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The document provides definitions of key sanitation terms such as Faecal Sludge Management, septic tanks, and free board space. It outlines relevant laws like the Public Health Act, Building Regulations, and Environmental Protection Act, and discusses the sewage treatment process in septic tanks. Additionally, it highlights disadvantages of institutional collaboration in sanitation, factors for recommending trench latrines, channels of disease transmission, and methods for creating sanitation barriers.

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emmanuelkambi421
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1 views

Help

The document provides definitions of key sanitation terms such as Faecal Sludge Management, septic tanks, and free board space. It outlines relevant laws like the Public Health Act, Building Regulations, and Environmental Protection Act, and discusses the sewage treatment process in septic tanks. Additionally, it highlights disadvantages of institutional collaboration in sanitation, factors for recommending trench latrines, channels of disease transmission, and methods for creating sanitation barriers.

Uploaded by

emmanuelkambi421
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here are the answers to the sanitation questions:

1. Define the following terms as used in sanitation:


a) Faecal sludge management (FSM): This refers to the safe management of human excreta
from its point of collection to its final disposal. FSM encompasses all aspects of handling,
transporting, treating, and disposing of faecal sludge.
b) Septic tank: A septic tank is a watertight tank that receives wastewater from a building.
Inside the tank, bacteria decompose the organic matter in the wastewater. The resulting liquid,
known as effluent, is then discharged into a drain field or other disposal system.
c) Free Board Space: This refers to the empty space between the top of the liquid level in a
tank and the bottom of the tank's outlet pipe. It is crucial to prevent overflow and ensure proper
functioning of the tank.
2. Mention three laws associated with sanitation. Briefly explain what the law states in
matters of sanitation:
a) Public Health Act: This act regulates public health, including sanitation. It sets standards for
wastewater disposal, hygiene practices, and the construction of sanitation facilities.
b) Building Regulations: These regulations outline the minimum standards for the construction
and maintenance of buildings, including sanitation facilities. They specify requirements for
toilets, drainage systems, and waste disposal.
c) Environmental Protection Act: This act addresses environmental protection, including
water quality. It regulates the discharge of wastewater into water bodies and sets standards for
wastewater treatment.
3. Briefly explain the treatment of sewage in a septic tank:
1. Solid Settlement: Solids in the wastewater settle to the bottom of the tank, forming
sludge.
2. Anaerobic Digestion: Bacteria break down the organic matter in the sludge and the
liquid (effluent) in the tank. This process produces biogas.
3. Effluent Discharge: The partially treated effluent flows out of the tank into a drain field or
other disposal system.
4. Sludge Accumulation: Sludge accumulates in the bottom of the tank and needs to be
periodically pumped out and disposed of safely.
4. State six disadvantages of institutional collaboration in sanitation:
1. Bureaucracy and Red Tape: Collaboration can involve complex procedures and
decision-making processes.
2. Funding Challenges: Securing adequate funding for collaborative projects can be
difficult.
3. Coordination Difficulties: Coordinating efforts between different institutions can be
challenging.
4. Lack of Ownership: Collaborating partners may not always feel a sense of ownership
over the project.
5. Power Imbalances: Unequal power dynamics between institutions can hinder
collaboration.
6. Potential for Conflict: Differing priorities and perspectives can lead to conflict.
5. Discuss the factors you would consider when recommending a trench latrine as a
method of excreta disposal:
● Climate: A trench latrine is suitable in areas with low rainfall to prevent contamination of
groundwater.
● Soil Type: Well-drained soil is necessary for proper functioning.
● Topography: A sloping site is ideal for drainage.
● Population Density: Trench latrines are suitable for low-density populations.
● Cultural Practices: Local customs and preferences should be considered.
● Maintenance: Regular maintenance is essential to prevent the spread of disease.
6. What are the various channels of disease transmission from excreta to the new host
and briefly describe how you create a sanitation barrier:
Channels of Transmission:
● Fecal-Oral Route: Ingestion of contaminated food or water.
● Vector-Borne Transmission: Flies and other insects transmit pathogens.
● Contact Transmission: Direct contact with contaminated surfaces.
Creating a Sanitation Barrier:
● Safe Excreta Disposal: Using toilets and proper disposal methods.
● Hand Hygiene: Washing hands with soap and water after using the toilet and before
eating.
● Sanitary Food Handling: Proper food preparation and storage.
● Vector Control: Eliminating breeding sites for flies and other insects.
● Environmental Sanitation: Keeping surroundings clean and free of waste.
If you have any more questions or require further assistance, feel free to ask!

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