Information Systems,

Tenth Edition

Chapter 3
Hardware: Input, Processing, and
Output Devices
 Principles and Learning Objectives

• Computer hardware must be carefully selected to

meet the evolving needs of the organization and of
its supporting information systems
– Describe the role of the central processing unit and
main memory
– State the advantages of multiprocessing and parallel
computing systems, and provide examples of the
types of problems they address

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Principles and Learning Objectives
(continued)
– Describe the access methods, capacity, and
portability of various secondary storage devices
– Identify and discuss the speed, functionality, and
importance of various input and output devices
– Identify the characteristics of and discuss the usage
of various classes of single-user and multiuser
computer systems

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Principles and Learning Objectives
(continued)
• The computer hardware industry is rapidly
changing and highly competitive, creating an
environment ripe for technological breakthroughs
– Describe Moore’s Law and discuss its implications
for future computer hardware developments
– Give an example of recent innovations in computer
CPU chips, memory devices, and input/output
devices

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Principles and Learning Objectives
(continued)
• The computer hardware industry and users are
implementing green computing designs and
products
– Define the term green computing and identify the
primary goals of this program
– Identify several benefits of green computing
initiatives that have been broadly adopted

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

Conversion of data to information
Data  processed  information
Our focus
Processing of data takes place through
today
 Why Learn About Hardware?

• Organizations invest in computer hardware to:

– Improve worker productivity
– Increase revenue, reduce costs
– Provide better customer service
– Speed up time-to-market
– Enable collaboration among employees
• Managers:
– Are expected to help define the business needs that
the hardware must support

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Computer Systems: Integrating the
Power of Technology
• Hardware components:
– Central processing unit (CPU):
• Arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register
areas
– Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU):
• Performs mathematical calculations and makes logical
comparisons
– Control unit :
• Sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes
them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of
the ALU, registers, primary storage, and even
secondary storage and various output devices
Information Systems, Tenth Edition
 Data processing hardware
Central processing unit (CPU)
• Control unit
• Processing unit (Arithmetic-logic unit)
• Primary memory – Random access memory (RAM), Read-only
memory (ROM) & Cache Memory

CPU on a Motherboard

Primary memory is the part of CPU that holds data and instructions
for processing.
 Computer Systems: Integrating the
Power of Technology (continued)
– Registers:
• High-speed storage areas
• Used to temporarily hold small units of program
instructions and data
– Primary storage:
• Also called main memory
• Closely associated with the CPU

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Computer Systems: Integrating the
Power of Technology (continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Hardware Components in Action

• Step 1: Fetch instruction

• Step 2: Decode instruction
• Step 3: Execute instruction
• Step 4: Store results

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Hardware Components in Action
(continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Processing and Memory Devices:
Power, Speed, and Capacity
• System unit:
– Houses the components responsible for processing
(the CPU and memory)
• All other computer system devices are:
– Linked either directly or indirectly into the system
unit housing

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Processing Characteristics and
Functions
• Machine cycle time is measured in:
– Nanoseconds (1 billionth of a second)
– Picoseconds (1 trillionth of a second)
– MIPS (millions of instructions per second)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Processing Characteristics and
Functions (continued)
• Clock speed:
– Series of electronic pulses produced at a
predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time
– Often measured in:
• Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second
• Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second
• Microcode:
– Predefined, elementary circuits and logical
operations that the processor performs when it
executes an instruction

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Processing Characteristics and
Functions (continued)
• Physical characteristics of the CPU:
– Most CPUs are:
• Collections of digital circuits imprinted on silicon
wafers, or chips, each no bigger than the tip of a
pencil eraser
– Moore’s Law:
• Hypothesis stating that transistor densities on a single
chip will double every two years

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions

• Main memory
– Provides the CPU with a working storage area for
programs and data
– Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU
• Storage capacity
– Eight bits together form a byte (B)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions
(continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions
(continued)
• Types of memory:
– Random access memory (RAM):
• Temporary and volatile
– Types of RAM:
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• DDR2 SDRAM and DDR3 SDRAM
• Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)
• Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random
Access Memory (DDR SDRAM)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions
(continued)
• Types of memory (continued):
– Read-only memory (ROM):
• Nonvolatile
• Provides permanent storage for data and instructions
that do not change
– Cache memory:
• High-speed memory that a processor can access
more rapidly than main memory

