Deployment Architecture

1. Introduction
This deployment architecture document outlines the technical design and flow of the enterprise
application deployment. The architecture consists of multiple layers that interact with each other to
provide a seamless, efficient, and secure user experience. Each department and layer has distinct
roles that enable the system to scale, perform optimally, and ensure data security while providing
robust observability.

2. Presentation Layer
Components:
2.1 Mobile App
The mobile application acts as the primary user interface for mobile users. Built using frameworks
like Flutter or React Native, the app communicates with the backend through REST APIs or GraphQL
to handle user interactions. The app may also use local storage for caching and offline capabilities,
interacting with services like Firebase or SQLite for mobile persistence.

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2.2 External Stakeholders

These are external users or systems that interact with the application via web browsers, APIs, or
third-party services. Access to backend systems might be through OAuth-enabled login mechanisms,
API keys, or JWT tokens.

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2.3 Call Centre
The call centre interface allows human operators to interact with users, often through a web portal
that integrates with backend services. This system may use webhooks or WebSocket for real-time
communication and ensures that customer inquiries are efficiently processed.

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2.4 Chatbot
Automated systems like chatbots interact with users to handle customer queries and guide them
through services. Built on platforms like DialogFlow or Microsoft Bot Framework, chatbots are
integrated with the backend for personalized responses, triggering processes via APIs.

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2.5 Print and Dispatch

This component is used for generating physical documents or notifications for users, such as printed
PAN cards or invoices. It typically integrates with a Document Management System (DMS) or Print
Server, which triggers API requests to initiate printing and dispatching.

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Role: The Presentation Layer serves as the user interface for the system. It acts as the gateway
through which users interact with the backend systems, ensuring communication between the user’s
actions and the processing system through the API Department. This layer serves external
stakeholders like customers, call centres, and automated systems like chatbots.

Flow:

1. User Request: User actions, such as submitting a form, initiating a transaction, or requesting
information, are routed from the Presentation Layer to the API Department.
2. Response: Once the backend processes the user’s request, the results or processed data are
sent back to the Presentation Layer for delivery to the user, either through the mobile app, web
interface, call center interface, or any other front-end channel.

3. API Department
Components:

3.1 Microservices
Microservices in the API Department are small, independent services that manage discrete business
functionalities. These services are loosely coupled and can scale independently. Typically developed
in Node.js, Java Spring Boot, or Python, these services interact via RESTful APIs or gRPC and are
containerized for efficient deployment.

3.2 Authentication
A crucial component of the API Department, it ensures secure access by validating user credentials
and permissions. This is typically implemented using OAuth2, JWT (JSON Web Tokens), or LDAP for
role-based access control (RBAC).

3.3 Session Token Management

This manages the session lifecycle of users, including session creation, expiration, and invalidation.
Redis or Memcached can be used for storing temporary session tokens, ensuring fast lookups and
preventing session hijacking.

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Role: The API Department acts as the mediator between the frontend (Presentation Layer) and
various backend services. It handles user requests, authentication, and ensures secure, efficient
communication with other layers, including data services and storage.

Flow:

1. Inbound Requests: The API Department receives and processes user requests from the
Presentation Layer.
2. Outbound Requests: It communicates with the Data Service Department for analytics or
processed data, with the Data Storage Department for raw or structured data, and with the API
Services Department for search, caching, and messaging.
3. Response Flow: The API Department collates the responses from various services and sends
them back to the Presentation Layer to deliver the results to the user.

4. Data Service Department

Components:

4.1 BI Engine
The Business Intelligence (BI) Engine processes data for generating reports, visualizations, and
insights. Tools like Power BI, Tableau, or Looker are often used to generate dashboards and run
complex queries against large datasets.

4.2 AI Engine (Analytics)

The AI Engine leverages machine learning (ML) models for predictive analytics, clustering, or
anomaly detection. Built on frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, or Scikit-Learn, it processes both
structured (e.g., SQL) and unstructured data (e.g., logs or sensor data) to offer business insights.

4.3 Blob Storage

Blob Storage (such as Azure Blob Storage or Amazon S3) is used for storing large unstructured data
like files, logs, images, and videos. It is highly scalable and cost-effective for massive data storage,
often integrated with other services for data processing.

4.4 Audit Logging

This component logs every critical transaction, user action, or system event to meet compliance and
security standards. Typically implemented using services like the ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash,
and Kibana), logs are processed, stored, and indexed for future querying and analysis.

