KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

COURSE UNIT : BUSINESS STATISTICS

COURSE CODE : STAT2101

YEAR : TWO

SEMESTER : ONE

LECTURER’S NAME : Mr. LUGGYA HEBERT

NAME REG. NUMBER COURSE SIGNATURE

ASEKENYE NORAH 2023-04-16214 BESM
NAMAJANJA JANET 2024-01-23167 BBA
ARIONGET JANET 2023-04-16203 BESM
TAUSI .I. MSASI 2023-01-13664 BHR
ANYANZO JOEL 2023-04-16352 BESM
OLEGA

QUESTION
Write short notes giving examples on the following terms
a) Business
b) Statistics
c) Measures of central tendencies
d) Measures of dispersion
e) Measures of shape
f) Measures of position
g) Levels of measurement
h) Variable
i) Parameter
j) Statistic
Business

Business refers to the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell goods or services for
profit. It involves various activities such as production, marketing, finance, and management.
Businesses can range from small local enterprises to large multinational corporations.

Examples of businesses include:

Apple Inc.: A multinational technology company that designs, manufactures, and sells consumer
electronics, software, and online services.
McDonald’s Corporation: A global fast-food chain that operates franchises around the world.
Tesla, Inc.: An electric vehicle and clean energy company founded by Elon Musk.
Walmart Inc.: A multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets, discount
department stores, and grocery stores.
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.: An American multinational investment bank and financial
services company.

Statistics:

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation,
presentation, and organization of data. It involves the use of mathematical techniques to gather,
review, and draw conclusions from data. Statistics play a crucial role in various fields such as
economics, sociology, psychology, medicine, and more. It helps in making informed decisions
based on data patterns and trends.

Examples of statistics in real life include:

Election Polls: Polling agencies use statistical methods to predict election outcomes based on
sample data collected from voters.

Medical Research: Statistical analysis is used to determine the effectiveness of new drugs or
treatments through clinical trials.
Market Research: Companies use statistics to analyze consumer behavior and preferences to
make strategic marketing decisions.

Quality Control: Industries use statistical process control to monitor and improve the quality of
products during manufacturing.

Sports Analytics: Sports teams utilize statistics to evaluate player performance, make game
strategies, and assess opponents’ strengths and weaknesses.

Measures of central tendencies

Measures of central tendencies, also known as measures of central tendency, are statistical
measures that represent the center or average of a data set. The three main measures of central
tendency are the mean, median, and mode.

Mean: The mean is calculated by adding up all the values in a data set and dividing by the total
number of values. For example, if you have a data set of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25, the mean would
be (5+10+15+20+25)/5 = 15.

Median: The median is the middle value in a data set when the values are arranged in numerical
order. If there is an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle values.
For example, in the data set 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25, the median would be 15.

Mode: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. A data set can have one
mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal), or more than two modes (multimodal). For example, in
the data set 5, 10, 15, 20, and 15, the mode would be 15.

Measures of Dispersion:

Measures of dispersion are statistical tools used to describe the spread or variability of a dataset.
They provide insights into how much the values in a dataset differ from the central tendency
(mean, median, mode). Common measures of dispersion include range, interquartile range,
variance, and standard deviation.
Range: The range is the simplest measure of dispersion and is calculated by subtracting the
minimum value from the maximum value in a dataset. For example, if a dataset consists of {5,
10, 15, 20, 25}, the range would be 25 - 5 = 20.

Interquartile Range (IQR): The interquartile range is a measure that describes the range of the
middle 50% of data values. It is calculated by subtracting the first quartile (Q1) from the third
quartile (Q3). For example, if Q1 = 10 and Q3 = 20, then IQR = 20 - 10 = 10.

Variance: Variance measures how far each number in a dataset is from the mean. It is calculated
by taking the average of the squared differences between each data point and the mean. Variance
provides a measure of how spread out the values are around the mean.

Standard Deviation: Standard deviation is another measure of dispersion that indicates how
spread out the values in a dataset are around the mean. It is calculated as the square root of the
variance. A higher standard deviation indicates greater variability in the data.

Coefficient of Variation: The coefficient of variation (CV) is a relative measure of dispersion

that expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean. It allows for comparison of
variability between datasets with different units or scales.

These measures of dispersion are essential in statistical analysis as they provide valuable
information about the variability and distribution of data points within a dataset.

Measures of shape

Measures of shape refer to statistical tools used to describe the form or distribution of data.
These measures provide insights into the symmetry, skewness, and kurtosis of a dataset. Some
common measures of shape include skewness, kurtosis, and moments.

