II.

THE BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION

A. The Stone Age Background (Rionesto)

1. Stone Age Hunters and Gatherers

2. The Development of Tools

3. Neanderthals Develop Beliefs

B. The Neolithic Revolution (Dumaran)

1. The Origins of Food Production

2. Emergence of Villages

3. Development of New Technology

C. Emergence of Civilizations in Asia and Africa (Santoalla)

1. Birthplaces of Civilizations

2. Features of Early Civilizations

III. THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST

A. Mesopotamia: The Emergence of First Cities and Primary Civilizations (Mendoza and Magsisi)

1. City-States Develop in Sumer

2. Artisans Use New Methods

3. Development of Writing

4. Religion of the Sumerians

5. Science, Technology and Trade

B. Egyptians Civilizations Last 3,000 Years (Encontro/Juego /Villazon/ Banton A)

1. Pre-Dynastic Egypt

2. The Unification of Egypt: The Archaic Period

3. Egyptian Religion and World View

4. Language and Writing

5. Status of Women

6. Science and Technology

7. Decline of the Old Kingdom

8. The Rule of the Middle Kingdom

9. Decline of Egyptian Civilization

C. Other Near Eastern People Make Contribution (Quizada and Talabong)

1. The Aryans

2. The Hittites

3. The Lydians

4. The Phoenicians

5. The Hebrews

D. Domination of Near East by Later Empires (Banton H. And De leon)

1. The Assyrian Empire

2. Rise of the Babylonian Empire

3. Chaldeans Took Over the Assyrians

a. The Rule of Nebuchadnezzar

4. Turn of the Persians

a. The Origins of the Persian Empires

b. Persian Kings Unite their Empire

c. Religious Beliefs of the Persians

IV. THE RISE AND FALL OF GREEK CITY-STATES

A. Beginnings of the Greek Civilization (Buag)

B. Development of the Greek City States (Sepato)

C. Fall City-States (Medalla)

V. GREEK CULTURE

A. Greek Art and Literature (Opeña)

B. Development of Scientific Thought and Philosophy (Pinili)

C. Hellenistic Age (Derecho)

VI. THE RISE AND THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

A. The Roman Build a Strong Republic (Declarado)

B. The Republic comes to an End (Alpuerto g)

C. Rome Unites a Vast Empires (Agana)

D. Roman Society Change (Delos Santos)

E. The Roman Build on Greek Culture (Morco)

F. The Roman Empire Crumbles (Dela Cruz)

G. Many Factors Cause Decline of Rome (Morales)

H. Christianity Spreads Throughout Europe (Derecho C.)

VII. THE WEST IN THE MIDDLE AGES

A. The Early Middle Ages (Urlanda)

1. Medieval Civilization Develops in Europe

2. Feudalism Takes Root

B. Medieval Europe in its Zenith

1. Economic Growth (Demandante 1-2)

2. European Nation Take Shape

3. The Church's Authority Grows (Paleracio 3-4)

4. Christian Europe Expands

C. The Culture of Medieval Europe

1. Interest in Learning Revives (Talabong W. 1-2)

2. New Styles in Art

3. End of the Middle Ages (Junio 3-4)

4. Dark Ages

VIII. BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC CIVILIZATIONS

A. Development of Rich Byzantine Civilization (Hilahan a-b)

B. Spread of Islam in Asia and Africa

C. Islamic Culture Reaches Its Height (Luzon c-d)

D. New Empires Dominate Asia and Africa

IX. CIVILIZATION IN INDIA

A. Development of Indian Civilization (Escobañas a-b)

B. Religious Thought Shapes Indian Shapes Society

C. Indian empires are established (Inaanuran c-d)

D. Muslim Rule

X. CIVILIZATION IN CHINA AND JAPAN (Perpenian)

A. The Chinese Establish Lasting Traditions

B. Chinese Rulers create an empire

C. Chinese Empire and its Domination of Asia

Eto yung isusulat: LAGYAN MO NG TITLE NG TOPIC NILA. NASA TAAS YUNG MGA
TOPIC 😊

Rionesto
The men and women of the paleolithic age were nomads, the people who have no permanent
homes and wander from one place to another. They survived by going from place to place in
search of a new place to live where there are enough resources that they need to live. One
particular group of paleolithic people was the Neanderthal. These people performed rituals that
they hoped would guarantee them success in the hunt. Scientists believed that paleolithic people
had religious beliefs, including the idea of a life after death. Some of the earliest prehistoric art
was created by Cro-magnon people, Most of the cro-magnon art found has been in europe and
asia. It includes beads,necklaces,bracelets, carved from ivory. There are also female figurines cut
from stone. Despite the slowness of the progress in the paleolithic age, The achievements of
paleolithic people are undeniably remarkable.

