6.

List of formulae and tables of the

normal distribution

PURE MATHEMATICS

Algebra
For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 :
− b ± √ (b2 − 4ac)
x=
2a

For an arithmetic series:

un = a + (n − 1)d , Sn = 12 n(a + l ) = 12 n{2a + (n − 1)d }
For a geometric series:
a(1 − r n ) a
un = ar n −1 , Sn = (r ≠ 1) , S∞ = ( r < 1)
1− r 1− r
Binomial expansion:
n n n
(a + b)n = a n +  a n −1b +  a n −2b2 +  a n −3b3 + L + bn , where n is a positive integer
1
  2
   3
n n!
and   =
 r  r! (n − r)!
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x L , where n is rational and x < 1
2! 3!

Trigonometry
Arc length of circle = rθ ( θ in radians)
Area of sector of circle = 12 r 2θ ( θ in radians)
sin θ
tan θ ≡
cosθ
cos2 θ + sin2 θ ≡ 1 , 1 + tan 2 θ ≡ sec2 θ , cot 2 θ + 1 ≡ cosec2θ
sin( A ± B) ≡ sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos( A ± B) ≡ cos A cos B m sin A sin B
tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B) ≡
1 m tan A tan B
sin 2 A ≡ 2 sin A cos A
cos 2 A ≡ cos2 A − sin2 A ≡ 2 cos2 A − 1 ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A =
1 − tan2 A
Principal values:
− 12 π ≤ sin −1 x ≤ 12 π
0 ≤ cos−1 x ≤ π
− 1π
2
< tan −1 x < 12 π

Cambridge International A & AS Level Mathematics 9709. Examination in June and November 2013.

31
6. List of formulae and tables of the
normal distribution

Differentiation
f(x) f ′( x)
xn nx n −1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x cos x
cos x − sin x
tan x sec2 x
dv du
uv u +v
dx dx
du dv
u v −u
dx dx
v v2
dy dy dx
If x = f(t ) and y = g(t ) then = ÷
dx dt dt

Integration
f(x) ∫ f( x) dx
x n +1
xn + c (n ≠ −1)
n +1
1
ln x + c
x
ex ex + c
sin x − cos x + c
cos x sin x + c
sec2 x tan x + c
⌠ dv du
 u dx = uv − ⌠  v dx
⌡ dx ⌡ dx
⌠ f ′
( x )
 f( x) dx = ln f ( x) + c
⌡

Vectors
If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3k then
a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 = a b cosθ

Numerical integration
Trapezium rule:
b b−a
∫ f( x) dx ≈
a
1
2 h{ y0 + 2( y1 + y2 + L + yn−1 ) + yn } , where h =
n

Cambridge International A & AS Level Mathematics 9709. Examination in June and November 2013.

32
6. List of formulae and tables of the
normal distribution

MECHANICS

Uniformly accelerated motion

v = u + at , s = 12 (u + v)t , s = ut + 12 at 2 , v 2 = u2 + 2as

Motion of a projectile
Equation of trajectory is:
gx 2
y = x tan θ −
2V 2 cos2 θ

Elastic strings and springs

λx λx 2
T= , E=
l 2l

Motion in a circle
For uniform circular motion, the acceleration is directed towards the centre and has magnitude
v2
ω 2r or
r

Centres of mass of uniform bodies

Triangular lamina: 23 along median from vertex
Solid hemisphere or radius r: 3r from centre
8
Hemispherical shell of radius r: 1r from centre
2
r sin α
Circular arc of radius r and angle 2α : from centre
α
2r sin α
Circular sector of radius r and angle 2α : from centre
3α
Solid cone or pyramid of height h: 43 h from vertex

Cambridge International A & AS Level Mathematics 9709. Examination in June and November 2013.

33
6. List of formulae and tables of the
normal distribution

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Summary statistics
For ungrouped data:
Σx Σ( x − x )2 Σx 2
x= , standard deviation = = − x2
n n n
For grouped data:
Σxf Σ( x − x )2 f Σx 2 f
x= , standard deviation = = − x2
Σf Σf Σf

Discrete random variables

E( X ) = Σxp
Var( X ) = Σx 2 p − {E( X )}2
For the binomial distribution B(n, p) :
n
pr =   p r (1 − p)n − r , µ = np , σ 2 = np(1 − p)
r
 
For the Poisson distribution Po(a) :
ar
pr = e−a , µ=a, σ2 = a
r!

Continuous random variables

E( X ) = ∫ x f( x) dx
Var( X ) = ∫ x 2 f( x) dx − {E( X )}2

Sampling and testing

Unbiased estimators:
Σx 1  2 (Σx)2 
x= , s2 =  Σx − 
n n − 1 n 
Central Limit Theorem:
 σ2
X ~ N µ , 
 n 
Approximate distribution of sample proportion:
p(1 − p) 
N p, 
 n 

Cambridge International A & AS Level Mathematics 9709. Examination in June and November 2013.

34
6. List of formulae and tables of the
normal distribution

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1 then, for each value of z, the table gives
the value of Φ( z ) , where
Φ( z ) = P( Z ≤ z ) .
For negative values of z use Φ(− z ) = 1 − Φ( z ) .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ADD
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 4 8 12 15 19 23 27 31 35
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517 4 7 11 15 19 22 26 30 34
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879 4 7 11 14 18 22 25 29 32
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 31
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549 3 7 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133 3 5 8 11 14 16 19 22 25
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Critical values for the normal distribution

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1 then, for each value of p, the table
gives the value of z such that
P( Z ≤ z ) = p .

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

z 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

Cambridge International A & AS Level Mathematics 9709. Examination in June and November 2013.

35