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Fourier Serious

The document discusses the Fourier series analysis of continuous time signals, highlighting its application in expanding periodic signals into harmonics that are sinusoidal and orthogonal. It explains how linear time invariant systems respond to sinusoidal inputs and details the conditions under which arbitrary continuous signals can be represented using Fourier series. Additionally, it covers different forms of Fourier series representation, properties, and the Dirichlet conditions necessary for the existence and convergence of Fourier series.

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Adem Abdela
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12 views29 pages

Fourier Serious

The document discusses the Fourier series analysis of continuous time signals, highlighting its application in expanding periodic signals into harmonics that are sinusoidal and orthogonal. It explains how linear time invariant systems respond to sinusoidal inputs and details the conditions under which arbitrary continuous signals can be represented using Fourier series. Additionally, it covers different forms of Fourier series representation, properties, and the Dirichlet conditions necessary for the existence and convergence of Fourier series.

Uploaded by

Adem Abdela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier Series Analysis of

Continuous
Time Signals
Joseph Fourier (1768–1830)
French mathematician
FS
• Fourier series expansion is used for periodic signals to expand
them interms of their harmonics which are sinusoidal and
orthogonal to one another.
• Sinusoidal input signals are often used to study the response of the system
which gives useful information.

• If a linear time invariant system is excited by a complex sinusoid, the output


response is also a complex sinusoid of the same frequency as the input.

• However, the amplitude of such a sinusoid is different from the input


amplitude and also has a phase shift.

• If the system is excited by the signal which is a weighted superposition of


the complex sinusoids, the system output is also a weighted superposition of
the system response to each complex sinusoid.
• Thus, any arbitrary excitation signal x(t) can be expressed as a linear
combination of complex sinusoids.

• The output is obtained by summing up the responses to the individual


complex sinusoids using superposition.

• However, expressing any arbitrary real function as a linear combination of


complex sinusoids is a matter of concern.

• In a Fourier series, representation of a periodical signal, the


higher frequency sines and cosines have frequencies that are integer
multiples of the fundamental frequency. These multiples are called
harmonic numbers.
Periodic Signal Representation by Fourier Series
• A continuous time signal x(t) is said to be periodic if there is a positive
non-zero value of T for which

The fundamental period T0 of x(t) is the smallest positive


value of T
1 2𝜋
• is called fundamental frequency 𝑓0 and 𝜔0 = is called
𝑇0 𝑇0
fundamental radian frequency. The real sinusoidal signal
• The prerequisite for the representation of any arbitrary
continuous signal x(t) in Fourier series is that it should be
periodic.

• Non-periodic signals cannot be represented by Fourier series but


can be represented by Fourier Transform.

❖Any arbitrary real or complex x(t) signal which is periodic with


fundamental period T0 can be expressed as a sum of a sinusoid
of period T0 and its harmonics.
Fourier Series Representation
• Forms of Fourier series Representation
1. Trigonometric Fourier series.
2. Complex exponential Fourier series.
3. Polar or Harmonic form Fourier series.
1. Trigonometric Fourier Series
▪ Consider any arbitrary continuous time signal x(t).
▪ This arbitrary signal can be split up as sines and cosines of
fundamental frequency ω0 and all of its harmonics are
expressed as given below.

a corresponds to the zeroth harmonic or DC.


0
Prove the periodicity of trigonometric
Fourier series x(t)
The periodicity x(t) is proved if
x(t) = x(t + T0)
• coefficients a0, an and bn
I. If the periodical signal x(t) is symmetrical with respect to the time
axis, then the
coefficient a0 = 0.
II. If the periodical signal x(t) represents an even function, only cosine
terms in FS
exists and therefore bn = 0.
III. If the periodical signal x(t) represents an odd function, only sine
terms in FS
exists and therefore an = 0.
2. Complex Exponential Fourier Series
By using Euler’s identity, the complex sinusoids
can always be expressed in terms of exponentials.
The coefficients Dnare related
to trigonometric Fourier series
coefficients an and bnas
3. Polar or Harmonic Form Fourier Series
The results derived in 1 and 2 are applicable if x(t) is real or complex.
When x(t) is real, the coefficients of trigonometric Fourier series an
and bn are real.
In such cases, Eq. in 1 can be expressed in a compact form as
The coefficients of compact form
Fourier series and exponential form
Fourier series are related as
Example

Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the periodic signal


• coefficients a0, an and bn
➢waveform is symmetrical with respect to the time axis t. a = 0.
0

➢By folding x(t) across the vertical axis, it is observed that x(t) =
x(-t) signal is even. Hence, bn = 0.
➢fundamental period T0 = 4 seconds and the fundamental radian
2𝜋 𝜋
frequency 𝜔0 = = radians per second.
𝑇0 2

x(t) = 1 for − 1 ≤ t ≤ 1
= −1 for 1 ≤ t ≤ 3
Substituting a0 = 0 and bn = 0, and ω0 = π/2
Classwork
For the periodic signal shown in Fig,
determine the trigonometric Fourier series.
2𝜋
T = 2 seconds and 𝜔 =
0 0 = 𝜋 . The signal is
𝑇0
symmetrical with respect to time axis and hence a0=
0. x(t) = -x(-t), and therefore, the signal is an odd signal
and an= 0.

coefficient bn
Homework
1. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the signal shown

2. Determine the trigonometric Fourier series representation of a


unit amplitude full wave rectified signal.
3. Determine the trigonometric Fourier series representation of a
unit amplitude half wave rectified signal.
4. For the signal shown in Fig. Determine the
exponential Fourier series.
Properties of Fourier Series
1. Linearity
2. Time Shifting Property
3. Time Reversal Property
4. Time Scaling Property
5. Multiplication Property
6. Conjugation Property
7. Differentiation Property
8. Integration Property
9. Parseval’s Theorem
Existence of Fourier Series—the Dirichlet
Conditions
The continuous Fourier series of the signal x(t), is represented in the
following form.
If the integral in Eq above diverges, CTFS cannot be found for x(t). If
certain constraints are put on x(t), Eq converges and the conditions
are called Dirichlet conditions.
The Dirichlet Conditions are:
1. The signal x(t) must be absolutely integrable over the time interval
t < t <t + T . The above condition implies that
0 0 0

2. The signal x(t) must have a finite number of maxima and minima in
the time interval t < t < t + T .
0 0 0

3. The signal x(t) must have finite number of discontinuities in the time
interval t < t < t + T .
0 0 0
Convergence of Continuous Time Fourier Series
▪ It does not mean that every periodic signal can be expressed by
FS.
▪ The Fourier series of x(t) converges in the mean if it has finite
energy over one period.

When conditions E are satisfied, the Fourier series converges


in the mean and also guarantees that the Fourier coefficient
is finite.
Fourier Series Spectrum
• The plot of Fourier series coefficients with respect to ω is called
Fourier series spectrum.
• In exponential Fourier series and in polar Fourier series, the Fourier
series coefficients Dn and Cn are complex.
• Thus, these coefficients have magnitude and angle.
• Thus, the plots of Dn versus n and ∠Dn versus n are called exponential
Fourier spectra. Similarly, the plots of |Cn| versus n and ∠Cn versus n
are called trigonometric Fourier spectra.

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