Dumaran

Civilizations began to emerge in Asia and Africa with the rise of new societies. The earliest
civilizations developed in four major river valleys in these regions. The first, the Mesopotamian
civilization, appeared around 5,000 years ago in the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
In northern Africa, the Egyptian civilization arose along the Nile River. In India, civilization
emerged in the Indus River valley, while in China, it took shape along the Yellow River.
Santoalla

During the Neolithic Age, which began about 10,000 years ago, people developed farming,
tamed wild animals, established villages, and improved their tool-making techniques. This era
saw significant changes in lifestyle, such as the cultivation of crops, the domestication of
animals, and the establishment of permanent settlements, particularly in the Near East. During
the Neolithic Age, artisans developed new skills and technologies, such as baking clay pottery
and bricks, using the potter's wheel, and sharpening stone tools by grinding them on rocks. They
invented the plow, wheel, and sail, which improved farming, transportation, and trade, and began
to work with metals like copper and bronze. The development of bronze tools and weapons led
to increased trade and marked the beginning of the Bronze Age, which started about 5,000 years
ago in southwestern Asia.

Mendoza and Magsisi

Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, was part of the fertile crescent,
where nomadic herders settled and developed farming through irrigation and swamp drainage. In
Southern Mesopotamia, known as Sumer, twenty city-states emerged, each with its own
government, and built large brick temples called Ziggurats. The Sumerians made significant
advancements, including the use of the wheel around 6,000 years ago and clay tablets for record-
keeping. Their culture, including their beliefs, technology, art, written laws, and literature, laid
the foundation for later civilizations in Mesopotamia.
Reflecting on Mesopotamian culture reveals their deep reverence and fear of numerous gods and
spirits, believing these deities controlled natural phenomena and required rituals and charms for
protection. The Epic of Gilgamesh highlights their grim view of the afterlife, depicting it as a
dark and desolate underworld. The role of rulers in Mesopotamia was closely tied to religion,
with laws like those of Ur-Nammu and Hammurabi aiming to reflect divine will. The
Mesopotamians also made significant strides in mathematics, astronomy, and trade,
demonstrating their ingenuity and practical skills. Their rich history and achievements, recorded
on cuneiform tablets and deciphered in the 19th century by Henry Rawlinson, offer invaluable
insights into one of the world's earliest civilizations.

(Encontro/Juego /Villazon/ Banton A) paghalu haluin mo na yung mga sagot dito kagaya
nung nasa taas na Mendoza and magsisi. Lagyan mo nalang ng separation. Example
natapos kana kay encontro tas nag tuldok kana ang gawin mo dun naman sa baba para
hindi sila talagang magkadugtong.
Encontro
Reflecting on ancient Egyptian society, it's clear that the pharaoh had control over every aspect
of life, from irrigation and the army to trade and the economy. Over time, powerful officials
formed a noble class, and the construction of pyramids during the Old Kingdom showcased the
pharaohs' immense power. Egypt experienced civil wars, foreign rule by the Hyksos, and later, a
period of expansion during the New Kingdom after the Hyksos were overthrown.

Juego
Ancient Egypt had this whole structured thing going on with pharaohs at the top, priests and
nobles doing their wealthy influencer thing, and then lots of regular folks farming or being
slaves. It's pretty impressive they kept it all together for over 3,000 years, leaving behind those
intricate hieroglyphics and records that scholars eventually cracked. Their society was complex
but stable, with artisans making fancy goods and the upper class living it up in big homes with
servants.

Villazon
Ancient Egypt totally relied on the Nile River for its survival. The yearly floods gave them fertile
soil for farming, which was crucial because most of their land was super dry. Plus, the river was
like their superhighway, connecting all their villages and keeping things peaceful and prosperous
for a long time.

Their religion was all about the Nile and nature too. They thought gods controlled stuff like
floods and how well their crops grew. And they were big into life after death, which tied into the
Nile's flood cycles and their whole belief system.

