1  iy1 ) ( x2  iy2 ) x1 x2  y1 y2 x y x y

(iv) Division:     i 2 21 1 2 2
x2  iy2 ( x2  iy2 ) ( x2  iy2 ) x2 2  y2 2 x2  y2

Sample Problem-1:
Find the square root of z = –7 – 24i

Solution: Let z 0 = x + iy be a square root; then,

–7 – 24i = x2 – y2 + 2ixy
Equating real and imaginary parts we get
x2 – y2 = –7 ...(i)

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 Complex Numbers

and 2xy = –24 ...(ii)

(x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)2 + 4x2y2

= (–7)2 + (–24)2

= 625

 x2 + y2= 25 ...(iii)

Solving (i) and (iii), we get (x, y) = (3, –4); (–3, 4) by (ii)
 z 0 = ± (3 – 4i)

14.2. REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ON A PLANE.

Y
(Z =x +iy)
We consider two perpendicular lines XOX and YOY meeting P(x, y)
at O (analogous to the cartesian plane). XOX is called as r
real axis; YOY is called as imaginary axis and the plane is X
O x M
called as the Argand plane. Argand plane is an imaginary
plane. The complex number z = x + iy is then represented
by the point P(x, y) and P is called as affix of z.

14.2.1. Cartesian representation:

z = x + iy is called cartesian representation
x = Re(z) y = Im(z)

14.2.2. Polar representation: If z = x + iy, then z can be expressed as

z = r (cos  + i sin )
= rei (e i  = cos  + i sin ) (Euler’s formula)
where r = | z |
 = argument of z = arg (z)

14.2.3. Modulus of z: The modulus of z, denoted by | z |, is given by:

|z | = x2  y 2 = r
It is the distance of P(z) from origin.

Sample Problem-2:
Find modulus of (3 + 4i).

Solution: |3 + 4 i| = 32  4 2  5

Sample Problem-3:

Show that z 3 = 2 represents a circle.

z3

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Complex Numbers

Solution: Let z = x + iy

z 3
 z3 =2

x  3  iy
 =2
x  3  iy

 |x – 3 + iy |2 = 22 |x + 3 + iy | 2.

or (x – 3)2 + y2 = 4 ((x +3)2 + y2)

 3x2 + 3y2 + 30x + 27 = 0

which represents a circle.

14.2.4. Argument of z or Amplitude of z: The argument of z, denoted by arg z, is the angle made by the
ray OP with the real axis. For any complex no. z, arg (z) has infinite number of values. The principal
argument of z, denoted by Arg z, is the value of arg z, lying in (–, ].

So –< Arg z  
Sample Problem-4:
Find Arg(i)
Im axis

i 
Solution: Arg(i) =
2
Real axis

Sample Problem-5:

Find Arg (– i)
Real axis

–i 
Solution: Arg(–i) = –
2
Im axis

Sample Problem-6:

Find Arg 5
Im axis

Solution: Arg(5) = 0

5 Real axis

Corollary : Argument of any positive real number is 0

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 Complex Numbers

Sample Problem-7:

Find Arg (– 3)

Im axis

Solution: arg (–3) = 

–3 Real axis

Corollary : Argument of any negative real number is .

Sample Problem-8:


If | z1 + z2 | = | z1 – z2 |, prove that arg z1 – arg z2 = odd multiple of .
2
Solution: | z1 + z2 | 2 = | z1 – z2 |2
 ( z1  z 2 )( z1  z 2 ) = ( z1  z 2 )( z1  z2 )

or z1 z1  z 2 z 2  z 2 z1  z1 z2  z1 z1  z2 z2  z 2 z1  z1 z 2

or 2( z 2 z1  z1 z2 )  0 ; Re( z1 z 2 )  0
Let z 1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin1) & z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2); then,
z 1 z 2 = r1r2(cos(1 – 2) + isin(1 – 2))
 cos(1 – 2) = 0 (as Re ( z 1 z 2 ) = 0)


1 – 2 = odd multiple of .
2
14.2.5. Conversion from polar to cartesian form

z = rei

r,  are known

we have to find x, y

x = r cos  y = r sin 

14.2.6. Conversion from cartesian to polar form

z = x + iy

x, y are known

we have to find r, .

y
r= x2  y 2 tan  =
x
How to find Argument of a complex number?
There are 2 methods.

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Complex Numbers

Method 1: x = r cos  y = r sin 

y
Dividing, tan  =
x
This will give 2 values of  in the range (– ]
choose that value of  which lies in the same quadrant in which complex number lies.

Sample Problem-9:
Find Arg (1 – i)
Solution: As seen from figure, 1 – i lies in 4th quadrant.
1 here x = 1, y = –1
45°
1
–1 y 1
z(1 – i) tan  =   1
(1, –1) x 1
  = –45°, 135°
since 1 – i lies in 4th quadrant, so choose angle of 4th quadrant i.e.  = –45°
Easier solution: It could be seen directly from the figure that
Arg (1 – i) = –45°

Sample Problem-10:
Find Arg (–1 + i)
Solution: (–1, 1) As seen from figure, –1 + i lies in 2nd quadrant.
z(–1 + i)
1 here x = –1, y = 1
1 135°
45° y 1
–1 tan  =   1
x 1
  = –45°, 135°
since –1 + i lies in 2 quadrant, so choose angle of 2nd quadrant i.e.  = 135°
nd

Easier solution: It could be seen directly from the figure that

Arg (–1 + i) = 135°

1 y
Method 2: Find  = tan
x

y
since is +ve, so  will surely lie in Ist quadrant.
x

Now see that complex number lies in which quadrant

Now find (Arg z) from following table

st
IInd quadrant I quadrant

IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant

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 Complex Numbers

Sample Problem-11:
Find Arg (1 – i)

1
Solution:  = tan–1 = tan–1 1 = 45°
1

1
45°
1
–1
z(1 – i)
(1, –1)

As seen from figure, 1 – i lies in 4th quadrant.

so  = –  = –45°

Sample Problem-12:
Find Arg (–1 + i)

(–1, 1) 1
Solution: z(–1 + i)  = tan–1 = tan–1 1 = 45°
1 1
1 135°
45° As seen from figure, –1 + i lies in 2nd quadrant.
–1
so  =  –  = 135°
Exercise your Fundamentals

1. Find Arg (– 1 –i) 2. Find Arg (1 + i)

3. Find Arg (1 – 3i ) 4. Find Arg (–1 – 3i )

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-14.1 AND 14.2:

1. Which of the following is correct?

(a) 2 + 3i < 3 + 4i (b) 3 – 4i < 2 – 3i (c) 1 + i < 1 – i (d) none of these

Hint (d): Since complex numbers can not be compared.

5
2. Given | z | = 4 and Arg z  , then z is
6
(a) 23 + 2i (b) 23 – 2i (c) –23 + 2i (d) –3 + i

 1   5
Hint (c): For 2 3  2i , mod = 4 and arg. is   tan 1     
 3 6 6

334 365
 1 3   1 3 
3. 4 + 5 i  3 i is equal to
 2 2   2 2 
   

(a) 1 – i 3 (b) –1 + i 3 (c) i 3 (d) – i 3

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Complex Numbers

344 365
 1 3  1 3
Hint (c): 4 + 5    i   3    i  is equal to
 2 2   2 2 

= 4 + 5334 + 3()365

 1 3i 
= 4 + 5 + 32 = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2   2  2   3i
 

6 2k 2k 

4. The value of   sin  i cos  is
k 1 7 7 

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) –i (d) none of these

6 k
 2 2k 2k  6
 2 2 k 
Hint (d):   i sin  i cos   ( i)   cos  i cos 
k 1  7 7  k 1  7 7 
= (–i) (–1) = i

5. If arg ( z) < 0, then arg (–z) – arg ( z) =

(a)  (b) –  (c) – /2 (d)  /2

Hint (a): If arg (z) < 0, arg (–z) – arg z = arg (–1) + arg z –arg z = arg (–1) = .

8
   
 1  sin 8  i cos 8 
6. The expression   =
 1  sin   i cos  
 8 8 

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) i (d) none of these

  2 
Hint (b): sin  = cos     , 1 + cos  = 2cos .
 2  2

7. The inequality | z – 4 | < | z – 2 | represents the region given by

(a) Re (z) > 0 (b) Re (z) < 0 (c) Re (z) > 2 (d) none of these

24
Hint (d): R(z) >  R(z) > 3
2

z4
8. If  1 , then Re (z) is equal to
z 8

(a) – 6 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 17

z4
Hint (b):  1  |z –4| = |z – 8|
z 8

48
 R(z) = 6
2
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 Complex Numbers

z2
9. If  1 , then Re (z) =
z4
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) –3 (d) none of these

z2
Hint (a):  1  |z –2| = |z –4|
z4

10. The equation z2 = z has (hint: z = x + iy)

(a) no solution (b) a unique solution (c) two solution (d) four solutions
Hint (d): Let z = x + iy z2 = z  x2 + y2 + i( 2xy) = x – iy
 x2 – y2 = x  2xy = – y.

