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C_Programming_Concepts

The document outlines key programming concepts including conditional statements, branching statements, loops, and logical errors. It explains various types of conditional statements such as if, if-else, else if ladder, and switch, as well as branching techniques like break, continue, and goto. Additionally, it covers loop structures (for, while, do-while) and highlights common logical errors with examples and fixes.

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shsahil9155
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5 views

C_Programming_Concepts

The document outlines key programming concepts including conditional statements, branching statements, loops, and logical errors. It explains various types of conditional statements such as if, if-else, else if ladder, and switch, as well as branching techniques like break, continue, and goto. Additionally, it covers loop structures (for, while, do-while) and highlights common logical errors with examples and fixes.

Uploaded by

shsahil9155
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Concepts: Conditional, Branching, Loops, Iterative Statements, and Logical

1. Conditional Statements

Conditional statements are used to execute code based on specific conditions.

- if Statement: Executes a block of code if the condition is true.

if (x > 0) {

printf("x is positive\n");

- if-else Statement: Adds an alternate block of code if the condition is false.

if (x > 0) {

printf("x is positive\n");

} else {

printf("x is not positive\n");

- else if Ladder: Checks multiple conditions.

if (x > 0) {

printf("x is positive\n");

} else if (x < 0) {

printf("x is negative\n");

} else {

printf("x is zero\n");

}
- Switch Statement: Handles multiple cases efficiently.

switch (x) {

case 1:

printf("x is 1\n");

break;

case 2:

printf("x is 2\n");

break;

default:

printf("x is not 1 or 2\n");

2. Branching Statements

Branching alters the normal flow of execution.

- break: Exits the nearest loop or switch statement.

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 5) break;

printf("%d ", i);

- continue: Skips the rest of the loop body and starts the next iteration.

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 5) continue;

printf("%d ", i);

}
- goto: Jumps to a labeled part of the program (not recommended for structured programming).

goto label;

printf("This will not execute\n");

label:

printf("Jumped to label\n");

3. Loops

Loops are used to repeat a block of code.

- for Loop: Executes a block a specific number of times.

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d\n", i);

- while Loop: Repeats as long as the condition is true.

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

printf("%d\n", i);

i++;

- do-while Loop: Executes at least once, even if the condition is false.

int i = 0;

do {

printf("%d\n", i);

i++;

} while (i < 5);


4. Iterative Statements

Iterative statements are another term for loops, focusing on repeated execution. All loops (for, while,

do-while) are iterative statements.

5. Logical Errors

Logical errors occur when the program runs but produces incorrect results due to flaws in logic.

Examples:

- Incorrect use of conditions:

if (x = 0) { // Logical error: `=` is assignment, not comparison

printf("x is zero\n");

Fix: Use == for comparison:

if (x == 0) {

printf("x is zero\n");

- Infinite loops:

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

printf("%d\n", i); // Logical error: `i` is never incremented

Fix: Increment i:

while (i < 5) {

printf("%d\n", i);

i++;
}

- Off-by-one errors:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { // Logical error in range

printf("%d\n", i);

Fix: Adjust loop bounds as needed:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d\n", i);

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