When Upper and Lower Egypt joined up under leaders like Menes, that's when Egypt really got
going. The pharaohs didn't just rule like regular kings—they were like half-god, half-king,
making sure everything ran smoothly and people were treated right.
Banton A
In ancient Egypt, women enjoyed significant rights and respect within society, including the
ability to own property, manage businesses, and participate in legal proceedings, illustrating their
influential role in governance and daily life. Advancements in medicine and astronomy were
notable, with Egyptians possessing knowledge of anatomy, practicing early forms of surgery,
and developing a precise calendar based on astronomical observations. Their architectural
achievements were monumental, seen in the construction of massive temples, palaces, and
elaborate tombs, where innovative use of geometry and engineering techniques ensured lasting
structures. Funerary practices reflected a profound belief in the afterlife, with elaborate rituals
and preparations ensuring the deceased's journey was well-equipped; the discovery of
Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter revealed a treasure trove of golden artifacts,
stone vessels, and exquisite jewelry, offering a glimpse into their sophisticated burial customs
and spiritual beliefs.

Quizada

Hebrew prophets conveyed divine messages and moral guidance, recorded in early biblical
books, inspiring generations. Overall, the Hebrews' contributions in history, religious beliefs, and
ethical principles have left a lasting impact, highlighting the influence of faith, justice, and
compassion in shaping human civilization.

Talabong C
The Near Eastern peoples, including the Aryans, Hittites, Lydians, and Phoenicians, each made
significant contributions to human civilizations. The Aryans spread their Indo-European
language and cultural heritage across Europe and India, shaping linguistic diversity. The Hittites
excelled in ironworking, establishing a formidable empire that controlled vital trade routes. The
Lydians introduced coinage, revolutionizing trade and economic systems, while the Phoenicians,
renowned for their maritime prowess, expanded trade networks and cultural influence throughout
the Mediterranean region.

Banton H.
The Persian Empire, starting with Cyrus the Great in 547 B.C., expanded power across the
ancient Near East by conquering neighboring peoples like the Medes and Chaldeans, freeing the
Hebrews from Babylonian captivity. Rulers like Darius the Great and Xerxes extended Persian
control over lands from the Fertile Crescent to Egypt, though they faced setbacks in Greece. To
manage their vast territory, they built roads, set up a postal system, and standardized currency,
respecting local customs to maintain unity. Zoroastrianism, introduced by Zoroaster, became the
empire's official religion, emphasizing a cosmic struggle between good and evil, influencing
beliefs in Iran and India today.

De Leon
Both Mesopotamian and Egyptian rulers built their empires by conquering other lands and
uniting various peoples under one rule. Around the ninth century BC, powerful leaders in the
Near East began establishing expansive empires, encompassing ancient territories and smaller
kingdoms. The Assyrians, known for their fierce military prowess and advanced weaponry like
iron weapons and war chariots, dominated the upper Tigris valley and beyond. Meanwhile, the
Babylonian Empire arose following the fall of the Assyrians in 612 B.C., led by figures like
Nebuchadnezzar, who expanded across the Fertile Crescent and embellished Babylon with
remarkable architectural feats, including the renowned "hanging gardens."

Buag

The ancient Aegean civilizations, including the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures, profoundly
shaped the foundations of Western civilization. They developed advanced art, trade networks,
and religious beliefs that influenced later Greek society. The transition from a dark age to the
flourishing Hellenic Age marked significant cultural and intellectual growth, characterized by
Greek city-states' development, trade activities, agricultural advancements, and the rich
mythology that provided insights into ancient Greek values and beliefs.

Sepato
The Hellenic Age in ancient Greece saw Sparta focusing on military prowess and Athens on art,
literature, and democratic governance. The Persian Wars unified Greek city-states against
invasion, propelling Athens to become Greece's cultural and political center under Pericles'
leadership. Athenian democracy thrived with inclusive government and freedom of speech,
leading to a golden age of cultural and democratic ideals that profoundly influenced Western
civilization. Athenian democracy's emphasis on citizen participation and equality remains a
global inspiration for democratic governance.

Medalla

The ancient and medieval eras shaped our world profoundly, witnessing the ascent and decline of
civilizations, the spread of religions, and the growth of trade routes. From the intellectual
achievements of Ancient Greece and Rome to the innovations of the Islamic Golden Age and the
feudal societies of medieval Europe, this period offers insights into human resilience, innovation,
and the dynamics of power and governance that continue to influence our society today.