14.3. CONJUGATE

If z = x + iy, then the complex no. z = x – iy is called as the conjugate of z. z(x +iy)
r y
If z = r (cos  + i sin ), = rei , then z = r (cos  – i sin ) = ree–i
x
As seen in figure, z is mirror image of z in real axis. –y

Sample Problem-13: z(x –iy)

Find conjugate of (3 – 4i)

Solution: It is 3 + 4 i.

Properties of modulus:
z1 |z |
1. |z | = | z | 2. | z1 z2 | = | z1 | | z2 | 3. = 1 4. |zn| = |z|n
z2 | z2 |
5. ||z1| – |z2|  |z1 ± z2|  |z1| + |z2|
Both equalities hold only when z1, z2, origin are collinear.

Sample Problem-14:
|z| = 5, find the range of |z – 4|

Solution: ||z| – |4||  |z – 4|  |z| + |4|

i.e.,1  |z – 4|  9

14.3.1. Properties of conjugate:

z+z z-z
1. z z = | z |2 2. Re(z) = 3. Im(z) =
2 2i

 z1  z1
4. z1 z 2 = z1 .z 2 5.  = 6. z1 + z 2 = z1 + z2
 z 2  z2
n
7. z1 - z 2 = z1 - z2 8. (z) = z 9. (z n ) = (z)

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Complex Numbers

14.3.2.Properties of argument:

1. arg (z1z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + 2n : n  I

 z1 
2. arg  z  = arg (z1) – arg (z2) + 2n : n  I
 2
3. arg (zn) = n arg z

14.4. GEOMETRIC INTERPETATION OF COMPELX NUMBERS

Distance between two points A(z1) and B(z2) is |z1 – z2|

14.4.1. Area of a triangle

The area of ABC, where A, B, C have affixes z1, z2 & z3 respectively, is the absolute value of
z1 z1 1
i
z2 z 2 1
4
z3 z 3 1

Note:

(i) Points representing z1, z2, z3 are collinear if, and only if,
z1 z1 1
z2 z2 1  0
z3 z3 1

(ii) Equation of line passing through z1 and z2 is

z z 1
z1 z1 1  0
z2 z2 1
Euler’s formula
ei = cos  + i sin 

14.4.2. De Moivre’s Theorem:

If p is a rational number, then (cos  + i sin )p = cos p + i sin p.

14.4.3. Rotation Theorem:

Q(z2)

z 2 - z 0 z 2 - z 0 iθ
 P(z1) = e
z1 - z 0 z1 - z 0
R(z0)
 is considered +ve for anticlockwise direction and –ve for clockwise direction.

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 Complex Numbers

Sample Problem-15:
A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) are vertices of a right angled, isosceles triangle right angled at C(z3). Prove that

(z1 – z2)2 = 2(z1 – z3) (z3 – z2)

Solution: A(z1) Using rotation over B,

45° 
x z1  z2 i
 2e 4 ....(i)
z3  z2
45°
C(z3) x B(z2) using rotation over A,

z1  z2 i
 2e 4 ....(ii)
z1  z3
Multiplying (i) and (ii)
(z1 – z2)2 = 2(z1 – z3) (z3 – z2)

Sample Problem-16:

Prove that the points A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) & D(z4) (taken in anticlockwise order), are concyclic only if
( z1  z 2 )( z4  z3 )
( z 4  z 2 )( z1  z3 ) is a positive real number

Solution: Using rotation over B,

A(z1) D(z4)
z1  z2 z1  z2 i
 e .....(i)
z4  z2 z 4  z 2
 
Using rotation over C,
B(z2) C(z3)
z 4  z 3 z 4  z3  i 
 e .....(ii)
z1  z3 z1  z3
multiplying (i) and (ii)

( z1  z2 )( z4  z3 ) ( z1  z2 )( z 4  z3 )

( z4  z2 )( z1  z3 ) ( z4  z2 )( z1  z3 )
= +ve real number

Sample Problem-17:

If z12 + z22 – 2z1 z2 cos = 0, show that the points z1, z2 and the origin, in the Argand plane,
are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.

Solution: z12 + z22 - 2 z1 z2 cos = 0

2
 z   z 
  1  – 2  1  cos + 1 = 0
 z2   z2 

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Complex Numbers

 z  2 cos   4 cos 2   4
  1  = B(z2)
 z2  2
= cos± isin A(z1)
z1
 = | cos ± isin| = 1
z2
O
| z1 |
 | z | = 1  | z1 |  | z 2 | or OA  OB
2

Hence points A(z1), B(z2) and the origin are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.

Sample Problem-18:

1  iz
If z = x + iy and   with || = 1, show that, z lies on the real axis.
zi

1  iz
Solution: | | = 1
z i

 |1 – iz | = |z – i |
or |1– ix + y | = | x + i ( y – 1) |
or (1 + y)2 + x2 = x2 + (y – 1)2
or 4y = 0
Hence z lies on the real axis .

Sample Problem-19:

Let three vertices A, B, C (taken in clock wise order) of an isosceles right angled triangle with right
angle at C , be affixes of complex numbers z1, z2 , z3 respectively. Show that
(z1 – z2)2 = 2(z1 – z3) (z3 – z2) .

A(z1)

Solution: Given CB = CA and angle C = .
2
z 2  z3 i 
e 2
z1  z3
or z3 – z2 = i (z1 – z3) B(z2)
C(z3)
(z3 – z2)2 = –(z1 – z3)2
or z32 + z22 – 2z2z3 + z12 + z32 – 2z1z3 = 0. Add and subtract 2z1z2, we get
z1 2  z 2 2  2 z1 z 2  2 z 3 2  2 z 2 z 3  2 z1 z 3  2 z1 z 2  0 ,

or ( z1  z 2 ) 2  2[ z 3 ( z 3  z 2 )  z1 ( z 3  z 2 )]  0 ,

or ( z1  z2 ) 2  2( z3  z1 )( z3  z2 )  0 ,

or ( z1  z2 ) 2  2( z1  z3 )( z3  z 2 ) .

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 Complex Numbers

14.4.3. Section formula:

If the point P(z0) divides the line joining A(z1) and B(z2)
(i) internally in the ratio m : n, then
m n
mz 2 + nz 1
z0 = (z1)A (z2)B
m+n p
Proof : using rotation,

z  z1 z  z1 i
 e
z  z2 z  z2

| z  z1 | i
= | z  z |e
2

m i m
= e 
n n
solving this for z,
z  z1 m

z  z2 n
 n(z – z1) = –m(z – z2)
 (m + n)z = mz2 + nz1
mz2 + nz1
i.e., z0 =
m+n
(ii) externally in the ratio m : n, then
m
mz 2 - nz1 (z1) A
z0 = (z 2)B p
m-n n

Proof : using rotation,

z  z1 z  z1 i 0
 e
z  z2 z  z2

| z  z1 | i 0
= | z  z |e
2

m
=
n
solving this for z,
mz2 - nz1
i.e., z0 =
m-n
Note:The centroid P(z0) of a triangle ABC, where A, B, C have affixes z1, z2 & z3 respectively, is
given by
z1 + z 2 + z 3
z0 = .
3

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14.4.4. nth roots of unity.

The equation zn = 1, where n  N, has n roots which are given by
z = (1)1/n
2kπ 2kπ
= cos + i sin : k = 0, 1, ..., n – 1
n n
2kπ 2
i i
n
= e n
= k (where  = e )
so nth roots of unity are 1, , 2, ...., n –1. Obviously they are in G.P.

1 - αn
1 +  + 2 + .... + n –1 = = 0 (since n = 1)
1-α
2k
i
since sum of nth roots of unity is zero, e n
0

 2k  2k  
   cos n
 i sin
n 
0

n-1 n-1
2kπ 2kπ
  cos
k=0 n
= 0 and  sin
k=0 n
=0

Note:

1. The sum of nth roots of unity is zero.

2. They are vertices of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in the circle of unit radius & centre as
origin.

3. Square roots of unity are 1, –1.

1 i 3 1  i 3
cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2 where w = , w2 =
2 2
If n = 4, the roots are i, –i, 1, –1.

Sample Problem-20:

Find the sixth roots of z = 64 i.

