Computer Science Assignment
1. Give the classification of 'C' constants.
C constants are classified into the following categories:
1. **Integer Constants:** Whole numbers without fractions (e.g., 10, -45).
2. **Real Constants:** Numbers with decimal points (e.g., 3.14, -0.01).
3. **Character Constants:** Single characters enclosed in single quotes (e.g., 'A', '9').
4. **String Constants:** A sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes (e.g., "Hello").
2. Write down different C instructions (Describe).
C instructions are classified into three types:
1. **Type Declaration Instructions:** Used to declare variables (e.g., int, float).
2. **Arithmetic Instructions:** Used to perform operations (e.g., +, -, *, /).
3. **Control Instructions:** Used to control the flow of the program (e.g., if, for, while).
3. Draw the flow-chart of the program which creates the Simple Interest.
The flow-chart involves the following steps:
1. Start
2. Input Principal (P), Rate of Interest (R), and Time (T).
3. Calculate Simple Interest: SI = (P × R × T) / 100.
4. Output the result.
5. End.
4. What is Algorithm? Write an algorithm for the program of the Fibonacci Series.
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem.
**Algorithm for Fibonacci Series:**
1. Start
2. Input the number of terms (n).
3. Initialize a = 0, b = 1.
4. Print a, b.
5. Repeat until n terms:
a. c = a + b
b. Print c
c. Update a = b, b = c
6. End.
5. What do you mean by logical operators?
Logical operators are used to perform logical operations in C:
1. **AND (&&):** Returns true if both conditions are true.
2. **OR (||):** Returns true if at least one condition is true.
3. **NOT (!):** Reverses the logical state.
6. Why Loop is used?
Loops are used to repeat a set of instructions until a condition is met. This reduces code
redundancy and makes programs efficient.
7. What are the different types of loops?
The main types of loops in C are:
1. **for loop:** Used when the number of iterations is known.
2. **while loop:** Used when the condition is checked before the loop starts.
3. **do-while loop:** Executes the loop body at least once before checking the condition.
8. What are the differences between while loop and do-while loop?
**while loop:**
- Checks the condition before execution.
- May not execute if the condition is false initially.
**do-while loop:**
- Executes the loop body at least once.
- Checks the condition after execution.
9. Why break statement is used? Give example.
The break statement is used to exit from a loop or switch statement before it completes its normal
iteration.
**Example:**
```
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) break;
printf("%d ", i);
```
10. Why continue is used? Give example.
The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and continue with the next
iteration.
**Example:**
```
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) continue;
printf("%d ", i);
```
11. What are the different types of header files used in C programs?
Header files contain function declarations and macro definitions for libraries. Common header files
include:
1. **stdio.h:** For input/output functions (e.g., printf, scanf).
2. **stdlib.h:** For standard library functions (e.g., malloc, free).
3. **math.h:** For mathematical functions (e.g., sqrt, pow).
4. **string.h:** For string manipulation functions (e.g., strlen, strcpy).