Opeña

The Greeks' emphasis on excellence and the development of multiple talents fostered a culture
rich in civic participation, intellectual pursuit, and physical well-being. Their ideal of the "golden
mean" highlighted the importance of balance and reason in daily life, influencing everything
from art to governance. The evolution of poetry into drama, celebrated through festivals,
exemplified their appreciation for storytelling and the exploration of human experience,
cementing these art forms as integral to Greek cultural heritage.

Pinili
The Sophists, with their focus on practical societal issues and skepticism of traditional beliefs,
challenged the status quo and sparked significant debate in ancient Greece. In contrast, Socrates,
Plato, and Aristotle advanced philosophical thought by emphasizing reason, observation, and
systematic inquiry, thereby shaping Western intellectual traditions. The interplay between
philosophy and scientific thought in ancient Greece laid the foundation for a legacy of critical
thinking and exploration that continues to influence contemporary understanding of the world.

Derecho precious

Stoicism, founded by Zeno around 300 B.C., emphasized dignity, self-control, and reason,
advocating for acceptance of life's challenges with indifference to pain and pleasure. Its
teachings, enduring for centuries, profoundly influenced Roman and early Christian thought by
promoting the equality and dignity of all humans based on their capacity for reason. Stoicism's
legacy highlights the importance of rationality and inner resilience in maintaining a balanced and
dignified life.

Declarado
Rome's strategic location on the Tiber River facilitated its growth, with fertile plains supporting a
large population and the river enabling trade. Influenced by Greek and Etruscan cultures, early
Rome adopted their alphabet, military strategies, and architectural skills. The shift from Etruscan
rule to a republic in 509 B.C. saw the establishment of a Senate and assemblies, allowing citizen
participation and patrician governance. Rome's disciplined and organized military, highlighted
by victories in the Punic Wars, played a crucial role in its expansion and dominance.

Alpuerto
The decline of the Roman Republic highlights how internal challenges such as agricultural
crises, political corruption, and social unrest can destabilize a society. As traditional values
eroded and power struggles intensified, the Republic's institutions failed to address these issues,
leading to a shift towards authoritarian rule. This transition underscores the fragility of
democratic governance when faced with internal strife and the allure of strong, centralized
leadership.

Agana
Rome's ability to unite such a vast and diverse territory underscores its exceptional
organizational and strategic capabilities. The empire's innovative political and military systems
not only facilitated expansion but also ensured stability and governance over centuries. Rome's
enduring influence on law, culture, and infrastructure serves as a testament to its profound and
lasting legacy in shaping the foundations of modern civilization.

Delos santos
Rome's ability to adapt and evolve was central to its enduring success. The transformation of
Roman society left a lasting impact on Western civilization, showcasing the empire's ingenuity in
fields like architecture and law, which continue to influence modern systems. Despite the harsh
realities of class divides and slavery, Roman society saw shifts in family dynamics, with women
gaining more autonomy, and a strong emphasis on education to prepare future leaders. Cultural
vibrancy permeated Roman cities, with philosophies like Stoicism offering guidance and
entertainment providing social cohesion. Through their multifaceted society, the Romans shaped
the foundations of Western civilization, and their legacy remains evident in our laws,
architecture, and cultural practices. By examining their triumphs and failures, we gain valuable
insights into our own society and its development.

Morco
Starting as a modest town in central Italy, Rome rose to become the greatest empire of the
ancient world. Initially ruled by Etruscan kings, the Romans established a republic in 509 B.C.,
governed by the Senate and assemblies representing the people. Over time, the common people,
or plebeians, gained more power, though the government remained dominated by the upper class,
or patricians, and wealthy plebeians.

The Roman Republic evolved into a formidable military power, conquering the Italian peninsula
and securing dominance in the western Mediterranean by defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars.
Rome also expanded eastward by conquering the Hellenistic states, incorporating significant
Greek influences into Roman culture. Ambitious military leaders eventually led to the Republic's
downfall, and in 27 B.C., Octavian, later known as Augustus, became the first Roman emperor.

Augustus' reign initiated the Pax Romana, a two-hundred-year period of peace and stability in
the Mediterranean. The Roman Empire unified diverse peoples under a common ruler and legal
system, facilitating trade, urban prosperity, and the spread of Greco-Roman culture throughout
Europe and North Africa.

Dela cruz
The decline and fall of the Roman Empire marked the end of an era of peace and prosperity
known as the Pax Romana. Internal instability, military conflicts, and invasions by Germanic
tribes significantly weakened the Empire. Although emperors like Diocletian and Constantine
implemented reforms to restore order, these efforts ultimately proved insufficient. The division
of the Empire exacerbated its vulnerability, leading to its eventual collapse and the rise of
barbarian rulers in its former territories. The fall of Rome in 476 AD signaled the end of classical
antiquity and the onset of the Middle Ages in Europe, representing a pivotal turning point in
history.