Skewness: Skewness measures the asymmetry of a distribution. A positively skewed distribution

has a tail that extends to the right, while a negatively skewed distribution has a tail that extends
to the left. For example, a dataset representing income levels in a population may exhibit positive
skewness if there are a few individuals with very high incomes.
Kurtosis: Kurtosis quantifies the peakedness or flatness of a distribution relative to a normal
distribution. A high kurtosis indicates that the data have heavy tails and a sharp peak, while a
low kurtosis suggests light tails and a flatter peak. For instance, a dataset representing exam
scores may have high kurtosis if many students scored around the mean with few outliers.

Moments: Moments are statistical quantities that summarize the shape of a distribution. The first
moment is the mean, which describes the central tendency of the data. Higher-order moments
provide information about variability, skewness, and kurtosis. Moments are useful for
understanding the overall shape of a dataset.

These measures of shape are essential in exploratory data analysis and inferential statistics as
they help researchers understand the underlying characteristics of their data distributions.

Measures of position

Measures of position, also known as measures of location, are statistical values that indicate the
position of a particular data point within a dataset. These measures help in understanding the
distribution of data and identifying the relative standing of individual observations. Some
common measures of position include percentiles, quartiles, deciles, and the median.

Percentiles: Percentiles divide a dataset into 100 equal parts, with each percentile representing a
specific percentage of the data below it. For example, the 75th percentile indicates that 75% of
the data points fall below that value.

Quartiles: Quartiles divide a dataset into four equal parts. The first quartile (Q1) represents the
25th percentile, the second quartile (Q2) is the median (50th percentile), and the third quartile
(Q3) is the 75th percentile.

Deciles: Deciles divide a dataset into ten equal parts. The first decile represents the 10th
percentile, the second decile is the 20th percentile, and so on.

Median: The median is the middle value in a dataset when it is ordered from smallest to largest.
It divides the data into two equal halves.
Z-Score: The Z-score measures how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean of
the dataset. It indicates whether a particular observation is above or below average in relation to
the rest of the data.

Levels of Measurement:

Levels of measurement, also known as scales of measurement, refer to the different ways in
which variables can be categorized or measured. There are four main levels of measurement:
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Nominal Level: This is the simplest level of measurement where variables are categorized into
distinct groups with no inherent order or ranking. Examples include gender (male/female), eye
color (blue/brown/green), and marital status (single/married/divorced).

Ordinal Level: Variables at the ordinal level have a specific order or ranking, but the differences
between the categories are not uniform. Examples include educational attainment (high school
diploma, bachelor’s degree, master’s degree) and socioeconomic status (low income, middle
income, high income).

Interval Level: At the interval level, variables have a specific order with uniform differences
between categories, but there is no true zero point. Examples include temperature measured in
Celsius or Fahrenheit and IQ scores.

Ratio Level: The ratio level is the highest level of measurement where variables have a specific
order, uniform differences between categories, and a true zero point. Examples include height,
weight, age, and income.

Understanding the levels of measurement is crucial in statistical analysis as it determines the type
of statistical tests that can be applied to the data and the interpretations that can be made from the
results.
Variable

A variable is a quantity that can change or vary within a given range. In mathematics, a variable
is often represented by a letter, such as x or y, and can take on different values. In scientific
research, variables are used to study the relationship between different factors and outcomes.

Examples of variables include:

Independent Variable: This is the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in an
experiment. For example, in a study looking at the effect of sunlight on plant growth, the amount
of sunlight would be the independent variable.

Dependent Variable: This is the variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in
the independent variable. Using the same example above, the plant growth would be the
dependent variable.

Control Variable: These are variables that are kept constant throughout an experiment to ensure
that any changes in the dependent variable are due to changes in the independent variable. In the
plant growth experiment, factors like soil type and water amount could be control variables.

Categorical Variable: This type of variable represents categories or groups. For instance, gender
(male/female) or color (red/blue/green) are categorical variables.

Continuous Variable: This type of variable can take on any value within a certain range.
Examples include height, weight, and temperature.

Parameter

A parameter is a variable that is used in a mathematical or statistical model to represent a

specific aspect of the model. Parameters are essential in defining the characteristics of a model
and determining its behavior. In statistics, parameters are often used to describe the population
being studied. For example, in a normal distribution, the mean and standard deviation are
parameters that define the shape of the distribution.
In mathematics, parameters can also refer to the values that are passed into a function when it is
called. These values can affect the output of the function and allow for greater flexibility in how
the function behaves. For instance, in the equation y = mx + b, m and b are parameters that
determine the slope and y-intercept of a line.