  
Solution: z = 64 cos  i sin 
 2 2

1
 zr = z 6

 
 2r  2
2 r  2

= 2cos  i sin  , where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 6 6 

The roots z0, z1, z2, z3, z4, z5 are given by

   
z 0 = 2 cos  i sin 
 12 12 
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 5 5 
z 1 = 2 cos  i sin 
 12 12 

 9 9 
z 2 = 2 cos  i sin 
 12 12 

 13 13     
z 3 = 2 cos  i sin   2 cos  i sin 
 12 12   12 12 
 17 17   5 5 
z 4 = 2 cos  i sin   2 cos  i sin 
 12 12   12 12 

 21 21   9 9 
z 5 = 2 cos  i sin  = 2 cos  i sin 
 12 12   12 12 

14.4.5. Cube roots of unity

z3 = 1
z = (1)1/3 = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)1/3

2kπ 2kπ
= cos + isin k = 0, 1, 2
3 3
k
i
2kπ
 i 2   i 23 
=e
3
  e 3   k  e  
   

so cube roots of unity are 1,ω, ω2

-1 + i 3 2 -1 - i 3
ω= , ω =
2 2

1 + ω + ω2 = 0 , ω3 = 1

14.4.6. Applications in Geometry

1. Straight line:
(a) The general equation is az + az + b = 0 , where a is a complex no. and b is a real no.
Another general equation is az – az + ib = 0 , where a is a complex no. and b is a real no.
The line perpendicular to az  az  b  0 is az  az  ib  0 and vice versa.
(b) The equation of line passing through P(z1) and Q(z2) is
z = z1 + t(z2 – z1)

2. Circle: z
r (a) Circle with centre z0 and radius r is given by | z – z0 | = r.
z0 (b) General equation of a circle is zz + az + az + b = 0 , where a
is a complex number and b is a real number.
centre = – (coefficient of z )

radius = | a |2 b where a is centre.

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Complex Numbers

Ellipse: The equation of the ellipse with foci given by points with affixes z1 & z2 is given by | z – z1 |
+ | z – z2 | = k, where k is a constant such that k > | z1 – z2 |.

14.4.7. Perpendicular bisector: z

z 1|

|z 1
|z –

–
z 2|
z1 z2
The equation of perpendicular bisector of line segment joining P(z1) and Q(z2) is
| z – z1 | = | z – z2 |.

Sample Problem-21:

Find the region represented by |z – 4| < |z –2|

Solution: |z –4| = |z –2| represents perpendicular bisector of 4 and 2 i.e., the line x = 3 as shown in
figure.
y
|z –4| < |z –2| represents one side of the line x = 3
either left side or right side.

Since distance of z from 4 is lesser, z is nearer to 4

x which means z lies on right side of the line x= 3.
2 4
x=3 So Re(z) > 3.
Some properties:
Let A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) be vertices of a triangle;
(i) If ABC is equilateral, then z1 2 + z2 2 + z3 2 = z1 z2 + z1 z3 + z2 z3
and its circum centre (z0) is given by z12 + z22 + z32 = 3z02

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-14.3 AND 14.4:

 
1. If  and |  | = 1, then is equal to
1  
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) – 1 (d) none of these

  |  |
Hint (a):  . Also ||2 = |1   |2  || = |1   |
1   |1   |

2. If | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 | = ... = | zn | = 1, then | z1 + z2 + z3 + ... + zn | =

1  1 
(a)    ...  (b) 0
z1 z2 z3 zn

(c) n (d) none of these

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 Complex Numbers

1 1 1
Hint (a): z  z  ......  z = | z1 + z2 + ..... zn| [ z1 z1 | z1 |2  1]
1 2 n

3. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such that | z1 + z2 | = | z1 | + | z2 | then Arg z1
– Arg z2 is equal to
(a) –  (b) – /2 (c) 0 (d) /2
Hint (c): Let z1 = x1+ iy1, z2 = x2 + iy2

y1 y2
Now |z1 + z2|2 = (|z1 + |z2|)2  x1y2 – x2y1 = 0  x  x
1 2

4. If z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that | z1 + z2 | = | z1 – z2 | then a value of amp z1 –

amp z2 is equal to

 3
(a) (b) (c)  (d) none of these
2 2
Hint (a): Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2, then

y1 y2
|z1 + z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2  x x  1
1 2

5. If z = z , then
(a) z is purely real (b) z is purely imaginary
(c) Re (z) = Im (z) (d) z is any complex number
Hint (a): z  z  I(z) = 0
6. For any z  C , which of the following is not true?

zz zz
(a) Re( z )  (b) Im ( z ) 
2 2i

(c) z z  {Re( z )}2  (Im( z )}2 (d) | Re( z ) |  (Re ( z )) 2  (Im ( z )) 2

z  z x  iy  x  iy 2iy
Hint (d): Let z = x + iy,   x, z  z   y etc.
2 2 21

zz
7. If z is any complex number, then is
2i
(a) purely real (b) purely imaginary
(c) either 0 or purely imaginary (d) none of these

zz
Hint (a): Let z = x + iy, then  y  R.
2i

1 i
8. Amplitude of is
1 i

 
(a)  (b) (c) 0 (d) none of these
2 2

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Complex Numbers

1  i (1  i )2 1  i 2  2i 2i
Hint (b):    i
1  i 12  i 2 1  (1) 2

9. If the cube roots of unity are 1, , 2, then roots of the equation (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0 are

(a) –1, –1, –1 (b) –1, 1 + 2, 1 + 22

(c) –1, 1 – 2, 1– 22 (d) 1, 1 + 2, 1 + 22

3 2
Hint (c): (x –1) = – 8  x –1 = –2, –2 – 2 .

10. The roots of the equation x6 – 1 = 0 are

(a) –1, 1 (b) 1, , 2

(c) –1, –, –2 (d) 1, , 2, –1, –, –2

6 3 3
Hint (d): x –1 = 0  x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Sample Problem-21:

zz 
If z1 and z2 are 1–i, –2 + 4i respectively, find Im  1 2  .
 z1 

z1 z 2 (1  i )(2  4i)
Solution: =
z1 1 i
 2  2i  4i  4
=
1 i
2  6i 1  i
= 
1 i 1 i
2  6i  2i  6
=
2
= 4 + 2i
zz 
 Im  1 2  = 2
 z1 
Sample Problem-22:
If n is a positive integer and  be an imaginary cube root of unity, prove that
3, when n is a multiple of 3
1  n  2 n  
0, when n is not a multiple of 3

Solution: Case I n = 3m : m  I
 1 + n + 2n = 1 + 3m + 6m
= 1 + 1 + 1, [  3 = 1]
=3

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Case II n = 3m + 1 or 3m + 2 : m  I
(a) Let n = 3m + 1
 L.H.S. = 1 + 3m+1 + 6m +2
= 1 +  + ,
=0
(b) Let n = 3m + 2
1 + 3m+2 + 6m + 4 = 1 +  + 4
= 1 +  + 
= 0

Sample Problem-23:

If |z1 | = |z2 | = .....................= | zn | = 1, prove that

1 1 1
z1  z 2  ......  z n    .......
z1 z 2 zn

Solution: | zj | = 1 z j z j = 1  j = 1, ... ,n ( zz = | z |2)

1 1 1
L.H.S. = z1  z 2  ......  z n    ....... 
z1 z 2 zn

1 1 1 1
=    ...... 
z1 z 2 z3 zn

1 1 1
=   ....... 
z1 z 2 zn

= R.H.S

Sample Problem-24:

If | z – 1 | < 3, prove that |iz + 3 – 5i | < 8.

Solution: Here i z + 3 – 5 i is to be written as the sum of two complex numbers containing z – 1,

because we have to use | z – 1 | < 3.
| iz + 3 – 5 i | = | iz – i + 3 – 4 i |
= | 3 – 4 i + i (z – 1) |
 | 3 – 4i | + | i(z – 1) | (by triangle inequality)
< 5 + 1.3 = 8

Sample Problem-25:

If (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x +a2x2 + ... + anxn, then show that

n n
n n
(a) a0 – a2 + a4 + ... = 2 2 cos (b) a1 – a3 + a5 + ... = 2 2 sin
4 4

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Complex Numbers

Solution: Put x = i in the given expansion

(1 + i)n = a0 + a1i + a2i2 + ... + anin,
n
    
 2  cos 4  i sin 4   = (a0 – a2 + a4 + ... ) + i (a1 – a3 + a5 + ... )
  

 n n 
2 n / 2  cos  i sin  = (a0 – a2 + a4 + ... ) + i(a1 – a3 + a5 + ... )
 4 4 
Equating real and imaginary parts,
n
n
2 2 cos = a0 – a2 + a4 + ...
4
n
n
2 2 sin = a1 – a3 + a5 + ...
4

Sample Problem-26:

Solve the equation zn-1 = z : n  N

Solution: zn–1 = z

| z |n–1 = | z | = | z |;  | z | = 0 or | z | = 1

If | z | = 0, then z = 0.