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 CPU comparisons (hardware)

The hardware comparisons are taken within the context of the overall
comparison of the full computer (hardware, software and other “nice-to-have”
features
Memory Characteristics and Functions
(continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Multiprocessing

• Multiprocessing:
– Simultaneous execution of two or more instructions
at the same time
• Coprocessor:
– Speeds processing
• Multicore microprocessor:
– Combines two or more independent processors into
a single computer

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Multiprocessing (continued)

• Graphics processing unit (GPU):

– A specialized processor that offloads the tasks
associated with 3D graphics rendering from the CPU
– Can also be used in certain applications that require
massive vector operations to provide performance
several orders of magnitude higher than a traditional
CPU

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Parallel Computing

• Parallel computing:
– Simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple
processors to obtain results faster
• Massively parallel processing:
– Links hundreds or thousands of processors to
operate at the same time
• Grid computing:
– Use of a collection of computers to work in a
coordinated manner to solve a common problem

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Secondary Storage

• Compared with memory, offers the advantages of

nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater
economy
• On a cost-per-megabyte basis:
– Secondary storage is considerably less expensive
than primary memory
• Determined by the information system’s objectives:
– The access methods, storage capacities, and
portability required of secondary storage media

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Access Methods

• Sequential access:
– Data must be retrieved in the order in which it is
stored
– Devices used called sequential access storage
devices (SASDs)
• Direct access:
– Records can be retrieved in any order
– Devices used are called direct access storage
devices (DASDs)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Secondary Storage Devices
• Magnetic tapes:
– Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational
data
• Magnetic disks:
– Direct-access storage device
• Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks
(RAID):
– Method of storing data that generates extra bits of
data from existing data
• Virtual tape:
– Storage technology for less frequently needed data
Information Systems, Tenth Edition
 Secondary Storage Devices
(continued)
• Optical secondary storage devices:
– Use special lasers to read and write data
– Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM):
• Storage capacity is 740 MB
– Digital video disc (DVD):
• Looks like a CD but can store about 135 minutes of
digital video
• Data transfer rate is 1.352 MB per second

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Secondary Storage Devices
(continued)
• Solid state secondary storage devices:
– Store data in memory chips rather than magnetic or
optical media
– Have few moving parts, so they are less fragile than
hard disk drives
– Disadvantages of SSD
• High cost per GB of data storage
• Lower capacity compared to current hard drives

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Enterprise Storage Options

• Attached storage:
– Methods include the tape, hard disks, and optical
devices
• Network-attached storage (NAS):
– Hard disk storage that is set up with its own network
address rather than being attached to a computer
• Storage area network (SAN):
– Special-purpose, high-speed network that provides
direct connections among data-storage devices and
computers

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Enterprise Storage Options
(continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Enterprise Storage Options
(continued)
• Storage as a service:
– A data storage model where a data storage service
provider rents space to people and organizations
– Providers:
• AT&T, Aviva, Amazon.com
• EMC, Google, Microsoft, and ParaScale

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Input and Output Devices: The
Gateway to Computer Systems
• Input and output devices:
– Gateways to the computer system
– Part of a computer’s user interface
• Organizations:
– Should keep their business goals in mind when
selecting input and output devices

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Input devices

Input devices: Devices used to give command/instruction to

the computer system to execute certain actions
 OUTPUT DEVICES
Sometimes referred to as “Peripheral devices”

Output devices: Devices used by the computer to translate

information stored in digital format into information that can
be read and understood by the user.
 Characteristics and Functionality

• Data can be human-readable or machine-readable

• Data entry:
– Converts human-readable data into machine-
readable form
• Data input:
– Transfers machine-readable data into system
• Source data automation
– Capturing and editing data where the data is initially
created and in a form that can be directly input to a
computer

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Input Devices

• Devices used to input general types of data:

