11

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

QUARTER 3

MODULE 2 – Week 2: Mean and Variance

of Discrete Random Variable
MODULE 3 – Week 3: Let’s Meet Your
Expectations

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2
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY QUARTER 3
MODULE 2 – WEEK 2

MELCs: M11/12SP-IIIa-6, M11/12SP- IIIb-

1,
M11/12SP-IIIb-2

Mean and Variance of

Discrete Random
Variable

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PART I.
A. Introduction
Is everyone ready to have another interesting and challenging
experience for today’s session? Great! Let’s start now. This module
will help you learn to compute probabilities corresponding to a given
random variable, illustrate its mean and its variance, as well as how
to calculate for these. So, buckle up and do the warm up by
answering the next part of this module.

B. Pretest

Directions: Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the
best answer. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is a discrete random variable? A. Amount of
milk used in a cup of milk tea.
B. Length of electrical wires.
C. Number of likes in an uploaded video.
D. Voltage of car batteries.
2. It is a numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome of an
experiment.
A. variable C. probability
B. random variable D. probability distribution
3. It is the central or average of its corresponding probability mass
function.
A. mean C. standard deviation
B. variance D. probability

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 4. Determine the mean or Expected Value of a random variable
below. A. 2.53 B. 2.54 C. 2.55
D. 2.56

5. These are two values that

describe how scattered or spread out the scores are from the
mean value of the random variable.
A. Mean and probability distribution
B. Probability and statistics
C. Variance and standard deviation
D. Mean and variance

C. Presentation/Discussion
MELC (M11/12SP-IIIa-6): Computes probabilities corresponding to
a given random variable.
Now that you know about random variables discussed in the
previous module, you can start computing probabilities corresponding to
a given random variable. In computing the probabilities corresponding to
a given random variable, you need to be familiarized with some inequality
symbols.
Inequality Symbol

Symbol Meaning Word Phrases

< less than fewer than, below
> greater than more than, above
≤ less than or equal to at most, no more than
≥ greater than or equal at least, no less than
≠ to not equal to not equal to

Study the given examples.

Illustrative Examples
Example 1: A fair coin is tossed twice. Let X be the number of heads that
are observed. The table below shows the probability distribution of X.
x 0 1 2
5
 P(X) 0.25 0.50 0.25
Find the probability that at least one head is observed.

Solution: “At least one head” is the event X≥1

P(X ≥1) = P(1) + P(2)
P(X ≥1) = 0.50 + 0.25
P(X ≥ 1) = 0.75
The probability of observing at least one head is 0.75.

Example 2: The following data show the probabilities for the number of
cars sold in a given day at a car dealer store.

P(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(0) + 𝑃(1) + 𝑃(2)

a. Find P(𝑋 ≤ 2) Solution:

P(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0.100 + 0.150 + 0.250

P(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0.500

P(𝑋 ≥ 6) = 𝑃(6) + 𝑃(7) + 𝑃(8) + 𝑃(9) +

b. Find P(𝑋 ≥ 6) Solution:

𝑃(10)
P(𝑋 ≥ 6) = 0.060 + 0.050 + 0.040 +
0.025 + 0.015 P(𝑋 ≥ 6) = 0.19

Example 3: A census was conducted at a

certain barangay. All residents were asked how many tattoos they had
which will serve as a random variable X. The table shows the probability
distribution for random variable X.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.850 0.120 0.015 0.010 0.005
Find the probability of selecting a person that has at most 3 tattoos.

Solution: 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) = 𝑃(0) + 𝑃(1) + 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(3)

𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) = 0.850 + 0.120 + 0.015 +
0.010 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) = 0.995

MELC (M11/12SP-IIIb-1): Illustrates the mean and variance of

a discrete random variable.
Discrete random variables appear in your life a lot more than you
think. The report regarding the number of infected people of Covid-19 in
our country is a discrete random variable. The number of game play in
your match history of your ML or Wild rift is a discrete random variable.
The number of your subjects this second semester is another discrete
random variable.
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 Looking back, how do you compute your mean or average grade
during Junior high school years? Amazing, you still remember the way
how compute the mean or average. What about getting the mean and
variance of a discrete random variable?
In this lesson, you will learn computing the mean of a discrete
random variable as well as the variance and standard deviation of a
discrete random variable and how to compute it.

MELC (M11/12SP-IIIb-2): Calculates the mean and the variance of

a discrete random variable.