Let | z | = 1; then, zn = z z = 1

2 m 2 m
 z = cos  i sin : m = 0, 1, ... , n –1
n n

Sample Problem-27:

For constant c 1, find all complex numbers z satisfying the equation z + c | z + 1 | + i = 0

Solution: Let z = x + i y.

The equation z + c |z + 1| + i = 0 becomes

x + i y + c ( x  1) 2  y 2 + i = 0

or x + c ( x  1) 2  y 2 + i (y + 1) = 0.

Equating real and imaginary parts , we get

y + 1 = 0 y = –1 ...(i)

and x + c ( x  1) 2  y 2 = 0 : x<0 ...(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii) , we get

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 Complex Numbers

x+c ( x  1) 2  1 = 0
or x 2 = c2 [(x + 1)2 + 1]
or (c2 – 1)x2 + 2c2x + 2c2 = 0
If c = 1, then x = –1. Let c > 1; then,

 2c 2  4c 4  8c 2 (c 2  1)
x =
2(c 2 1)

c2  c 2 c2
=
c 2 1

As x is real and c > 1, we have : 1 < c  2

(Thus, for c > 2 , there is no solution)
Since both values of x satisfy (ii), both values are admissible.

Sample Problem-28:
Locate the region in the Argand plane for the complex number z satisfying
 
(a) |z - 4 | < |z – 2 | (b)  arg z 
6 4 Y

Solution: (a) Let z = x + iy

| x + iy – 4 | < | x + iy – 2 |
X
(x – 4)2 + y2 < (x – 2)2 +y2 O X

or – 4x + 12 < 0
or x > 3
Y x=3
Re(z) > 3. (see fig.1)
Figure (1)
(b) Let z = x + iy; then, x > 0 and y > 0
y Y
arg z = tan–1
x Y=x
 y 
tan   tan
6 x 4

arg(z) =
1 y 6
 1 O X
3 x

x 3 y and y  x Figure (2)

Hence the given inequality represents the region bounded by the rays y = x and

y= x except the origin (fig.2) .

3

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 CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

3 i
1. If z = , then the principal argument of z is
3 i
  
(a)  (b) (c) (d) none of these
3 3 6

1  2i
2. If  r (cos   i sin ) , then
2  i
1 3 1 4 1 4
(a) r = 1,  = tan (b) r = 5 ,  = tan (c) r = 1,  = tan (d) none of these
4 3 3

3. If  is a non real cube root of unity, then the expression (1 – ) (1 – 2) (1 + 4) (1 + 8 ) is
equal to
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 2

2
51 

4. If x2 – x + 1 = 0, then the value of   x n  n  is
n 1  x 
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) none of these

5. If z  1 is purely imaginary, then

z 1
(a) |z | > 1 (b) |z | < 1 (c) |z | = 1 (d) none of these

1 x  iy
6. If = , then a2 + b2 is
a  ib x  iy
(a) x2 + y2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) none of these

1 i
7. If z = , then z6 + z4 + z2 + 1 =
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these

8. If  is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 +  – 2)7 equals

(a) 128 (b) –128 (c) 128 2 (d) -128 2

9. If z  (  3)  i 5  2 , then the locus of z is a

(a) square (b) circle (c) line (d) none of these

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 Complex Numbers

10. If (1) is a nth root of unity, then S = 1 + 3+ 52 + .......... upto n terms is equal to
 2n 2n n
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
1  1  1 

11. If | z | = 2, then the points representing the complex number –1 + 5z will lie on a circle whose centre
a and radius r are given by
(a) –1, 10 (b) 2, 5 (c) 1, 2 (d) none of these

1
12. The curve represented by Re   = c (where c  0) is a
z
(a) Circle (b) Parabola (c) Line (d) none of these

13. The curve represented by Im(z2) = c (where c  0) is a

(a) Circle (b) Rectangular Hyperbola
(c) Ellipse (d) none of these

z4
14. If the real part of is equal to ½, then the point z lies on a
2z  i
(a) Straight line (b) Circle (c) Ellipse (d) none of these

 z 
15. If |z1 | = |z2 |  0 and arg  1  = , then
 z2 
(a) z1 = z2 (b) z1 + z2 = 0 (c) z1 z2 = 1 (d) none of these

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

16. P(z1), Q(z2), R(z3), and S(z4) are four complex numbers representing the vertices of a rhombus taken
in order on the complex plane, then which one of the following is/are correct?

z1  z4 z1  z4 z  z4
(a)  amp 2
z2  z3 is purely real (b) amp
z2  z4 z3  z 4

z1  z3
(c)
z2  z4 is purely imaginary (d) | z1  z3 || z 2  z4 |

17. If 1, z1, z2, z3,....., zn–1 be the nth roots of unity and  be a non-real complex cube root of unity, then the
n 1

product  (  z ) can be equal to

r 1
r

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 1 + 

18. If amp (z1 z2) = 0 and |z1| = |z2| = 1, then

(a) z1 + z2 = 0 (b) z1 z2 = 1 (c) z1  z2 (d) none of these

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Complex Numbers

19. z2/z – 1 is always real, then z can be on

(a) the real axis (b) the imaginary axis (c) a circle (d) parabola
20. If p = a + b + c2, q = b + c + a2, and r = c +a + b2 where a, b, c  0 and  is the complex cube
root of unity, then
(a) If p, q, r lie on the circle |z| = 2, then triangle formed by these points is equilateral
(b) p2 + q2 + r2 = a2 + b2 + c2
(c) p2 + q2 + r2 = 2(pq + qr + rp)
(d) none of these

21. z 1 , z 2 , z 3 and z '1 , z '2 , z '3 are non-zero complex numbers such that z3  (1   ) z1  z 2 and
z '3  (1   ) z '1  z '2 then which of the following statements is/are true?

(a) If , R }0} , then z1, z2 and z3 are collinear and z '1 , z '2 , z '3 are collinear separately

(b) If ,  are complex numbers, where  =  then triangles formed by points z1, z2, z3 and z '1 , z '2 , z '3
are similar

(c) If ,  are distinct complex numbers, then points z1, z2, z3 and z '1 , z '2 , z '3 are not connected by any
well defined geometry

(d) If 0    1 , then z3 divides the line joining z1 and z2 internally and if  > 1 then z '3 divides the line
joining of z '1 , z '2 externally
22. If |z – 3| = min {|z – 1|, |z – 5|}, then Re(z) equal to

5 7
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 4
2 2

23. If n is a natural number  2, such that z n  ( z 1)n , then

(a) roots of equation lie on a straight line parallel to y-axis

(b) roots of equation lie on a straight line parallel to x-axis
(c) sum of the real parts of the roots is –[(n –1)/2]
(d) none of these
24. If |z –1 | = 1, then
(a) arg (z – 1 – i)/z can be equal to –/4
(b) (z – 2)/z is purely imaginary number
(c) (z – 2)/z is purely real number
(d) if arg(z) = , where z  0 and  is acute, then 1 – 2/z = i tan 
25. Equation of tangent drawn to circle | z | = r at the point A(z0) is

 z   z  z 
(a) Re    1 (b) zz0  z0 z  2r 2 (c) Im    1 (d) Im  0   1
 z0   z0   z 

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 Complex Numbers

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Comprehension-I
If 1, 2, m are the roots of polynomial equation f (x) = a0xm + a1xm –1 + ..... + am –1x + am = 0. Then
f (x) = a0(x – 1) (x – 2) ..... (x – m)

f '( x) 1 1
and f ( x )  x    ....  n  
1 m

2 2 1 1 1
26. If   cos  i sin , then numerical value of 1   2
 .....  equals
n n 2 2 2  n1
2( n n 1 ) 2( n n 1 )
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 1
2n  1 2n  1

 
27. If   cos  i sin , then (x –1) (x + 1) (x –) (x –  ) ...... (x – n–1) ( x   n 1 ) equals
2 n
(a) xn –1 (b) 2n + 1 (c) n2n + 1 (d) x2n –1

 2   2 2   n 1 
28.  x  2 x cos  1 x  2 x cos  1 ......  x 2  2 x cos   1 equals
 n  n   n 
(a) 1 + x + x2 + ..... + xn –1 (b) 1 – x +x2 + (–1)n –1. n –1
(c) 1 + x + .... + x2n –2 (d) 0

Comprehension-II

Let us define multiplicative converse(!) and additive converse(!) for complex numbers as the numbers
such that its multiplication and addition with the given complex numbers, respectively, give the conjugate
of the complex number. i.e. z × zm = z and z + zA = z
where zm and zA are multiplicative and additive converse

