1.

What is Systems Analysis and Design

(SAD)?
Full form of SAD is Systems Analysis and Design.
Systems Analysis and Design is a structured process for
developing and improving systems, encompassing both
technical and managerial aspects. At its core, SAD
involves analysing existing systems, identifying areas for
improvement and designing new system or
enhancements to meet specific objectives.

2.What is a System?
A system is a group of element or components which
work together to accomplish a common task. The set of
things can be hardware, software, employees and much
more. Systems are everywhere around us such as
computer systems which have both hardware and
software to execute certain functions.

Example: Biological system, Educational system,

Physical system, etc.

3.Why we need SAD?

SAD is important because it provides a structured
approach to analyzing and designing information
system-

I. Creating a new one.

II. Updating the existing one.
III. Improves system quality.
IV. Reduces costs.
V. Identifies risks.
VI. Improves usability.

4.What is system analysis?

system analysis is the initial phase of a software
development project where the requirements of the
system are gathered, analyzed and documented. It
involves understanding the problem domain, identifying
the stakeholders and defining the scope and
objectives of the system.

*Analysis specifies what the system should do.

5.What is system design?

System design is the process of creating a blueprint for a
new system, based on the requirements and problem
areas identified in system analysis.

*System Design focuses on how to accomplish the

objective of the system.

6.Components or Elements of a System?

A. Inputs and Outputs:
The main aim of a system is to produce an
output which is useful for its user.
Inputs are the information that enters into the
system for processing.
Output is the outcome after processing.

B. Processor(s):
The processor is the element of a system that
involves the actual transformation of input into
output.
Itis the operational component of a system.
Processors may modify the input either totally or
partially, depending on the output specification.
As the output specifications change, so does the
processing. In some cases, input is also modified
 to enable the processor for handling the
transformation.

C. Control:
The control element guides the system.
It is the decision–making subsystem that
controls the pattern of activities governing
input, processing, and output.
The behaviour of a computer System is
controlled by the Operating System and
software. In order to keep system in balance,
what and how much input is needed is
determined by Output Specifications.

D. Feedback:
Feedback provides the control in a dynamic
system.
Positive feedback is routine in nature that
encourages the performance of the system.
Negative feedback is informational in nature that
provides the controller with information for
action.
It is given by the customers to improve the
system.

E. Environment:
The environment is the “supersystem” within
which an organization operates.
It is the source of external elements that strike
on the system.
It determines how a system must function. For
example, vendors and competitors of
organization’s environment, may provide
constraints that affect the actual performance of
the business.
F. Boundaries and Interface:
A system should be defined by its boundaries.
Boundaries are the limits that identify its
components, processes, and interrelationship
when it interfaces with another system.
Each system has boundaries that determine its
sphere of influence and control.
The knowledge of the boundaries of a given
system is crucial in determining the nature of its
interface with other systems for successful
design.
System have defined boundary that separate
them from the external environment.

7.Types of Systems?
A. Open or Closed Systems:
An open system must interact with its
environment. It receives input and delivers
outputs to the outside of the system. For
example, an information system which must
adapt to the changing environmental conditions.
A closed system does not interact with its
environment. It is isolated from environmental
influences. A completely closed system is rare in
reality.

B. Adaptive and Non Adaptive System:

Adaptive System responds to the change in the
environment in a way to improve their
performance and to survive. For example,
human beings, animals.
Non-Adaptive System is the system which does
not respond to the environment. For example,
machines.
C. Permanent or Temporary System:
Permanent System persists for long time. For
example, business policies.
Temporary System is made for specified time
and after that they are demolished. For example,
A DJ system is set up for a program and it is
dissembled after the program.

D. Deterministic or Probabilistic System:

Deterministic system operates in a predictable
manner and the interaction between system
components is known with certainty. For
example, two molecules of hydrogen and one
molecule of oxygen makes water.
Probabilistic System shows uncertain behaviour.
The exact output is not known. For example,
Weather forecasting, mail delivery.

E. Physical or Abstract Systems:

Physical systems are tangible entities. We can
touch and feel them.
Physical System may be static or dynamic in
nature. For example, desks and chairs are the
physical parts of computer center which are
static. A programmed computer is a dynamic
system in which programs, data, and
applications can change according to the user's
needs.
Abstract systems are non-physical entities or
conceptual that may be formulas, representation
or model of a real system.

F. Natural and Manufactured System:

Natural systems are created by the nature. For
example, Solar system, seasonal system.
 Manufactured System is the man-made system.
For example, Rockets, dams, trains.

G. Social, Human-Machine, Machine System:

Social System is made up of people. For
example, social clubs, societies.
In Human-Machine System, both human and
machines are involved to perform a particular
task. For example, Computer programming.
Machine System is where human interference is
neglected. All the tasks are performed by the
machine. For example, an autonomous robot.

8.Properties or characteristics of a
System?
A system has the following properties –
I. Organization: Organization implies structure and
order. It is the arrangement of components that
helps to achieve predetermined objectives.

II. Interaction: It is defined by the manner in which

the components operate with each other.
For example, in an organization, purchasing
department must interact with production
department and payroll with personnel department.

III. Interdependence: Interdependence means how

the components of a system depend on one another.
For proper functioning, the components are
coordinated and linked together according to a
specified plan. The output of one subsystem is
required by other subsystem as input.