– Personal computer input devices
– Speech recognition technology
– Digital cameras
– Terminals
– Scanning devices
– Optical data readers
– Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
– Magnetic stripe card

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Input Devices (continued)

• Devices used to input general types of data

(continued):
– Chip-and-PIN cards
– Point-of-sale devices
– Contactless cards
– Automated teller machine (ATM) devices
– Pen input devices
– Touch-sensitive screens
– Bar-code scanners
– Radio frequency identification
Information Systems, Tenth Edition
 Input Devices (continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Output Devices

• Display monitors:
– Used to display the output from the computer
• Plasma display:
– Uses thousands of smart cells (pixels) consisting of
electrodes and neon and xenon gases that are
electrically turned into plasma to emit light
• LCD displays:
– Flat displays that use liquid crystals
• Digital audio player:
– Can store, organize, and play digital music files
Information Systems, Tenth Edition
 Output Devices (continued)

• Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs):

– Uses a layer of organic material sandwiched
between two conductors
• Printers and plotters:
– Two main types of printers are laser printers and
inkjet printers
– Plotters are a type of hard-copy output device used
for general design work
• E-books:
– Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed
book
Information Systems, Tenth Edition
 Output Devices (continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Computer System Types

• Special-purpose computers:
– Used for limited applications by military and scientific
research groups such as the CIA and NASA
• General-purpose computers:
– Used for a wide variety of applications

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Computer System Types (continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Computer System Types (continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Portable Computers
• Handheld computers:
– Single-user computers that provide ease of
portability because of their small size
• Laptop computer:
– Personal computer designed for use by mobile users
• Notebook computer:
– Lightweight computer that weighs less than 5
pounds

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Portable Computers (continued)

• Netbook computer:
– The smallest, lightest, least expensive member of
the laptop computer family
• Tablet computers:
– Portable, lightweight computers with no keyboard

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Nonportable Single-User Computers

• Thin client:
– Low-cost, centrally managed computer with no extra
drives
• Desktop computers:
– Single-user computer systems that are highly
versatile

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Nonportable Single-User Computers
(continued)
• Nettop computer:
– Inexpensive desktop computer designed to be
smaller, lighter, and consume much less power than
a traditional desktop computer
• Workstations:
– More powerful than personal computers but still
small enough to fit on a desktop

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Multiple-User Computer Systems

• Server:
– Used by many users to perform a specific task, such
as running network or Internet applications
• Scalability:
– The ability to increase the processing capability of a
computer system so that it can handle more users,
more data, or more transactions
• Blade server:
– Houses many computer motherboards

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Multiple-User Computer Systems
(continued)
• Mainframe computer:
– Large, powerful computer shared by dozens or even
hundreds of concurrent users connected to the
machine over a network
• Supercomputers:
– The most powerful computers with the fastest
processing speed and highest performance

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Multiple-User Computer Systems
(continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Multiple-User Computer Systems
(continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Green Computing

• Concerned with the:

– Efficient and environmentally responsible design,
manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related
products
• Goals:
– Reduce the use of hazardous material
– Enable companies to lower their power-related costs
– Enable the safe disposal or recycling of some
700,000 tons of computers each year

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Green Computing (continued)

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Summary

• Computer hardware:
– Should be selected to meet specific user and
business requirements
• Random access memory (RAM):
– Temporary and volatile
• ROM (read-only memory):
– Nonvolatile
– Contains permanent program instructions for
execution by the CPU

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Summary (continued)

• Multicore microprocessor:
– Combines two or more independent processors into
a single computer so they can share the workload
• Computer systems:
– Can store larger amounts of data and instructions in
secondary storage
• Overall trend in secondary storage is toward:
– Direct access methods
– Higher capacity, increased portability
– Automated storage management

Information Systems, Tenth Edition

 Summary (continued)

• Computer systems categories:

– Single user and multiple users
• CPU processing speed:
– Limited by physical constraints such as the distance
between circuitry points and circuitry materials
• Green computing:
– Concerned with the efficient and environmentally
responsible design, manufacture, operation, and
disposal of IT related products

Information Systems, Tenth Edition