29. The multiplicative converse of z = 2 + 3i is

5 12 i 5 12 i 5 12 i
(a) 2 – 3i (b)  (c)  (d) 
13 13 13 13 13 13

30. Multiplicative converse of all the complex numbers will lie on

(a) a straight line (b) a unit circle (c) real axis (d) none of these

31. Additive converse of all the complex numbers will generate

(a) a circle (b) real axis (c) imaginary axis (d) none of these

32. Circumcentre of the triangle formed by z = ei, its conjugate and zm

(a) lies on a straight line passing through the origin
(b) lies on a unit circle
(c) is origin
(d) none of these

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Complex Numbers

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

 z 2
33. A. If z lies on the circle | z – 2i | = 2 2 , then the value of arg   (p) 5
 z 2
is equal to

B. A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) are the vertices of a triangle ABC inscribed in the (q)
2
circle | z | = 2. Internal angular bisector angle A, meet the
 z4 
circum circle again at D(z4), then arg   is

 2  z3 
z


C. If | z1 | = 15 and | z2 – 3 – 4i | = 5, then minimum value of | z1 – z2 | is (r)
4
D. If | z1 | = 1, | z2 | = 2, | z3 | = 3 and | 9z1z2 + 4z1z3 + z2z3 | = 12, then the (s) 2
value of | z1 + z2 + z3 | is equal to

34. A. |z – 1| = |z – i| (p) pair of straight lines

B. | z  z |  | z  z | 2 (q) a line through the origin
C. | z  z || z  z | (r) circle
D. If z lies on | z | 1 , then 2/z lies on (s) square

INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

1 1 1
35. If  and 2 are the non-real cube roots of unit and    22 and
a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
 2
 2
 2 , then the value of   is ______
a b c a 1 b 1 c 1
36. Complex numbers z1, z2, z3 are the vertices A, B, C, respectively, of an isosceles right-angled triangle
( z1  z2 ) 2
with right angle at C. The value of is
( z1  z3 )( z3  z2 )
37. The number of complex numbers which are conjugate of their own cube is.

38. If n  3 and 1, 1, 2, ....,n–1 are nth roots of unity, then the value of the sin 
1 i  j  n 1
 i  j is

39. If 1, z1 , x2 , x3 ..... zn are the nine roots of unity, then the value of (1  z1 )(1  z 2 )...(1  z8 ) is
40. If | z  1|  | z  3 |  8 then the greatest value of |z – 4| is
41. If | z1  1|  1, | z2  2 |  2, | z3  3 |  3 then the greatest value of (|z1 + z2 + z3|)/2 is
42. If z is any complex number such that |z + 4|  3, then the greatest value fo |z + 1| is
43. If | z1 | 1, | z 2 | 2, | z3 | 3 and | 9 z1 z2  4 z1 z3  z2 z3 | 12 then the value of | z1  z2  z3 | is


44. If  and are different complex number with |  | 1 , then the value of is
1  

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
1. If a, b, c and u, v, w are the complex numbers representing the vertices of two triangles such that
c = (1 – r)a + rb and w = (1 – r)u + rv, where r is a complex number, then the two triangles
(IIT Sc.)
(a) have the same area (b) are similar (c) are congruent (d) none of these

2. If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are complex numbers such that | z1 | = | z2 | = 1 and Re(z1 z 2 ) = 0, then

the pair of complex numbers w1 = a + ic and w2 = b + id satisfies (IIT Sc.)
(a) | w1 | = 1 (b) | w2 | = 1 (c) Re (w1 w2 ) = 0 (d) none of these

3. Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers such that z1  z2 and | z1 | = | z2 |. If z1 has positive real part and z2

z1  z 2
has negative imaginary part, then may be (IIT Sc.)
z1  z 2

(a) zero (b) real & positive (c) real & negative (d) purely imaginary

4. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such that | z1 + z2 | = | z1 | + | z2 |, then arg z1 – arg z2
is equal to (IIT Sc.)

 
(a) –  (b)  (c) 0 (d)
2 2

6
 2k 2 k 
5. The value of   sin
k 1
7
 i cos
7 
 is (IIT Sc.)

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) –i (d) i

6. The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2x and cos x – i sin 2x are conjugate to each other,
for (IIT Sc.)

 1
(a) x = n (b) x =  n   (c) x = 0 (d) no value of x
 2

7. If (1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + )7 = A + B, then A and B are respectively the numbers
(IIT Sc.)
(a) 0, 1 (b) 1, 1 (c) 1, 0 (d) –1, 1

8. Let z and w be two non-zero complex numbers such that | z | = | w | and arg z + arg w = , then z
equals. (IIT Sc.)
(a) w (b) –w (c) w (d) – w

9. Let z and w be two complex numbers such that | z |  1, | w |  1 and | z + iw | = | z – i w | = 2, then z

equals: (IIT Sc.)
(a) 1 or i (b) i or – i (c) 1 or –1 (d) i or –1

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Complex Numbers

10. If ( 1) is a cube root of unity then

1 1  i  2 2
1 i 1 2  1 = (IIT Sc.)
 i  i   1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) i (d) 

11. For positive integer n1, n2 the value of the expression;

(1 + i)n1 + (1 + i3)n1 + (1 + i5)n2 + (1 + i7)n2, where i =  1 , is a real number if (IIT Sc.)
(a) n1 = n2 + 1 (b) n1 = n2 – 1 (c) n1 = n2 (d) n1 > 0, n2 > 0

12. If  is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 +  – 2)7 equals (IIT Sc.)
(a) 128  (b) –128  (c) 128 2 (d) –128  2

13
13. The value of the sum  (i n
 i n  1 ) , where i =  1 , equals (IIT Sc.)
n 1

(a) i (b) i – 1 (c) –i (d) 0

334 365
 1 i 3   1 i 3 
14. If i =  1 , then 4 + 5     3   is equal to (IIT Sc.)
 2 2   2
 2 

(a) 1  i 3 (b) 1 i 3 (c) i 3 (d) i 3

15. If z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers such that

1 1 1
| z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 | =   = 1, then | z1 + z2 + z3 | is (IIT Sc.)
z1 z2 z3
(a) equal to 1 (b) less than 1 (c) greater than 3 (d) equal to 3

16. If arg (z) < 0, then arg (–z) – arg (z) = (IIT Sc.)
 
(a)  (b) –  (c) – (d)
2 2

z1  z3 1 i 3
17. The complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 satisfying  are the vertices of a triangle which
z 2  z3 2
is (IIT Sc.)
(a) of area zero (b) right angled isosceles
(c) equilateral (d) obtuse angled isosceles

18. If z1 and z2 be the nth roots of unity which subtend right angle at the origin. Then n must be of the
form (IIT Sc.)
(a) 4k + 1 (b) 4k + 2 (c) 4k + 3 (d) 4k

1 1 1
1 i 3 2
19. Let  =   . Then the value of determinant 1  1   2 is (IIT Sc.)
2 2
1 2 4
(a) 3 (b) 3( –1) (c) 32 (d) 3(1 – )

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 Complex Numbers

20. For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying | z1 | = 12 and | z2 – 3 – 4i | = 5, the minimum value of
| z1 – z2 | is (IIT Sc.)
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 7 (d) 17
z 1
21. If | z | = 1 and  = (where z  –1), then Re() is (IIT Sc.)
z 1
1 z 1 2
(a) 0 (b)  (c) · (d)
| z  1 |2 z  1 | z  1 |2 | z  1 |2

22. If w    i, where   0 and z is any complex number such that z  1, satisfies the condition that

 w  wz 
  is purely real, the the set of values of z is (IIT)
 1 z 
(a) z :| z | 1 (b) z : z  z  (c) z : z  1 (d) z :| z | 1, z  1
23. A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin towards the northeast (N 45°E) direction. From there,
he walks a distance of 4 units towards the northwest (N 45°W) direction to reach a point P. Then the
position of P in the Argand plane is (IIT)
i/4 i/4 i/4 i/4
(a) 3e + 4i (b) (3 – 4i)e (c) (4 + 3i)e (d) (3 + 4i)e

z
24. If | z | = 1 and z  ±1, then all the values of lie on (IIT)
1  z2

(a) a line not passing through the origin (b) | z | = 2

(c) the x-axis (d) the y-axis
Paragraph
Let A, B, C be three sets of complex numbers as defined below
A = {z : Im z  1}
B = {z : | z – 2 – i | = 3}
C = {z : Re ((1 – i)z) = 2}
25. The number of elements in the set ABC is (IIT)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 
2 2
26. Let z be any point in ABC. Then, | z + 1 – i | + | z – 5 – i | lies between (IIT)
(a) 25 and 29 (b) 30 and 34 (c) 35 and 39 (d) 40 and 44
27. Let z be any point in ABC and let w be any point satisfying | w – 2 – i | < 3. Then, | z | – | w | + 3 lies
between (IIT)
(a) –6 and 3 (b) –3 and 6 (c) –6 and 6 (d) –3 and 9
28. A particle P starts from the point z0 = 1 + 2i, where i =  1 . It moves first horizontally away from
origin by 5 units and then vertically away from origin by 3 units to reach a point z1. From z1 the particle

moves 2 units in the direction of the vector i + j and then it moves through an angle in anticlockwise
2
direction on a circle with centre at origin, to reach a point z2. The point z2 is given by (IIT)