IV. Integration: Integration is concerned with how a

system components are connected together. It
 means that the parts of the system work together
within the system even if each part performs a
unique function.

V. Purpose:

9.who is system analyst?

A system analyst is a person who uses analysis and
design techniques to solve business problems using
information technology.

10.What system analyst is also known

as?
I. Change Agent:
System analyst evaluates the current system
and as well as researches for new fedure
updates for better system development.

II. Architect:
System analyst is architect of the system.

III. Motivator:
System analyst is a motivator who motivates his
team to work properly and do their best.

IV. Monitor:
System analyst monitors the computer system.
 11.Qualities/Attributes of a system
analysis?
I. Communication Skills:
System analysts spend a great deal of time
engaging with users, consumers, management and
developers according to the nature of the work. The
performance of a project may rely on the system
analyst clearly communicating information such as
project specifications, adjustments
results of testing. Fluent language skills and written
communication abilities are important to succeed as
a system analyst.

II. Technical Knowledge:

An analyst should know what IT technologies are
being used in order to find system solutions, what
new potential results can be accomplished across
existing systems, and what the latest technology
offers. The system analyst must know the methods
of system design.

III. Analytical Skills:

The ability to understand and break down complex
systems, identify problems, and propose
effective solutions.

IV. Problem-Solving Ability:

Although analysts are not exceptional in the ability
to develop workable solutions to problems, it is a
required skill to effectively perform the job. As with
most IT positions, the career of the system analyst
can be spent coping with regular and random
modifications. When these professionals are working
 to designing custom system solutions, nothing is 100
percent predictable – so finding ways to quickly fix
problems and move toward a project 's efficient
completion is critical in the system analyst 's
position.

V. Decision-Making Skills:
The capacity to make decisions is another significant
system analyst skill. In a broad range of system
problems, the system analyst is called upon for
sound judgement as a management consultant and
developer advisor, any number of which might
decide the feasibility of the system. It should be
possible for professionals who wish to pursue a
career as a system analyst to analyse a situation,
gain feedback from stakeholders, and choose a
course of action.

VI. Understanding of Business Processes:

Knowledge of business operations and the ability to
align IT solutions with business goals.

VII. Project-Management Skills:

12.Who are the user of system?

The system and users of the system refer to the people
who use computers to perform their jobs, like desktop
operators.
I. Very fast users are the hand-on users. They actually
interact with the system.
II. Aadhar users are the indirect end users who do not
interact with the system.
III. There are third types of users who have
management responsibilities for application system.
IV. These observe investment in the development or
use of the system.
V. Fourth types of users are senior managers. They are
responsible for evaluating organisations exposure to
risk from the systems failure.

13.Role are Purpose and Role of Systems

Analysis and Design?
The primary purposes and roles of SAD include:
I. Problem Identification: Analyzing current
systems and processes to identify inefficiencies,
limitations, or other issues that need addressing.

II. Requirement Gathering and Analysis:

Collecting and analyzing the specific needs of users
and stakeholders to define clear and detailed system
requirements.

III. System Design: Designing the architecture and

components of the new or improved system to meet
the identified requirements.

IV. Implementation and Testing : Developing the

system according to the design and thoroughly
testing it to ensure it meets the requirements and
functions correctly.

V. Deployment and Maintenance: Implementing

the new system within the organization and
 maintaining it over time to address any issues or
changes in requirements.

14.What is information system?

In system analysis and design an information system is a
collection of computer that work together to collect,
store, process, and transmit data.

15.Types of information system?

are classified by organisational levels, mode of data,
processing, system objectives and type of support
provided. Following are the TYPE of information system:

 Transaction Processing System (TPS):

 Transaction Processing System are information
system that processes data resulting from the
occurrences of business transactions
 Their objectives are to provide transaction in order
to update records and generate reports i.e to
perform store keeping function
 The transaction is performed in two ways: Batching
processing and Online transaction processing.
 Example: Bill system, payroll system, Stock control
system.

 Management Information System

(MIS):
 Management Information System is designed to take
relatively raw data available through a Transaction
Processing System and convert them into a
summarized and aggregated form for the manager,
usually in a report format. It reports tending to be
 used by middle management and operational
supervisors.
 Many different types of report are produced in MIS.
Some of the reports are a summary report, on-
demand report, ad-hoc reports and an exception
report.
 Example: Sales management systems, Human
resource management system.

 Decision Support System (DSS):

 Decision Support System is an interactive
information system that provides information,
models and data manipulation tools to help in
making the decision in a semi-structured and
unstructured situation.
 Decision Support System comprises tools and
techniques to help in gathering relevant information
and analyzed the options and alternatives, the end
user is more involved in creating DSS than an MIS.
 Example: Financial planning systems, Bank loan
management systems.

 Experts System (ES):

 Experts systems include expertise in order to aid
managers in diagnosing problems or in problem-
solving. These systems are based on the principles
of artificial intelligence research.
 Experts Systems is a knowledge-based information
system. It uses its knowledge about a specify are to
act as an expert consultant to users.
 Knowledgebase and software modules are the
components of an expert system. These modules
perform inference on the knowledge and offer
answers to a user’s question.