Overall, parameters play a crucial role in modeling and analyzing various phenomena in
mathematics, statistics, and other scientific disciplines.

Statistic

A statistic is a numerical fact or piece of data that is used to describe a characteristic of a

population or sample. Statistics are widely used in various fields such as economics, sociology,
psychology, and business to analyze and interpret data. They help in summarizing and presenting
information in a meaningful way.

Examples of statistics include:

Mean: The average of a set of numbers. For example, the mean income of a country’s
population.

Median: The middle value in a set of numbers when they are arranged in order. For instance, the
median age of a group of people.

Standard Deviation: A measure of the dispersion or spread of a set of values around the mean.
It is commonly used in finance and science.

Regression Analysis: A statistical technique used to understand the relationship between

variables. For example, analyzing how changes in advertising spending affect sales.

Hypothesis Testing: A method to determine if there is a significant difference between two

groups based on sample data.

These examples illustrate how statistics play a crucial role in understanding patterns, trends, and
relationships within data sets.
Form groups of 5(five) students

Give your groups a name of your choice

Design a questionnaire to collect the following information from 50 students of KIU

Kansanga campus

Name

Name Registration Number

KAWANGUZI NICHOLAS 2023 – 08 - 21692
TUMWESIGYE GILBERT 2023 – 08 - 17342
KUKUNDA MERON 2023 – 08 – 19066
TUSHABE MORRIS 2024 – 01 – 23680
MUSIBIKA SAADA 2024 – 01 – 24018
NKUGWA EDWARD 2024 – 01 – 24198
NDEZE RONALD 2022 – 01 - 08157
NAMUYIGA MARIA DEISY 2022 – 01 - 08219
KABAHUMA RITAH 2022 – 01 - 08018
ISABIRYE ALLAN 2022 – 01 - 09534
NABAKOOZA MARIA 2022 – 01 - 09130
KAMUGISH ASAPH 2022 – 01 - 08128
NAMUGGA KISAAKYE FLAVIA 2022 – 01 - 08876
NDEZE RONALD 2022 – 01 - 08157
ANKWA PRUDENCE PRISCA 2022 – 01 - 08219
ABUUZA PHIONA 2022 – 08 - 08500
SENGOOBA ANDREW 2022 – 08 - 14133
NABWONSO NOEL 2022 – 08 - 08637
AINEMBABAZI JACKLINE 2022 – 01 – 08196
KAYINZA RACHEAL BRENDA 2022 – 01 – 08665
KIGUNDU LATIF 2022 – 01 – 07978
NASASIRA MOREEN 2022 – 04 – 10349
KAYESU RUTH 2022 – 01 – 08493
ATIZUYO VIOLA 2022 – 01 - 09077
AINEMBABAZI PRECIOUS 2022 – 04 - 10248
NAKANYIKE SERAH 2022 – 04 - 10490
NUWE GILBERT 2023 – 08 - 16822
ASHABA JOYCE 2023 – 08 - 20116
MUHUMUZA ABERT 2023 – 08 - 19906
TURANKYIZE CHARLES 2023 – 08 - 17691
KALINGANIRE MUSA 2023 – 08 - 19075
KUGONZA LENARD 2023 – 08 - 18205
NABASIITA LYDIA 2023 – 08 - 19006
ABASHANTI ALICE 2023 – 08 - 22488
NDABAHARIYE OLIVIE 2023 – 08 - 17097
MPAGI EMMANUEL 2023 – 08 - 22456
KEBIRUNGI ANNET 2023 – 08 - 18211
NSIIMIRE EUNICE 2023 – 08 - 17302
AINEMBABAZI SHILLAH 2023 – 08 -18281
KAMUGABIRWE JORDAN 2023 – 08 - 18421
KIGONGO RASHIRA 2023 – 08 - 17318
MUHOOZI ABDUL RAZAKI 2023 – 08 - 18076
ARIHO ALLAN 2023 – 08 - 19458
BUSINGE JOSEPH 2023 – 08 - 22428
TAHEBWA GODFREY 2023 – 08 - 19579
ANYIKIRA FLORENCE ADM. 622685
NAMUJJUZI BUSHIRAH 2022 – 08 - 12254
KWAGALA DEBORA ESTHER 2022 – 08 - 08052
NAMULI EVA 2022 – 08 - 11237
AHABWE GRACE 2022 – 08 - 11856
Sex