(a) 6 + 7i (b) –7 + 6i (c) 7 + 6i (d) –6 + 7i

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Complex Numbers

29. Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are integers. Then the area of the rectangle whose
vertices are the roots of the equation is z z 3  z z 3  350 (IIT)

(a) 48 (b) 32 (c) 40 (d) 80

15
2 m 1
30. Let z = cos  + i sin . Then the value of  Im( z
m 1
) at  = 2° is (IIT)

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 2 sin 2 (d) 4 sin 2
sin 2 3 sin 2
31. Let z1 and z2 be two distinct complex numbers and let z = (1– t) z1 + tz2 for some real number t with
0 < t < 1. If Arg(w) denotes the principal argument of a nonzero complex number w, then (IIT)

(a) | z – z1 | + | z – z2 | = | z1 – z2 | (b) Arg (z – z1) = Arg (z – z2)

z  z1 z  z1
(c) 0 (d) Arg (z – z1) = Arg (z2 – z1)
z2  z1 z2  z1

32. Match the statements in Column-I with those in Column-II (IIT)

[Note: Here z takes values in the complex plane and Im z and Re z denote, respectively, the imaginary
part and the real part of z ].
4
A. The set of points z satisfying (p) an ellipse with eccentricity
5
|z – i| z | | = | z + i | z|| is contained in or equal to
B. The set of points z satisfying (q) the set of points z satisfying lm z = 0
|z + 4| + |z – 4| = 10 is contained in or equal to

1
C. If |w| = 2, then the set of points z  w  (r) the set of points z satisfying | lm z |  1
w

is contained in or equal to
D. If |w| = 1, then the set of points (s) the set of points z satisfying | Re z |  2

1
z  w is contained in or equal to (t) the set of points z satisfying | z |  3
w

33. If z is any complex number satisfying |z – 3 – 2i|  2, then the minimum value of |2z – 6 + 5i| is
(IIT)

34. Let  = ei/3, and a, b, c, x, y, z be non-zero complex numbers such that

a+b+c=x
a + b + c2 = y
a + b2 + c = z

| x |2  | y |2  | z |2
Then the value of is (IIT)
| a |2  | b |2  | c |2

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 Complex Numbers

35. Let z be a complex number such that the imaginary part of z is nonzero and a = z2 + z + 1 is real. Then
a cannot take the value (IIT)
(a) –1 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) 3/4

1
36. Let complex numbers  and lie on circles (x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 = r2 and (x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 = 4r2,

respectively. If z0 = x0 + iy0 satisfies the equation 2|z0|2 = r2 + 2, then || = (IIT)

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 7 3

37. Let  be a complex cube root of unity with   1 and P = [pif] be a n × n matrix with pif = i+j. Then
P 2  0 , where n = (IIT)

(a) 57 (b) 55 (c) 58 (d) 56

3 i  1
38. Let w and P  {wn : n  1, 2,3,....} . Futher H1   z  : Re z   and
2  2
 1 
H 2   z  : Re z   , where is the set of all complex numbers. If z1  P  H1, z2  P  H 2
 2
and O represents the origin, then z1 O z 2  (IIT)

  2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 6 3 6

Paragraph for Question

Let S  S1  S 2  S3 , where

  z  1  3i  
S1   z  :| z | 4 , S 2   z  : Im    0 and S3   z  : Re z  0
  1  3i  
39. Area of S = (IIT)
10 20 16 32
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3

40. min |1  3i  z | (IIT)

zS

2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2

 k   k 
41. For any integer k, let  k  cos   + i sin   , where i  1 . The value of the expression
 7   7 
12

|  k 1  k |
k 1 is (JEE-Advance)
3

| 
k 1
4 k 1   4k 2 |

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Complex Numbers

1  3i ( z )r z 2 s 
42. Let z = , where i  1, and r, s  {1, 2, 3}. Let P =  2 s  and I be the identity
2  z zr 
matrix of order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for which P2 = – I is
(JEE-Advance)

43. Let a, b, x and y be real numbers such that a – b = 1 and y  0. If the complex number

z = x + iy satisfies Im  az  b   y , then which of the following is(are) possible value(s) of x ?

 z 1 
(JEE-Advance)

(a) 1  1  y 2 (b) 1  1  y 2 (c) 1  1  y 2 (d) 1  1  y 2

44. For a non-zero complex number z, let arg (z) denote the principal argument with – < arg(z) . Then,
which of the following statement(s) is (are) FALSE? (JEE-Advance)
(a) arg(-1-..)= /4 , where 1
(b) The function f : R  (–] defined by f(t) = arg (–1 + it) for all t  R, is continuous at all points
of R, where i = 1
 z1 
(c) For any two non-zero complex numbers z1 and z2, arg  z  – arg(z1)+ arg(z2) is an integer
 2
multiple of 2.
(d) For any three given distinct complex numbers z1, z2 and z3, the locus of the point z satisfying the
 ( z  z1 )( z2  z3 ) 
condition arg  ( z  z )( z  z )    lies on a straight line
 3 2 1 

45. Let s, t, r be non-zero complex numbers and L be the set of solutions z = x + iy (x, y  R,
i= 1 ) of the equation sz  tz  r  0 , where z  x  iy . Then, which of the following statement(s)
is (are) TRUE? (JEE-Advance)
(a) If L has exactly one element, then |s|  |t|
(b) If |s| = |t|, then L has infinitely many elements
(c) The number of elements in L  {z :|z –1 + i| = 5} is at most 2
(d) If L has more than one element, then L has infinitely many elements
DCE QUESTIONS

 z 1 
1. The locus of the point z satisfying the condition arg z  1   3 is a [DCE]
 
(a) parabola (b) circle (c) pair of straight lines (d) none of these

1  ix
2. If = a + ib; then a2 + b2 = [DCE]
1  ix
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) none of these

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 Complex Numbers

2 2
3. Let a = cos + i sin , A = a + a2 + a4 and B = a3 + a5 + a6, then A and B are roots of
7 7
equation [DCE]
(a) x2 – x + 2 = 0 (b) x2 – x – 2 = 0 (c) x2 + x + 2 = 0 (d) none of these

4. The value of (1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + )6, where , 2 are cube roots of unity, [DCE]
(a) 128  (b) –128 2 (c) –128  (d) 128 2

2z  1
5. If the imaginary part of is –2, then the locus of the point represented by z is a [DCE]
iz  1
(a) circle (b) straight line (c) parabola (d) none of these

1  iz
6. If z = x + iy and  = , then |  | = 1 implies that in the complex plane [DCE]
zi
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis (b) z lies on the real axis
(c) z lies on the unit circle (d) none of these

7. If 1, , 2, 3, ..., n–1 are the nth roots of unity, then (1 – )(1 – 2)(1 – 3) ... (1 – n–1) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) n (d) –n [DCE]

6
 2k 2k 
8. The value of  sin 7
 i cos 
7  is [DCE]

k 1

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) –i (d) none of these

1  iz
9. If z = x + iy and w = , then | w | = 1 implies that in the complex plane, [DCE]
zi
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis (b) z lies on the real axis
(c) z lies on the unit circle (d) none of these

10. If the cube roots of unity are 1, , 2, then the roots of the equation (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0 are [DCE]
(a) –1, 1 + 2, 1 + 22 (b) –1, 1 – 2, 1 – 22 (c) –1, –1, –1 (d) none of these

1  3i
11. The amplitude of is [DCE]
3 i
  
(a) (b) – (c) (d) none of these
6 6 3

12. If 1, , 2, ..., n–1 are nth roots of unity, then

(1 – ) (1 – 2) ... (1 – n–1) is equal to [DCE]
(a) n (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) n2

13. The inequality | z – 4 | < | z – 2 | represents the region given by [DCE]

(a) Re z > 2 (b) Re z > 0 (c) Re z > 3 (d) Re z < 0

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Complex Numbers

14. The points representing complex number z where z satisfies for which | z – 3 | = | z – 5 |, lie on the
locus given by
(a) circle (b) ellipse
(c) straight line (d) none of these [DCE]

15. | z – i | < | z + i | represents the region [DCE]