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 Now that you already know what is mean and variance of a discrete
random variable, let’s find out how to calculate it. Let’s get started by
studying the given examples.

Illustrative Examples
Example1: Determine the mean or Expected value of random variable
below.

Example 2: In a recent little league softball game, each player went to

bat 4 times. The number of hits made by each player describes by the
following probability distribution.

Example 3: Let X be a random variable with the following probability

distribution.

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Example 4: The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership,
along with its corresponding probabilities, is shown in the succeeding
table. Compute the mean, variance and standard deviation of the
probability distribution.

PART II. ACTIVITIES

Solve Enthusiastically!
Directions: Solve the given problems. Show your complete solution on
separate sheet of paper.

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Activity I. A discrete random variable X has the following probability
distribution.
X 13 18 20 24 27
P(X) 0.22 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.16

Compute each of the following quantities.

1. P(18)
2. P(𝑋 > 18)

4. The mean 𝜇 of X
3. P(𝑋 ≤ 18)

5. The variance 𝜎2 of X
6. The standard deviation 𝜎 of X

Activity II. Zedy works in an automotive tire factory. The number X of

sound but blemished tires that he produces on a random day has the
probability distribution.
X 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.48 0.36 0.212 0.04

1. Find the probability that Zedy will produce more than three
blemished tires tomorrow.
2. Find the probability that Zedy will produce at most two blemished
tires tomorrow.
3. Compute the mean and variance of X.

PART III. SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

DIRECTIONS: Write your answer on a separate sheet of

paper. A. Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best
answer.
1. It is the central or average of its corresponding probability mass
function.
A. mean C. standard deviation
B. variance D. probability
2. These are two values that describe how scattered or spread out
the scores are from the mean value of the random variable.
A. Mean and probability distribution
B. Probability and statistics
C. Variance and standard deviation
D. Mean and variance
3. It is the square root of the variance.
A. mean C. standard deviation

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 B. probability D. statistics

For numbers 4-5.

An investor has five stocks that she follows each day. The random
variable being studied is X, the number of stocks that increase in
value each day. The probability function for this variable is shown
below.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.34 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01

4. The probability that on a given day, at least 2 of the stocks will

A. 𝑃(𝑋 > 2) B. 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) C. 𝑃(𝑋 < 2) D. 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2)

increase in value can be written in symbol as:

5. Find the probability that on a given day, at least 2 of the stocks

will increase in value.
A. 0.16 B. 0.36 C. 0.64 D. 0.84

B. Problem Solving: Solve the following problem. Show your

complete solution on a separate sheet of paper.
6-8. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the
probability distribution below.

9-10. Find the mean and variance of the probability distribution

below.

ANSWER KEY

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References: https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book
%3A_Introductory
_Statistics_(S
hafer_and_Zhang)/04%3A_Discrete_Random_Variables/
4.02%3A_Probability_Distributio ns_for_Discrete_Random_Variables
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BGA7ze4X1g
http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/rvmnvar.htm
https://stattrek.com/random-variable/mean-variance.aspx
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_Introductory
_Statistics_(S
hafer_and_Zhang)/04%3A_Discrete_Random_Variables/4.E
%3A_Discrete_Random_Varia bles_(Exercises)

11

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY QUARTER 3
MODULE 3 – WEEK 3

MELCs: M11/12SP-IIIb-3, M11/12SP-IIIb-4

Let’s Meet Your

Expectations

PART I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION A. Introduction

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School
SelfLearning Module (SLM) on Mean and Variance of Probability
Distribution! This module was created to provide you with engaging and
meaningful guided and independent learning opportunities at your own
pace and time. This module will guide you in interpreting the mean and
the variance of a discrete random variable and solving problems involving
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mean and variance of probability distributions. Remember to be cautious
when using the module. No unnecessary marks should be placed on any
part of the module. Answer the exercises on a separate sheet of paper.