Morales
The decline and fall of the Roman Empire resulted from a culmination of internal and external
factors, including loss of confidence in cultural values, economic stagnation, weakened military
capabilities, and a declining population. These factors contributed to the gradual erosion of
centralized power and the rise of fortified estates, shifting political influence to landowning
nobles. This transition marked the end of classical antiquity and the onset of the Middle Ages,
symbolizing a significant shift in Western history from the dominance of Rome to a new era of
feudalism and regionalism.

Derecho cristina
Christian thinkers, including Augustine, articulated the principles and beliefs of the growing
Christian Church amidst challenges like the barbarian invasions of Rome in the early 400s.
Augustine, a prominent Church Father, emphasized in his work "The City of God" that true
Christians are citizens of a heavenly city immune to destruction by earthly forces. Despite this,
he advocated for Christians to apply Christian principles in governing earthly cities, aiming to
fulfill God's will in both individual salvation and societal order. Augustine's distinction between
the earthly city of sin and the perfect City of God continued to influence Christian thought
profoundly.

Urlanda
The transition from the fall of Rome to the rise of Germanic kingdoms marked a pivotal shift
from antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. During this period, Roman political and social
structures waned while Germanic customs, Christianity, and remnants of Roman culture shaped a
new civilization. The Christian Church emerged as a unifying influence, preserving knowledge
and fostering cohesion amidst political fragmentation. Feudalism took root, the Frankish
Kingdom ascended, and the Church wielded significant influence in shaping medieval society,
defining the contours of this transformative era.

Demandante and Paleracio

The High Middle Ages, spanning from 1050 to 1270, marked a remarkable period of
transformation and growth in Western Europe. It's fascinating how technological advancements
and the adoption of new agricultural techniques led to increased food production and population
growth. The resurgence of trade and the establishment of towns as centers of commerce and
intellectual life underscored a shift towards urbanization and economic prosperity. Moreover, the
emergence of strong central governments in England and France, amidst challenges in Germany
and Italy, reflected evolving political dynamics. Overall, this era not only laid the foundations for
the Renaissance and later developments but also shaped the socio-economic landscape that
would define Europe for centuries to come.

In the High Middle Ages, the Church's quest for authority and independence from secular rulers
prompted significant reforms and power struggles. Figures like Pope Gregory VII and Pope
Innocent III wielded unprecedented political influence, challenging rulers and combating heresy
through measures like the Inquisition. The establishment of new religious orders, such as the
Franciscans and Dominicans, further strengthened the Church's doctrinal authority amid political
and social upheavals in Europe.
Meanwhile, Christian Europe faced external threats from Muslim invasions that had seized
territories in Southern Europe. European monarchs, increasingly powerful, initiated the
Reconquista in Spain and launched the Crusades to reclaim the Holy Land, which not only
expanded Christian influence but also catalyzed trade and eroded feudalism. This period also
witnessed the spread of Christianity, German culture, and economic vitality through the German
colonization and the rise of the Hanseatic League in Eastern Europe, shaping the course of
European history profoundly.

Talabong w. and Junio

The late Middle Ages represent a tumultuous period of European history marked by profound
challenges and societal transformations. Economic hardships, agricultural crises, and recurring
famines fueled social unrest and peasant revolts, exacerbated by the prolonged Hundred Years'
War. The catastrophic impact of the Black Death further intensified these struggles, triggering
widespread death and religious upheaval. Despite these hardships, the era also witnessed the rise
of centralized monarchies and the decline of papal authority, laying the groundwork for the
cultural and intellectual resurgence that would define the Renaissance and early modern Europe.
During the Middle Ages, learning experienced a remarkable revival in Europe driven by several
key factors. The Irish and English monastic revivals, led by figures like Patrick, Bridget, and
Columba, established centers of scholarship and learning. Charlemagne's Carolingian
Renaissance further promoted education through monastic schools, attracting scholars from
across Europe. The growth of towns, trade, and commerce also contributed to this intellectual
resurgence, leading to the establishment of universities to meet the demand for educated
professionals. Visionaries such as Thomas Aquinas harmonized faith and reason, while pioneers
like Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus made early scientific strides. Despite challenges like
famine and war, the medieval period saw significant intellectual achievements and laid the
groundwork for the modern university system.