(a) Re(z) > 0 (b) Re(z) < 0 (c) Im(z) > 0 (d) Im(z) < 0

16. If x = 2 + 5i (where i2 = –1), then the value of (x3 – 5x2 + 33x – 19) is equal to [DCE]
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12

17. If I m 
 z 1 
   4, then locus of z is [DCE]
 2z 1 
(a) ellipse (b) parabola (c) straight line (d) circle

zi
18. If  3 , then radius of the circle is (DCE)
zi

2 1 21
(a) (b) (c) (d) 21
21 21 2
AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS

1. z and w are two nonzero complex numbers such that |z| = |w| and Arg z + Arg w =  then z
equals [AIEEE]
(a) w (b) – w (c) w (d) –w

2. If |z – 4| < |z –2|, its solution is given by [AIEEE]

(a) Re(z) > 0 (b) Re(z) < 0 (c) Re(z) > 3 (d) Re (z) > 2

3. The locus of the centre of a circle which touches the circle |z – z1| = a and |z – z2| = b externally
(z, z1 and z2 are complex numbers) will be [AIEEE]
(a) an ellipse (b) a hyperbola (c) a circle (d) none of these

1 n 2n
n 2 n 1
4. If 1, 2 are the cube roots of unity, then  = is equal to [AIEEE]
2 n 1 n

(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 


5. If z and  are two non-zero complex numbers such that |z| = 1 and Arg (z) – Arg () = , then
2
z  is equal to [AIEEE]
(a) – i (b) 1 (c) – (d) i

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 Complex Numbers

6. Let Z1 and Z2 be two roots of the equation Z2 + aZ + b, Z being complex. Further, assume that the
origin, Z1 and Z2 form an equilateral triangle. Then [AIEEE]
(a) a2 = 4b 2
(b) a = b 2
(c) a = 2b 2
(d) a = 3b

x
1  i 
7. If    1 , then [AIEEE]
1  i 
(a) x = 2n + 1, where n is any positive integer (b) x = 4n, where n is any positive integer
(c) x = 2n, where n is any positive integer (d) x = 4n + 1, where n is any positive integer

8. Let z, w be complex numbers such that z  iw = 0 and arg zw = . The arg z equals [AIEEE]
(a) /4 (b) 5/4 (c) 3/4 (d) /2

 x y
  
 p q 

9. If z = x – iy and z1/3 = p + iq, then is equal to [AIEEE]
( p2  q2)

(a) 1 (b) –2 (c) 2 (d) –1

10. If | z2 – 1 | = | z |2 + 1, then z lies on [AIEEE]

(a) the real axis (b) an ellipse (c) a circle (d) the imaginary axis

z
11. If w  and |w| = 1, then z lies on [AIEEE]
1
z i
3
(a) a straight line (b) a parabola (c) an ellipse (d) a circle

12. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such that |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, then arg z1 – arg z2 is
equal to [AIEEE]
(a) 0 (b) –/2 (c) /2 (d) – 

10
 2k  2k  
13. The value of   sin
k 1 11
 i cos
11 
 is [AIEEE]

(a) –i (b) i (c) 1 (d) –1

14. If z2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is a complex number, then the value of

2 2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1   6 1
 z     z  2    z  3      z  6  is [AIEEE]
 z  z   z   z 
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 54 (d) 6

15. If | z + 4 |  3, then the maximum value of | z + 1 | is (AIEEE)

(a) 6 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 10

1
16. The conjugate of complex number is . Then that complex number is [AIEEE]
i 1
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1

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Complex Numbers

4
17. If Z   2, then the maximum value of |Z| is equal to [AIEEE]
z
(a) 5 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 3 1

18. The number of complex numbers z such that | z  1|  | z  1|  | z  i | equals [AIEEE]

(a)  (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2

19. If  and  are the roots of the equation x2 – x + 1 = 0, then 2009 + 2009 = [AIEEE]
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) –1 (d) 1
20. Let ,  be real and z be a complex number. If z2 + z +  = 0 has two distinct roots on the line
Re z = 1, then it is necessary that [AIEEE]
(a)   (0, 1) (b)   (–1, 0) (c) || = 1 (d)   (1, )
21. If (1) is a cube root of unity, and (1 + )7 = A + B. Then (A, B) equals : [AIEEE]
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 1) (c) (1, 0) (d) (–1, 1)

z2
22. If z  1 and is real, then the point represented by the complex number z lies [AIEEE]
z 1
(a) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through the origin
(b) on a circle with centre at the origin
(c) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing through the origin
(d) on the imaginary axis

 1  z  equals :
23. If z is a complex number of unit modulus and argument , then arg  [JEE-Mains]

 1 z 

(a)  (b)  –  (c) – (d) 
2

24. A complex number z is said to be unimodular if |z| = 1. Suppose z1 and z2 are complex numbers such
z1  2 z2
that 2  z z is unimodular and z2 is not unimodular. Then the point z1 lies on a : (JEE-Mains)
1 2

(a) straight line parallel to x-axis (b) straight line parallel to y-axis.
(c) circle of radius 2. (d) circle of radius 2

1 1 1
1   1 2  3k,
2
25. Let  be a complex number such that 2 + 1 = z where z  3. If then k is
1 2 7
equal to (JEE-Mains)
(a) 1 (b) –z (c) z (d) –1

26. If  C are the distinct roots, of the equation x2 – x + 1 = 0, then 101 + 107 is equal to:

(JEE-Mains)
(a) 2 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1

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 CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.

1. Let z be a complex number, then the region represented by the inequality | z + 2 | < | z + 4 | is given
by
(a) Re (z) > – 3 (b) Im (z) < – 3
(c) Re (z) < –3 & Im (z) > –3 (d) Re (z) < –4 & Im (z) > –4
2. If | z | = 1 then the point representating the complex number –1 + 3z will lie on
(a) a circle (b) a straight line (c) a parabola (d) a hyperbola
3. If A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) are the vertices of the triangle ABC such that (z1 – z2)/(z3–z2) = (1/2) –
(i/12) the triangle ABC is
(a) equilateral (b) right angled (c) isosceles (d) obtuse angled
4. z1 and z2 lie on a circle with centre at the origin. The point of intersection z3 of the tangents at z1 and
z2 is given by

1 2z1 z2 1 1 1  z1  z2
(a) ( z1  z2 ) (b) z  z (c) 2  z  z  (d) z1 z2
2 1 2  1 2 

5. 1, z1, z2, z3,.....zn–1 are the nth roots of unity, then the value of [1/3(3–z1)] +[1/(3–z2)] + .....+
[1/(3–zn–1)] is equal to

n3n 1 1 n3n 1 n3n 1

(a)  (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) none of these
3n  1 2 3n  1 3n  1

SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.

6. If z1 = a = ib and z2 = c + id are complex number such that |z1| = |z2| = 1 and Re ( ( z1 z2 )  0, then the
pair of complex number 1 = a + ic and 2 = b + id satisfies.
(a) |1| = 1 (b) |2| = 1 (c) R(12 )  0 | (d) none of these

7. If the points z1, z2, z3 are the vartices of an equilateral triangle in argand plane, then

1 1 1
(a)   0 (b) z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1
z1  z2 z2  z3 z3  z1

(c) (z1 – z2)2 + (z2 – z3)2 + (z3 – z1)2 = 0 (d) all of these

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Complex Numbers

1 1
8. If 2 cos  = x  , 2 cos  = y  y , then
x

y x 1
(a)   2cos(  ) (b) xy  xy  2cos(  )
x y

1 xm yn
(c) xm y n  m n
 2cos( m  n) (d)   2cos(m  n)
x y yn xm

9. The triangle formed by the complex number z, iz, i2z is

(a) equilateral (b) isosceles
(c) right angled (d) isosceles right angled

10. If z1, z2, z3, z4 are the four complex number represented by the vertices of a quadrilateral taken in order
z4  z1 
such that z1 – z4 = z2 – z3 and arg z  z  2 then the quadrilateral is a
2 1

(a) rhombus (b) square

(c) rectangular (d) a cyclic quadrilateral

SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.

If z1, z2 are two complex numbers representing points A and B, we get define complex slope of line AB
z1  z2
as   z  z .
1 2

11. Complex slope of line az  az  b  0 where a  C and b  R is

a a a a
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
a a a a

12. If µ and µ´ are complex slope of two perpendicular lines, then

(a) µ µ´ = –1 (b) µ = µ´ei/2 (c) µ + µ´ = 0 (d) µµ´ = 1

13. If µ and µ´ complex slopes of two parallel lines then

(a) µ = µ´ (b) µµ´ = –1 (c) µµ´ = 1 (d) µ = µ´ei/2

SECTION- IV: MATRIX MATCH TYPE

This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.