4.5 Indexing
The indexing service optimizes search capabilities, making it easier and faster to retrieve data.
Elasticsearch or Apache Solr is commonly used for indexing large datasets, ensuring fast search
operations and data retrieval.
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Role: The Data Service Department processes raw data for analytics, reporting, and intelligent
decision-making. This department ensures that data is handled efficiently, enabling the business to
leverage insights, audit logs, and real-time processing.

Flow:

1. Data Input: Data is pulled from the Data Storage Department, which includes both raw and
structured data.
2. Data Processing: The department performs various tasks like logging, indexing, and running
analytics (using the BI Engine and AI Engine).
3. Data Output: The processed data is sent back to the API Department or directly to the API
Services Department, such as for fast querying via ElasticSearch.

5. Data Storage Department

Components:

5.1 Data Lake

A Data Lake (e.g., Hadoop, Amazon S3) is a centralized repository for raw and unstructured data. It
stores large volumes of data in its native format, allowing analytics and machine learning models to
be built on top of it. It integrates with tools like Apache Spark for distributed data processing.
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5.2 Master Data

Master Data is the central source of truth for critical business entities such as customers, products,
and transactions. Stored in a relational database (SQL), it ensures consistency across the enterprise
by maintaining a single version of authoritative data.

5.3 Transaction Data

Transaction Data refers to operational data generated through user actions, financial transactions, or
business processes. This data is often stored in SQL databases (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL) to support
fast inserts, updates, and queries.

5.4 Session Data

This data stores session-related information, such as user activity and states during interactions.
Often stored in NoSQL databases like Redis for fast retrieval and in-memory processing, it helps
manage real-time user sessions.

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5.5 Aadhaar Vault & PAN Vault
These components store highly sensitive data, including Aadhaar (an Indian biometric identity
system) and PAN (Permanent Account Number) details. Data is encrypted at rest and subject to strict
regulatory compliance requirements.

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Role: The Data Storage Department is responsible for securely and efficiently storing all types of
data used by the application, ranging from raw data to highly sensitive data. This department uses
secure and scalable storage systems to ensure availability, integrity, and compliance.

Flow:

1. Inbound Requests: The department receives queries from the API Department or Data Service
Department for required data.
2. Outbound Data: The requested data is provided to other departments for further processing or
direct use.

6. API Services Department

Components:

6.1 ElasticSearch
ElasticSearch is a real-time search and analytics engine designed for scalability. It allows for fast
indexing and retrieval of data, typically used for search functionalities and logging analysis. It
integrates with Logstash for data collection and Kibana for data visualization.

6.2 Redis (Caching)

Redis is an in-memory data store used for caching frequently accessed data to improve
performance. Redis enables quick access to data, reducing the load on databases and improving
system responsiveness.

6.3 Kafka (Message Broker)

Kafka is a distributed messaging system that enables real-time event streaming and messaging
between microservices. Kafka decouples service communication, ensuring reliable, scalable, and
asynchronous message delivery. It is used for event-driven architectures, stream processing, and
integrating with other systems.
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Role: The API Services Department is tasked with optimizing system performance by providing
services for fast search, caching, and asynchronous messaging. It works to improve overall user
experience and system efficiency.

Flow:

1. Search: When search queries are made, ElasticSearch retrieves indexed data from the Data
Service Department or directly from the Data Storage Department, ensuring low-latency
querying.
2. Caching: Frequently accessed data is stored in Redis for faster retrieval by the API Department,
reducing load times and improving response times.
3. Messaging: Kafka acts as the message broker, facilitating reliable communication between
microservices and ensuring asynchronous message processing across departments.

7. Integration Department
Components:

7.1 Internal Entities

Systems like ITBA, CPC-ITR, and CPC-TDS represent internal systems or services that interact with the
application. These systems process data internally and exchange it with external systems via APIs.

7.2 External Entities

External systems, such as SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India), MCA (Ministry of Corporate
Affairs), and DigiLocker, are third-party systems that provide data or require data from the
application. APIs manage communication between the internal systems and external data sources.
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Role: The Integration Department manages communication and data exchange between internal
systems (e.g., ITBA, CPC-ITR, CPC-TDS) and external systems (e.g., SEBI, MCA, DigiLocker). It ensures
smooth data flow through standardized API integrations.

Flow:

1. Data Exchange: The department relies on the API Department to route and process requests for
integration with both internal and external systems.
2. Internal and External Communication: Data is exchanged with the Data Storage Department
and API Services Department through APIs to maintain data consistency and streamline
communication across multiple systems.