Hilahan
The Byzantine civilization thrived through the embrace of Eastern Orthodox Christianity,
cultural and intellectual advancements, and robust trade routes. Concurrently, Islam spread
across Asia and Africa propelled by the Five Pillars of Islam, military conquests, and the
consolidation of Arab tribes. These civilizations left enduring legacies that profoundly influenced
the cultural, religious, and political fabric of their regions, shaping histories that resonate across
centuries.

Luzon
During its peak under the Abbasid rulers in Baghdad, Islamic civilization made profound
contributions across multiple domains of human knowledge and culture. This era was
characterized by remarkable advancements in science, medicine, literature, art, and architecture,
facilitated by the unifying influence of the Islamic faith and Arabic language. Despite facing
subsequent challenges and invasions, the legacy of this period endures, shaping global culture
and knowledge in fields as diverse as mathematics, astronomy, art, and philosophy, leaving an
indelible mark on the trajectory of human civilization.

Escobañas
Indian civilization, with its intricate history, was profoundly shaped by its evolving religious and
cultural traditions. The advanced Indus Valley cities pioneered urban planning and trade, laying
foundational aspects of Indian civilization. The Aryan invasions introduced new languages,
literature, and the caste system, which became integral social structures.

Hinduism, stemming from Aryan beliefs, emphasized principles like dharma, karma, and
reincarnation, providing a resilient spiritual framework. Buddhism arose as a critique of the caste
system, promoting enlightenment through ethical conduct and meditation, spreading widely
across Asia. Jainism, founded by Mahavira, focused on nonviolence and asceticism, influencing
Indian ethical practices.

Religion in India remained pivotal, shaping intricate social structures and daily life. The
enduring legacies of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism continue to profoundly impact both India
and the wider world today.

Inaanuran
Ancient India from the 6th century B.C. to the early medieval age witnessed significant political
and cultural transformations, exemplified by empires such as Magadha, the Mauryan Empire,
and the Gupta Empire. These periods were characterized by centralized governance,
philosophical advancements, and artistic movements, including the dissemination of Buddhism
and Hinduism. However, the advent of Islam in India marked a pivotal era where Islamic rulers
made a lasting impact on Indian society and culture. While integrating with the local populace,
they maintained distinct cultural identities separate from Hinduism, leaving a profound and
enduring influence on India's cultural landscape.

Perpenian
Ancient China, spanning millennia and encompassing diverse dynasties and philosophies, holds
an enduring legacy that resonates strongly today. Originating along the Yellow River, early
civilizations such as the Xia and Shang dynasties established foundational roots around 2000 BC.
The Zhou dynasty introdu
II. THE BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION

A. The Stone Age Background (Rionesto)

1. Stone Age Hunters and Gatherers

2. The Development of Tools

3. Neanderthals Develop Beliefs

B. The Neolithic Revolution (Dumaran)

1. The Origins of Food Production

2. Emergence of Villages

3. Development of New Technology

C. Emergence of Civilizations in Asia and Africa (Santoalla)

1. Birthplaces of Civilizations

2. Features of Early Civilizations

III. THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST

A. Mesopotamia: The Emergence of First Cities and Primary Civilizations (Mendoza and Magsisi)

1. City-States Develop in Sumer

2. Artisans Use New Methods

3. Development of Writing

4. Religion of the Sumerians

5. Science, Technology and Trade

B. Egyptians Civilizations Last 3,000 Years (Encontro/Juego /Villazon/ Banton A)

1. Pre-Dynastic Egypt

2. The Unification of Egypt: The Archaic Period

3. Egyptian Religion and World View

4. Language and Writing

5. Status of Women

6. Science and Technology

7. Decline of the Old Kingdom

8. The Rule of the Middle Kingdom

ced decentralized governance and fostered the development of Confucianism, which emphasized
ethics and social order. Imperial China began with the Qin dynasty's unification under Shi
Huangdi in 221 BC, characterized by strict Legalist governance and monumental projects like the
reat Wall. The Han dynasty followed with a period of cultural flourishing and technologica
l advancements, expandi

Subsequent dynasties such as the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing each made significant
contributions to China's history, fostering artistic achievements and technological innovations
despite challenges from foreign influences and internal conflicts. China's rich philosophical
traditions, artistic expressions, and technological innovations continue to shape global culture,
illustrating its profound impact on world history and its enduring legacy in the modern era.