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 Complex Numbers

14. If  and  are cube roots of i and are not purely imaginary.
A. 2 +  2 (p) –1
3 3
B.  + (q) 2
C. 6 +  6 (r) 1
12 12
D.  +  (s) –2

SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.

z 1
15. If is purely imaginary number (z  –1), |z| is equal to .
z 1

b c a
16. If a = cos  + i sin , b cos  + i sin , c = cos  + i sin  and    1, then cos () +
c a b
cos () + cos () is equal to

17. The equation zz  (4  ei) z  (4  3i ) z  5  0 represents a circle whose radius is.

z2 2 z1  3z2
18. If z is imaginary, then 2 z  3 z is
1 1 2

z 1
19. If is purely imaginary number (z  –1), then |z| is equal to
z 1

20. If x + iy = (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) and x2 + y2 = 2k, then k is

21. If the fourth roots of unity are z1, z2, z3, z4 then z12 + z22 + z32 + z42 is equal to


22. If  and  are different complex numbers with |i3 | = 1, then is equal to
1  

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 ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (a,b,c,d) 17. (a,b,d) 18. (b,c) 19. (a,c) 20. (a,c)
21. (a,b,c,d) 22. (a,d) 23. (a,c) 24. (a,b,d) 25. (a,b)
26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. A-(r); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s)
34. A-(q); B-(s); C-(p); D-(r) 35. (2) 36. (3) 37. (3)
38. (1) 39. (9) 40. (9) 41. (6) 42. (6)
43. (2) 44. (1)

Chapter Assignment Hint/Solutions

3 i ( 3  i )2 1
1. (b): z = z=  [2  2 3i]  1  3i
3i 3i 2

3 
z = (1, 3) 1st quadrant.  Principal argument = tan–1 
1 3

(1  2i )(2  i ) 2  2  i(4  1) 4  3i
2. (a): r (sin + i sin ) =  
4 1 5 5

3. (b): 4 = , 8 = 2 [ As 3 = 1]

4. (a): x2 – x + 1 = 0  x =  or 2

5 2
 n 1 
Now put x =  in  x  n 
n 1  x 

5. (c): If let z = x + iy

z  1 ( x  1)  iy ( x 2  y 2  1)  2iy
Now  
z  1 ( x  1)  iy ( x  1) 2  y 2

 z 1 
R   0  x2 + y2 – 1 = 0  |z| = 1
 z 1 

x  iy x2  y2
6. (b): |a – ib| = z  iy  1
x2  y2

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 Complex Numbers

 a 2  b 2  1 Þ a2 + b2 = 1

1 i
7. (a): z=  z2 = i.
2
z6 + z4 + z2 + 1 = i 3 + i 2 + i + 1 = 0

8. (d): (1 +  – 2)7 = (– 2 – 2)7 = (–2)7 = –12814 = – 128 2 (3 = 1).

9. (b): z = ( + 3) + i 5   2 .

Let x + iy = z = ( + 3) + i 5   2 .

 x =  + 3 and y = 5  2
y2 = 5 – x2 = 5 – (x –3)2
 (x –3)2 + y2 = 5

10. (a): S = 1 + 3  + 52 +... + (2n –1)n –1

S –  + 32 + 53 + ..... + (2n – 1)n
S(1 – ) = 1 + 2 + 22 + ..... + 2n–1 – (2n –1)n

(1   n )
= 1  2  (2n  1) n
1 
= –2n [n = 1]
 2n
S=
1 

11. (a): Let  = –1 + 5z  | + 1| = |5z| = 5|z| = 5 × 2 = 10.

1 x
12. (a): Let z = x + iy; Re    2 2
 c  x2 + y2 – 1 x  0
z x  y c

13. (b): Let z = x + iy I(z2) = c  2xy = c  rectangular hyperbola.

1  z4  2 x2  2 y 2  8x  y
14. (a): Let z = x + iy ; = R  = 4 x 2  4 y 2  4 y  1  16 x – 2y –1 = 0.
2  2z  1 

 z1 
15. (b): |z1| = |z2| =  (let). arg  z     arg z1-arg z2 = .
 2
Let arg z1 = , arg z2 = .
z1 = ei () = ei. ei = – ei = – z2
z1 + z2 = 0.

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Complex Numbers

16. (a,b,c,d):
   
z1 – z4 = SP , z2 – z3 = RQ , z3 –z4 = SQ , z1 – z3 RQ . PR  SQ

17. (a,b,d):

xn  1
(x – z1) (x – z2) ... (x – zn –1) =
x 1

18. (b,c): Amp. (z1. z2) Þ amp. z1 + amp z2 = 0, z1 = ei, z2 = –i.

 z2 
19. (a,c): Put z = x + iy and I  z   0
 1 

20. (a,c): p + q + r = 0, 1 +  + 2 = 0

21. (a,b,c,d):

z3  z1 z '  z1 '
. 3 r
z2  z1 z2 '  z1 '

22. (a,d): |z –3| = |z –1| if |z –1| < |z – 5|

|z –3| = |z – 5| if |z –1| > |z – 5|

n
1 
23. (a,c):   1  1 = cos2r + i sin 2r, r  I
z 

24. (a,b,d):
|z –1| = 1 represents a circle with centre at 1 and radius 1.
|z –1| = 1  x2 + y2 = 2x.

25. (a,b): |z|2 = r2 + |z – z0|2

zz0  zz0  2r 2 O
2
2R ( zz0 )  2r r

 z  z z0
R  | z0 |2   r 2
 z0 

 z
R   1
 z0 

26. (b): Put f (x) = xn –1.

r r
27. (d): x2n = 1 = cos 2r  + i sin 2 x = cos + i sin
n n

where r = 0, 1, 2, ...... 2n –1

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 Complex Numbers

r  
28. (c): x2 – 2x cos + 1 = x2 – ( r   r ) x + ( r  r ) where = cos + i sin .
n n n

2  3i 5  12i
29. (c): Multiplicative converse of 2 + 3i is 
2  3i 13

z z |z|
30. (b): zm =  |zm|  1
z z |z|

31. (c): zA = z  z = x – iy – (x – iy) –2iy.

 i 2i
32. (c): z = ei = z  e , zm  e

33. A-(r); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s) :

z z3
z4 5
/4
A. B. O z2 C. |z – 3–4i| = 5
2i |z| = 15
2 z1
–2

9 4 1
D.   | z1 z2 z3 | 12
z3 z2 z1

z3 z3 z2 z2 z1 z1
  | z1 z2 z3 | 12
z3 z2 z1

| z2  z1  z1 | 1. 2. 3 = 12

12
|z1 + z2 + z3 = =2
6

34. A-(q); B-(s); C-(p); D-(r)

A. Perpendicular bisector of 4 m joining 1 and 1

B. |2x| + |2iy| = 2  |x| + |y| = 1 square

C. |x| = |y| pair of lines.

2 2 2
D.   =2
z |z| 1

1 1 1 2
35. (2):    is satisfied by , 2 and 1
ax bx cx x

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Complex Numbers

z1

z2  z1 z1  z2
36. (3): 
z3  z1 z3  z2
z3 z2

37. (3): (x + iy) = ( x  iy )3 = (x3 – 3xy2) – i (3x2y – y3  x = x2 – 3xy2, y = y3 – 3x2y.

38. (1): (1 + 1 + 2 + ...... + n –1)2 = 0

1 = (1 + 2 + ..... + n–1)2 = –1 + 2  i  j

1i j n 1

2=  i  j
1i j n 1

39. (9): (1 – z1) (1 – z2) ..... (1 – z8)

(x – z1) ...... (2 – z8) = 9

40. (9): –5 –3 –2 1 3 4 max |z– 4| = |4 – (–5)| = 9

1 2
41. (6): |z1 + z2 + z3|  |z1| + |z2| + |z3|  2 + 4 + 6 = 12

–7 –1
42. (6): –4 Max |z + 1| = | – 7 – (–1)| = |–6| = 6

9 4 1
43. (2):   | z1 z2 z3 | 12
z3 z2 z1

44. (1): ||2= 1 –  |2

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Previous Year Questions

IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (a,b,c) 3. (a,d) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (b)
26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (a,c,d) 32. A-(q); B-(q); C-(s),(t); D-(s) 33. (5) 34. (3)
35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (b, c, d) 38. (c, d) 39. (b)
40. (c) 41. (4) 42. (1) 43. (b,d) 44. (a,b,d)
45. (a,c,d)

DCE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c)

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)

6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (d)

21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b)
26. (d)

Chapter test
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (a,b,c) 7. (a,b) 8. (b,c,d) 9. (b,c) 10. (c,d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. A-(r); B-(p); C-(s); D-(q)
15. (1) 16. (1) 17. (5) 18. (1) 19. (1)
20. (5) 21. (0) 22. (1)

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