8. Infrastructure Layer
Components:
8.1 Infrastructure Services
Provides the foundational compute, network, and storage resources for all application layers.
Typically hosted on cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud, it ensures the availability and
scalability of resources.
8.2 Routing Services
Manages network traffic and ensures efficient routing of requests across different layers and
components. This could include API Gateways or Load Balancers like NGINX or HAProxy.

8.3 Infra Security

Secures the infrastructure by controlling access to network resources, implementing firewall rules,
encryption, and applying security patches. Tools like Terraform or Ansible can automate
infrastructure provisioning and security management.

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Role: The Infrastructure Layer provides the fundamental compute, storage, and network resources
that support all other layers. It ensures secure operations for sensitive data (e.g., Aadhaar/PAN
Vaults) and provides the necessary infrastructure for dynamic scaling and high availability.

Flow:

1. Resource Provisioning: It supports the deployment of the CaaS Layer for container orchestration
and handles provisioning for containers and backend services.
2. Secure Operations: The infrastructure layer supports the secure operation of sensitive data,
including managing access controls and encrypting data.
9. CaaS (Container as a Service) Layer
Components:

9.1 Container Orchestration

(Kubernetes/OpenShift)
Manages the deployment, scaling, and operations of containerized applications. Kubernetes and
OpenShift ensure that containers run in a highly available and fault-tolerant manner, handling auto-
scaling and load balancing.

9.2 Cluster Management

Handles the orchestration of container clusters, ensuring that resources are allocated efficiently and
containers are distributed across the infrastructure.

9.3 Container Security

Implements security policies for containers, including network segmentation, image scanning, and
runtime security using tools like Aqua Security or Kubernetes Network Policies.

9.4 Microservices Mesh

A service mesh like Istio or Linkerd is used for managing microservice-to-microservice
communication, traffic management, load balancing, and security within the containerized
environment.

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Role: The CaaS Layer is responsible for running and managing containerized workloads such as
microservices and APIs. It leverages Kubernetes or OpenShift for container orchestration, ensuring
that the system is scalable, fault-tolerant, and highly available.

Flow:

1. Workload Deployment: The CaaS Layer receives workloads provisioned by the Infrastructure
Layer and handles their deployment to Kubernetes/OpenShift clusters.
2. Microservices Communication: It ensures that inter-service communication is managed
efficiently via a Microservices Mesh, ensuring security and scalability.

10. PaaS (Platform as a Service) Layer

Components:

10.1 Runtime
The platform provides the runtime environment for deploying and running applications. It abstracts
infrastructure complexity, enabling developers to focus on application logic.

10.2 Application Services

Includes databases, messaging, and caching services that support applications deployed on the
platform, offering scalability and fault tolerance.

Role: The PaaS Layer provides an abstraction over the underlying infrastructure to simplify
application deployment. It abstracts the complexities of the CaaS Layer and enables quick
application deployment, scaling, and management.

Flow: Applications hosted on the PaaS Layer communicate seamlessly with the API Department and
other backend services, ensuring that business logic and services are executed efficiently.

11. Observability and Monitoring Layer

Components:

11.1 Centralized Logging (ELK Stack -

Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana)
 Elasticsearch is a distributed search engine that allows logs to be indexed and searched
efficiently. It provides powerful search capabilities and the ability to perform aggregations on log
data.
 Logstash is responsible for collecting, processing, and forwarding log data from various services
and components. It parses and filters logs to ensure consistency and structure before sending
them to Elasticsearch.
 Kibana is the visualization component of the ELK stack. It provides a dashboard for viewing logs
and metrics. Kibana allows administrators and DevOps teams to query, analyze, and visualize
logs in real-time, making it easier to identify issues and trends.

Flow:
Logs from various components of the architecture, including APIs, microservices, and infrastructure,
are sent to Logstash for processing. Processed logs are indexed in Elasticsearch, and administrators
can view and analyze them through Kibana.

11.2 Centralized Monitoring (Prometheus,

Grafana)
 Prometheus is a powerful, open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit designed for reliability
and scalability. It collects and stores metrics from various sources, including microservices,
containers, and databases. Prometheus uses a time-series database and provides querying
capabilities using PromQL.
 Grafana is a data visualization tool that integrates with Prometheus to present real-time metrics
and performance data through customizable dashboards. It allows the monitoring of key metrics
like CPU usage, memory consumption, latency, and error rates, providing a real-time view of
system performance.