There were more male with a percentage of 60% and females followed with 40%

Age

Age Frequency Percentage

20 -22 20 40
23 – 25 10 20
26 – 30 10 20
31 – 35 4 8
40 and above 6 12
Total 50 100
The majority of the respondents were in the age bracket of 20 -22 years with a percentage of
40%followed by those who were in the age bracket of 23 – 25 and 26 – 30 with a percentage of
10% and others followed in the age bracket of 31 – 35 with 8% and lastly 40 and above with a
percentage of 12%

Year of Study
 Age Frequency Percentage
1st Year 30 60
2nd Year 10 20
3rd Year 4 8
4th Year 6 12
Total 50 100
Majority of the respondents were in 1st year with 60% response followed by those in second year
with 20% response then those in fourth year followed with 12% response and lastly those in third
year with a response of 8%.

Place of residence

Place of residence Frequency Percentage

Kansanga 30 60
Ggaba 5 10
Kibuli 4 8
Kabalagala 6 12
Nsambya 5 10
Total 50 100
Majority of the respondents reside in Kansanga with 60 % response and the lease of the
respondents reside in Nsambya and ggaba with 10% response

Distance of residence from KIU (in Kilo meters)

distance of residence from Frequency Percentage

KIU (in Kilo meters)
4km 30 60
6km 5 10
8km 4 8
10km 6 12
11km and above 5 10
Total 50 100
Majority of the respondents take a walkable distance of 4km with a percentage of 60% while the
least of the respindents take a walkable distance of 6km and11 km with a percentage of10%

Favorite dish (food & sauce)

Favorite dish (food & Frequency Percentage

sauce)
Matoke and chicken 30 60
Rice and Meat 5 10
Kalo and meat 4 8
Matoke posho and Peas 6 12
Matoke and G Nutes 5 10
Total 50 100
Majority of the respondents had their favorite dish as matoke and chicken with 60% response
and the least preferred Rice and meat, Matoke and ground nutes with 10% response

Favorite drink

Favorite drink Frequency Percentage

Milk 30 60
Mirinda 5 10
Pepsi 4 8
Coca-cola 6 12
Water 5 10
Total 50 100
The majority of the respondents favoured Milk as their favorite drink with a percentage of 60%
and the least of the respondents preferred Mirinda and water with 10% response as their
favourite drink
Favorite color

Favorite drink Frequency Percentage

Blue 30 60
Red 5 10
Yellow 4 8
White 6 12
Green 5 10
Total 50 100
Majority of the respondents preferred ble color as their favorite colour with 60% response while
the least preferred red and green as their favourite colour with 10% response

Summarize your work in form of tables, graphs, charts, diagrams, photographs, maps e.t.c

Explain the result of your findings

Make a conclusion and recommendation

Based on the findings of the survey, it is evident that blue is the most preferred color among the
respondents, with 60% of them selecting it as their favorite color. This high percentage suggests
that blue is a popular and widely accepted color choice among individuals. The preference for
blue may be attributed to its calming and soothing effect, as well as its association with qualities
such as trust, stability, and reliability.

On the other hand, red and green were the least preferred colors, each receiving only 10% of the
responses. The low preference for these colors could be due to various reasons. Red is often
associated with strong emotions such as passion and anger, which may not appeal to everyone.
Green, on the other hand, may be perceived as less vibrant or exciting compared to other colors.

Based on the survey results, it is evident that milk is the most preferred drink among the
respondents, with 60% of them selecting it as their favorite. This high percentage indicates a
strong preference for milk as a beverage choice. The popularity of milk could be attributed to its
nutritional value, versatility, and widespread availability. Milk is known for being a good source
of calcium, protein, and other essential nutrients, making it a healthy choice for many
individuals. Additionally, milk can be consumed on its own or used in various recipes and
beverages, further enhancing its appeal to a wide audience.

On the other hand, Mirinda and water were the least favored drinks among the respondents, each
receiving only 10% of the votes. The low preference for these beverages may be due to various
factors such as taste preferences, health considerations, or marketing influences. Mirinda, being a
carbonated soft drink, may not appeal to everyone due to its high sugar content and artificial
flavors. Water, despite being essential for hydration and overall health, may have been
overlooked in favor of more flavorful options like milk or other beverages.

Based on the findings of the survey, it is evident that matoke and chicken are the most preferred
dish among the respondents, with 60% of them selecting it as their favorite. On the other hand,
rice and meat, as well as matoke and ground nuts, were the least preferred dishes, with only 10%
of respondents choosing each of them.

