NCBA&E UNIVERSITY

ASSIGMENT NO 1

NAME: Saad Shahid

CLASS: BSCS-1

SUBJECT: ICT

ASSIGNMENT NO: 01

SUBMITTED TO: SIR ZAIGHAM

DATE: NOVEMBER 20, 2024

QUESTION/ANWERS

QNO1: What are the main component of a computer system?

A computer system consists of several main components that work together to perform
various

tasks. Here are the key components:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): Often referred to as the brain of the computer, the
CPU executes instructions from programs and manages the flow of data within the system.
It

performs calculations and processes information.

2. Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary storage that holds

data and instructions that the CPU needs while performing tasks. It is volatile, meaning it
loses

its content when the computer is turned off.

3. Storage: This includes hard drives (HDD) or solid-state drives (SSD) where data is

permanently stored. Unlike RAM, storage retains information even when the computer is

powered off.

4. Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all components of

the computer, allowing them to communicate. It houses the CPU, memory, and other
essential

components.

5. Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU converts electrical power from an outlet into

usable power for the computer's components, ensuring they receive the correct voltage and

current.

6. Input Devices: These are peripherals like keyboards, mice, and scanners that allow users
to

input data and commands into the computer.

7. Output Devices: Monitors and printers are examples of output devices that display or
produce results from the computer's processes.

8. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): This component handles rendering images and

videos, especially important for gaming and graphic-intensive applications.

These components work together to form a functional computer system, enabling users to

perform a wide range of tasks.

QNO2: Write the function of CPU?

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs several essential functions in a computer
system.

Here are the main functions:

1. Fetch: The CPU retrieves instructions from the computer's memory (RAM). This is the first

step in executing any program.

2. Decode: Once the instructions are fetched, the CPU decodes them to understand what

actions are required. This involves interpreting the instruction set.

3. Execute: After decoding, the CPU performs the necessary operations. This could involve

arithmetic calculations, logical comparisons, or moving data from one location to another.

4. Store: Finally, the CPU may store the results of its operations back into memory or send

them to output devices. This ensures that data can be used later or displayed to the user.

5. Control: The CPU also manages and coordinates the activities of all other components in

the computer system, ensuring that they work together efficiently.

These functions are performed in a continuous cycle, allowing the CPU to process multiple
instructions rapidly and efficiently, which is crucial for overall system performance.

QNO3: Write different types of input devices?

There are several types of input devices that allow users to interact with a computer. Here
are

some common ones:

1. Keyboard: A standard input device that allows users to enter text and commands using

keys.

2. Mouse: A pointing device that lets users navigate the computer's interface by moving a

cursor on the screen and clicking on items.

3. Touchpad: Often found on laptops, a touchpad allows users to control the cursor by

moving their fingers across a flat surface.

4. Scanner: A device that converts physical documents and images into digital format,

allowing them to be stored and edited on a computer.

5. Microphone: An audio input device that captures sound, enabling voice commands,

recordings, and communication.

6. Game Controller: A device used primarily for gaming, allowing users to control

gameplay through buttons, joysticks, and triggers.

7. Webcam: A camera that captures video and images, commonly used for video
conferencing

and streaming.

8. Graphics Tablet: A flat surface that detects stylus input, allowing for precise drawing and
design work.

These input devices enhance user interaction with computers, making it easier to input data
and

commands in various ways.

QNO4: Write different types of output devices?

There are several types of output devices that allow a computer to communicate information
to

the user. Here are some common ones:

1. Monitor: A display screen that shows visual output from the computer, including text,

images, and videos.

2. Printer: A device that produces a physical copy of digital documents and images on paper.

There are various types of printers, such as inkjet, laser, and dot matrix.

3. Speakers: Audio output devices that play sound, including music, notifications, and other

audio signals from the computer.

4. Headphones: Similar to speakers, but designed for personal audio listening, allowing users

to hear sound without disturbing others.

5. Projector: A device that projects visual output onto a larger screen or surface, commonly

used for presentations and movies.

6. Plotter: A specialized printer used for producing high-quality graphics and drawings, often

used in engineering and architecture.

7. Braille Display: An output device for visually impaired users that translates text into
Braille characters.

These output devices enable users to receive and interpret information from the computer
in

various formats, enhancing the overall computing experience.

QNO4: What is the difference between RAM and ROM?

RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory) are both types of memory

used in computers, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics:

1. Function:

- RAM: This is a type of volatile memory that temporarily stores data and instructions that
the

CPU needs while performing tasks. It allows for quick read and write access, which helps in

running applications and processing data.

- ROM: This is a type of non-volatile memory that permanently stores essential data and

instructions needed for booting up the computer and performing hardware initialization.
The data

in ROM is typically written during manufacturing and cannot be easily modified or erased.

2. Volatility:

RAM: It is volatile, meaning that all data is lost when the power is turned off.

ROM: It is non-volatile, so the data remains intact even when the power is switched

off.

3. Speed:
 RAM: It is much faster than ROM, allowing for quick access and manipulation of data.

ROM: It is slower compared to RAM, as it is primarily used for reading data rather

than writing.

4. Usage:

RAM: Used for running applications, multitasking, and storing temporary data while the

computer is on.

ROM: Used for storing firmware, which includes the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

and other essential system instructions.

In summary, RAM is used for temporary data storage and is fast but volatile, while ROM is
used

for permanent data storage and is slower but non-volatile.