B. Pretest
I. Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct
answer from the options provided. On your answer sheet, write the
letter of the correct answer.
1. A fair die is rolled. What is the probability of getting an even
number?
A. C.
B. D.
2. This measure of dispersion shows how values are spread from the
mean.
A. Mean C. Median
B. Range D. Standard Deviation
3. This can be interpreted as the expected value of a discrete
random variable X.
A. Mean C. Median
B. Range D. Standard Deviation

II. Problem Solving

Directions: Read and analyze the problem then solve the mean and
variance. Show your solution.
1. In a family reunion, Maria and her cousins are playing a card
game. If she picks a face card, she wins Php 156.00, otherwise,
she loses Php 26.00. (Hint: There are 52 cards in a deck, 12 are
face cards and the rest are number cards.)
a. Interpret the expected value; and
b. Interpret the variance.
2. Let X represent the number of times you go to the library to study
in a two-week period. The probability distribution of X is shown
below.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(x 0.04 0.12 0.18 0.25 0.08
)

Find the:
a. expected value of X; and
b. variance of X.

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 C. Presentation and Discussion
MELC M11/12SP-IIIb-3: Interprets the mean and the variance of a
discrete random variable.

Mean
• Mean is a measure of accuracy. It measures how close the observe
values are to the true value.
• The mean is the average of all possible values of X. It is the sum of
the possible values of the random variable multiplied by their
corresponding probabilities, in
symbols,

where

• The mean of a discrete random variable X can be interpreted as the

expected value.

Variance
• Variance is a measure of precision. It measures how close the
observed values are to
each other. Variance is the
squared of standard
deviation, in symbols,

where

• The variance of a discrete random variable X is the spread of the

distribution. It measures the degree to which the values of X depart
from the mean.
• Variance can be interpreted as the spread or dispersion of values
from the mean.

Standard Deviation
• Standard Deviation is a measure of variation of all values from the
mean. It is the square root of variance.

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 • The unit for the standard deviation is the original unit of the data
which makes it more significant in describing the dispersion of the
values of random variable.
• Standard Deviation can be used to interpret variance.
Illustrative Examples
1. The table below shows the prizes you can get in the color wheel
game during the barangay fiesta. Suppose you spin the wheel once

what is 𝐸[𝑋]?
and gets a prize. If X is the random variable for the prize you get,

Colors Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet

Prize
(in 10 -2 3 -7 5 -9
pesos)

Solution:
Solve first for the
probability of the random
variable.

where,

Since you can get one prize at a time, the number of possible
outcomes is 1. There are 6 prizes in the color
wheel, so the sample space is 6 or,

The probability of a person winning a prize by spinning the color

wheel once is .
x P(x) 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
10 1/6 1.67
-2 1/6 -0.33
3 1/6 0.5
-7 1/6 -1.17
5 1/6 0.83
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 -9 1/6 -1.5
∑[𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] = 0

The mean of the experiment is 0. This means that if you bet

on the color wheel several times, you are expected to win 0.

2. Suppose you want to know the variance of the prize in playing the
color wheel. What is the value
of the variance?
Solution:

x P(x) 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)

10 1/6 1.67 100 16.67
-2 1/6 -0.33 4 0.67
3 1/6 0.5 9 1.5
-7 1/6 -1.17 49 8.17
5 1/6 0.83 25 4.17
-9 1/6 -1.5 81 13.5
∑[𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] = ∑[𝑥2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] =
0 44.68

Variance is sometimes hard to interpret in terms of the problem

because of its squared value. It’s easier to understand in a
standard deviation form. Therefore,

This means that the prize in playing the color wheel varies from
Php 0.00 to Php 6.68. It can also be interpreted that most of the
prize in the color wheel is between Php -6.68 to Php 6.68.

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MELC M11/12SP-IIIb-4: Solves problems involving mean and
variance of probability distributions.
A discrete probability distribution is a list of all possible values
for a discrete random variable, as well as their respective probabilities,

The mean 𝐸(𝑋) of a discrete random variable X is the average of

that may be obtained if trials were conducted.

the expected result when a random experiment is

continuously repeated. It is computed as

The variance of a discrete random variable X measures the degree

to which the values of X depart from the mean. It is computed as

Illustrative Examples
1. The officers of the alumni of class ’91 decided to conduct a raffle
draw for the benefit of the less privileged students of their alma
mater. A total of 500 tickets will be sold. Ten (10) tickets will win Php
5,000 while the other tickets will win nothing. If you will buy one
ticket, what will be your expected gain?

Solution:
Ten tickets will have a gain of Php 5,000 so the probability of
winning is or 0.02. The remaining tickets will have a gain of Php 0
and the probability is or 0.98.

x P(x) 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
0 0.98 0
5,000 0.02 100
∑[𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] =
100

The expected gain is Php 100.

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2. Cardo tosses an unbiased coin. He will receive Php 100.00 if a head
appears and he pays Php 30.00 if a tail appears. Find the
a. expected value of his gain; and the
b. variance of his gain.