The high preference for matoke and chicken could be attributed to several factors. Matoke is a
popular dish in many African countries, including Uganda, where it is considered a staple food.
Its versatility allows for various cooking methods and flavor combinations, making it appealing
to a wide range of tastes. Additionally, chicken is a widely consumed protein source globally and
is often favored for its taste and nutritional value.

Conversely, the low preference for rice and meat, as well as matoke and ground nuts, may stem
from personal taste preferences or cultural influences. Rice and meat dishes may be perceived as
common or less exciting compared to other options, while matoke and ground nuts might not
appeal to everyone due to their specific flavors and textures.

Based on the data provided, it is evident that the majority of the respondents fall within the age
bracket of 20-22 years, accounting for 40% of the total respondents. This indicates that a
significant portion of the surveyed population is relatively young, with a focus on individuals in
their early twenties. Following closely behind are respondents in the age brackets of 23-25 and
26-30, each representing 10% of the total respondents. This suggests a relatively even
distribution of participants in their mid to late twenties. Additionally, respondents aged 31-35
make up 8% of the total, indicating a smaller but still notable presence in the survey. Lastly,
individuals aged 40 and above constitute 12% of the respondents, showing a diverse age range
among the participants.

In terms of academic progression, the data reveals that a substantial majority of respondents are
in their first year of study, comprising 60% of the total responses. This suggests that first-year
students are more likely to participate in surveys or research studies compared to students in
higher academic levels. Following this group are second-year students, accounting for 20% of
the responses, indicating a smaller but still significant representation. Fourth-year students make
up 12% of the total responses, showcasing a lower participation rate compared to students in
earlier academic years. Lastly, third-year students represent 8% of the respondents, indicating a
relatively minor presence in the survey sample.

Regarding residential locations, the findings indicate that a significant majority of respondents
reside in Kansanga, with 60% reporting this as their place of residence. This suggests that
Kansanga is a prominent residential area among the surveyed population. On the other hand,
Nsambya and Ggaba have lower percentages of respondents residing there, each accounting for
10% of the total responses. This indicates that these areas have a smaller representation among
the surveyed individuals.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the survey results indicate a clear preference for blue as the favorite color among
the majority of respondents. This information can be valuable for businesses and marketers
looking to understand consumer preferences and tailor their products or branding accordingly.
Additionally, it highlights the importance of color psychology in influencing individual choices
and perceptions.

In conclusion, the survey findings suggest that milk is the preferred drink among the majority of
respondents, while Mirinda and water are less popular choices. To cater to diverse consumer
preferences, it is important for beverage manufacturers and retailers to offer a wide range of
options that appeal to different tastes and dietary needs. Additionally, promoting awareness
about the health benefits of water consumption can help encourage more individuals to choose
this essential beverage for hydration.

In conclusion, the survey results indicate a clear preference for matoke and chicken among the
respondents. To cater to diverse preferences, it would be beneficial to offer a variety of dishes
that appeal to different tastes and cultural backgrounds. By understanding the preferences of the
target audience, restaurants or food establishments can tailor their menus to better meet customer
expectations and enhance overall satisfaction.

In conclusion, the data highlights key demographic and academic characteristics of the surveyed
population. The prevalence of younger participants in their early twenties suggests a focus on
this age group for future research or interventions. The concentration of first-year students in the
survey sample indicates a potential bias towards this academic level and calls for efforts to
engage students across different years of study. Additionally, understanding the distribution of
residential locations among respondents can provide insights into geographical patterns and
preferences within the surveyed population.

Recommendations

Based on these findings, it is recommended that businesses consider incorporating shades of blue
into their products or marketing materials to resonate with a larger audience. Understanding the
psychological impact of colors can help businesses create more appealing and engaging
experiences for their customers.

Recommendation: Based on the survey results showing a strong preference for milk as the
favorite drink among respondents, it would be beneficial for businesses in the beverage industry
to focus on promoting milk-based products and incorporating them into their offerings.
Additionally, efforts should be made to educate consumers about the nutritional benefits of milk
and encourage its consumption as part of a balanced diet.

Recommendation: Based on the findings, it would be advisable for food establishments to

consider incorporating matoke and chicken dishes into their menus due to their popularity among
consumers. Additionally, offering a diverse selection of dishes that cater to various preferences
can help attract a wider customer base and enhance overall dining experiences.

Recommendation: To ensure a more comprehensive and representative sample in future surveys

or studies, it is recommended to actively engage participants across various age groups and
academic levels. This can help capture a broader spectrum of perspectives and experiences
within the target population. Moreover, diversifying outreach efforts to include residents from
different areas beyond Kansanga can provide a more holistic understanding of community
dynamics and preferences.
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