# Unit-1

### Question 1: Define Algorithm? What are the characteristics? Write an example of algorithm.

**Algorithm**: An algorithm is a finite set of well-defined, logical instructions or steps for solving a problem o

**Characteristics of an Algorithm**:

1. **Finiteness**: An algorithm must terminate after a finite number of steps. It should not run indefinitely.

2. **Definiteness**: Each step of the algorithm must be precisely defined. There should be no ambiguity in

3. **Input**: An algorithm should have zero or more well-defined inputs.

4. **Output**: An algorithm must produce at least one output that is related to the given inputs.

5. **Effectiveness**: The operations described in the algorithm should be basic enough to be executed usin

6. **Generality**: The algorithm should solve a class of problems, not just a single problem.

**Example of an Algorithm**:

Algorithm to find the sum of two numbers:

1. **Start**.

2. Input two numbers, say `a` and `b`.

3. Calculate the sum of `a` and `b` using the formula: `sum = a + b`.

4. Display the result, i.e., `sum`.

5. **Stop**.

**Detailed Explanation**:

Let us consider two numbers, for instance, `a = 10` and `b = 20`. By following the above steps, the algorithm

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### Question 2: Define flowchart? Draw the flowchart for finding the maximum number of three numbers.

**Flowchart**: A flowchart is a visual representation of the sequence of steps involved in solving a problem

**Advantages of Flowcharts**:

1. **Clarity**: Flowcharts simplify complex processes and make them easy to understand.

2. **Debugging**: Errors can be identified quickly by following the flow.

3. **Documentation**: They serve as documentation for processes, useful for maintenance and updates.

4. **Efficient Communication**: Flowcharts act as a universal language for developers and non-technical st

**Flowchart for Finding the Maximum of Three Numbers**:

1. Input three numbers: `a`, `b`, and `c`.

2. Compare `a` with `b` and check if `a > b`.

- If true, compare `a` with `c` to decide the maximum.

- If false, compare `b` with `c`.

3. Output the maximum number.

**Detailed Steps**:

- Start the process.

- Read inputs `a`, `b`, and `c`.

- Use the decision symbol (diamond) to check conditions.

- If the condition `a > b` is true, check `a > c`. If true, `a` is the maximum.

- If the condition `a > b` is false, check `b > c`. If true, `b` is the maximum; otherwise, `c` is the maximum.

- Output the maximum value and stop.

**Flowchart Representation**:

(Include a diagram of the flowchart in the final document.)

### Question 3: Explain the steps for writing, compiling, executing a C program.

Writing, compiling, and executing a C program involves multiple steps, each crucial to ensure the program

1. **Writing the Code**:

- Write the C code in a text editor such as Visual Studio Code, Turbo C, Code::Blocks, or any other IDE.

- Save the file with the extension `.c` (e.g., `example.c`).

- Ensure that the program follows the syntax and logical structure of the C language. For instance:

```c

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

printf("Hello, World!\n");

return 0;

```

2. **Compiling the Code**:

- The compilation process translates the source code into machine-readable object code.

- Use a C compiler like GCC or Turbo C. For example, to compile a file named `example.c`, use the comm

```bash

gcc example.c -o example

```

- The `-o` flag specifies the name of the output executable file.

- If there are syntax errors or warnings, the compiler will highlight them, and they need to be fixed before

3. **Linking**:
 - The compiler links necessary libraries with the object code to create an executable file.

- This step is handled automatically by modern compilers.

4. **Executing the Program**:

- Run the compiled executable file. For instance, if the output file is named `example`, run it as follows:

```bash

./example

```

- The program output will be displayed in the terminal or command prompt.

5. **Debugging and Testing**:

- Debug the program for logical errors using debugging tools like `gdb`.

- Test the program with various inputs to ensure it produces the expected results.

**Detailed Example**:

Consider writing a program to calculate the sum of two numbers:

```c

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int a, b, sum;

printf("Enter two numbers: ");

scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

sum = a + b;

printf("Sum: %d\n", sum);

return 0;

```
After writing, compile the program with `gcc` and run the executable to see the output.

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### Question 4: Explain the history of C language.

**History of C Language**:

The C programming language is one of the most widely used and influential programming languages in his

1. **Origin and Development**:

- **1960s**: The development of C can be traced back to the creation of ALGOL, a language designed fo

- **1967**: Martin Richards developed BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), which influence

- **1970**: Ken Thompson developed the B language at Bell Labs as a simplified version of BCPL. B was

- **1972**: Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs developed the C language, building upon B and adding data types

2. **Standardization**:

- **1978**: The first book on C, "The C Programming Language" by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie,

- **1989**: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standardized C, resulting in ANSI C (C89).

- **1990**: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) adopted ANSI C, leading to C90.

- **1999**: A new standard, C99, introduced several new features, including inline functions and variable-

- **2011**: The C11 standard added multi-threading support and improved Unicode capabilities.

3. **Modern Usage**:

- C remains highly relevant due to its performance and efficiency. It is used in operating systems, embedd

- C's influence can be seen in many modern languages, including C++, Java, and Python.

**Why C is Important**:

C provides direct access to memory and hardware, making it ideal for system-level programming. Its portab
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# Unit-2

(Placeholder content for Unit-2; detailed answers will follow.)

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# Unit-3

(Placeholder content for Unit-3; detailed answers will follow.)