Solution:
The probability of getting a head when a coin is tossed, as well as
getting a tail, is or 0.5.
x P(x) 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
-30 0.5 -15 900 450
100 0.5 50 10000 5,000
∑[𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] = ∑[𝑥2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] =
35 5,450

a. expected value of his gain

The expected value of Cardo’s gain is Php 35.

b. variance of his gain

The variance of Cardo’s gain is Php 4,225.

3. Let X represent the number of times Eduardo visits a Computer Shop

to attend his online class in a one-month period. The probability
distribution of X is shown below.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.02 0.18 0.40 0.28 0.10
Find the:
a. expected value of X; and
b. variance of X.
Solution:
x 0 1 2 4
P(x) 0.02 0.18 0.40 0.10
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 𝑥∙ ∑[𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] =
𝑃(𝑥) 2.22
0 0.18 0.80 0.40

𝑥2 0 1 4 16

0.28
0.84
𝑥2 ∙ ∑[𝑥2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] =
𝑃(𝑥) 5.90
0 0.18 1.60 2.52 1.60

a. expected value of X

b. variance of X

PART II. ACTIVITIES Activity 1: Interpret what you solved

Directions: Read and understand the problems. Solve for the mean and
variance of the word problems then interpret the answers. Show your
solution.
1. There is a game of chance in a fiesta where Elena is playing a card
game. If she picks a face card, she wins Php 117.00, otherwise, she
loses Php 26.00. (Hint: There are 52 cards in a deck, 12 are face
cards and the rest are number cards.)
a. What is the expected value for the event?
b. Suppose Elena wants to know the variance of the prize in the
card game. What is the value of the variance?

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Activity 2: Problem Solving
Directions: Read and understand the word problems. Solve for the mean
and variance of the word problems. Show your solution.
1. A researcher surveyed the households of a certain barangay of a
municipality in Pangasinan II. The random variable X represents the
number of senior high school students in the barangay. The
probability distribution of X is shown below.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.06 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.09
Find the:
a. expected value of X; and
b. variance of X.
2. The officers of the Teachers and Employees Association of a public
high school are planning to sell 300 tickets to be raffled during the
Christmas Party. Five tickets will win Php 3,000 while the other ticket
will win nothing. If you’re a faculty member and you will buy a ticket,
what will be the:
a. expected value of your gain; and
b. variance of your gain?

PART III. SUMMATIVE EVALUATION A. Interpret what you solved

Directions: Read and understand the problems. Solve for the mean
and variance of the word problems then interpret the answers.
Show your solution.
1. Amparo is playing a game of chance during the school’s
foundation day. The game consists of a box with 10 balls where 5
are red, 3 are blue and 2 are yellow. She is to pick one ball from
the box. If she picks a red ball, she loses Php 50. If she picks a
blue ball, she wins Php 20 and if she picks a yellow ball, she wins
Php 100.
a. What is the expected value for the event?
b. Suppose Amparo wants to know the variance of the prize in
the ball game. What is the value of the variance?

B. Problem Solving
Directions: Read and understand the word problems. Solve for the
mean and variance of the word problems. Show your solution

1. The random variable X represents the number of jeepneys a

teacher meets on his way to the school. The probability
distribution of X is given in the following distribution table below.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
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 P(x) 0.03 0.15 0.26 0.25 0.30 0.01

Find the:
a. expected value of X; and
b. variance of X.

2. Let X represent the number of times you go to an Internet Café to

play video games in a two-week period. The probability
distribution of X is shown below.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.05 0.11 0.28 0.31 0.08 0.14

Find the:
a. expected value of X; and
b. variance of X.

3. Alejandro tosses an unbiased coin. He receives Php 50 if a head

appears and he gives Php 20 if a tail appears. Find the:
a. expected value of his gain; and
b. variance of his gain?

Answer Key

References:
Albacea, Zita, Mark John Ayaay, Imelda Demesa, and Isidro David. Teaching
Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City:
Commission on Higher Education, 2016.
Caraan, Avelino. Introduction to Statistics & Probability. Mandaluyong City:
Jose Rizal University Press, 2011.
Chan Shio, Christian Paul, and Maria Angeli Reyes. Statistics and
Probability for Senior High School. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc., 2017.
Mercado, Jesus P., and Fernando B. Orines. Next Century Mathematics
Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016

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