Flow:
Prometheus scrapes metrics from application services, infrastructure components, and
containerized environments (e.g., Kubernetes). These metrics are stored in Prometheus' time-series
database. Grafana is used to visualize this data on dashboards, allowing teams to monitor health,
performance, and identify trends over time.

11.3 Error Tracking

 Error tracking tools (such as Sentry, Rollbar, or New Relic) are used to capture runtime errors or
unhandled exceptions in applications. These tools provide detailed insights into errors, including
stack traces, user session details, and the impact of each error on the system.
 Error tracking allows teams to prioritize and address issues based on their severity, frequency,
and impact on end users.

Role: The Observability and Monitoring Layer provides tools for logging, monitoring, and tracking
system performance, errors, and health across all layers. This layer is critical for maintaining uptime,
troubleshooting, and ensuring smooth operation.

Flow:

1. Data Input: Logs and performance metrics are collected from all components and services across
the architecture.
2. Alerting: Alerts are triggered for performance issues or errors, notifying administrators to take
corrective action. Prometheus and Grafana provide real-time monitoring, while ELK Stack helps
with log aggregation and analysis.

12.0 Deployment Flow Overview

The Deployment Flow Overview outlines the end-to-end process by which requests from users are
handled through various layers of the architecture, from user interaction all the way to backend
processing and response generation. This flow is designed to ensure that the system operates
efficiently, scales with demand, and delivers responses with minimal latency.
12.1 User Interaction
Flow:

 Users interact with the Presentation Layer, which includes mobile apps, web portals, and
interfaces like call centers or chatbots. They make requests, such as querying information or
initiating a service (e.g., submitting a PAN application, requesting a document).
 The Presentation Layer captures these user requests and forwards them to the API
Department for processing.

Key Technologies Involved:

 Frontend frameworks (e.g., Next.js, Flutter, React Native).

 APIs for user interactions (REST, GraphQL).
 Authentication protocols (OAuth, JWT).

12.2 API Layer Processing:

Flow:

 The API Department is responsible for managing incoming requests from users. It first
performs authentication (ensuring the user is authorized to make the request) and session
token management (validating the user’s active session).
 After validating the user, the API Layer decides the routing logic and sends requests to
appropriate backend components, including Data Services, Data Storage, or Integration.
 The API layer can perform security checks, data validation, and additional business logic
before forwarding the request.

Key Technologies Involved:

 Microservices for business logic processing.

 Authentication mechanisms like JWT, OAuth2, and Session Tokens.
 API Gateways for managing traffic routing and policy enforcement.

12.3 Backend Interactions

Flow:

 Once the request is routed from the API Department, backend services such as Data Service
Department or API Services Department process the request. The Data Service Department
may perform analytics or retrieve data from the Data Storage Department, while the API
Services Department handles search queries, caching, and messaging between
microservices.
 The Kafka Message Broker ensures that backend components can communicate
asynchronously, making the system resilient and scalable.

Key Technologies Involved:

 Data Service Engines for business intelligence and analytics (e.g., BI Engine, AI Engine).
 ElasticSearch for fast search and query.
 Redis for caching, improving response times.
 Kafka for reliable messaging between services.
12.4 Optimized Services
Flow:

 For optimized performance, ElasticSearch handles complex queries for fast data retrieval.
Redis ensures that frequently accessed data (e.g., user session details) is readily available
without hitting the database.
 This layer also ensures high availability and resilience by utilizing technologies like load
balancers and auto-scaling containers for better resource utilization.

Key Technologies Involved:

 ElasticSearch for query optimization.

 Redis for caching data.
 Kafka for asynchronous message processing.
 Load Balancers for distributing traffic evenly across services.

12.5 Infrastructure Automation

Flow:

 The system utilizes infrastructure automation tools such as Terraform or Ansible to provision
and manage the infrastructure. This includes dynamic scaling of compute and storage
resources based on the demand or workload.
 As demand increases, the system automatically provisions more containers or backend
services to handle the extra load, ensuring high availability.

Key Technologies Involved:

 Kubernetes or OpenShift for container orchestration.

 Terraform/Ansible for infrastructure as code.
 Auto-scaling to handle traffic spikes.

12.6 Observability
Flow:

 Throughout the entire deployment flow, Prometheus monitors and collects performance
metrics for infrastructure components, microservices, and containers.
 Grafana visualizes these metrics in real-time dashboards, allowing administrators to identify
bottlenecks or failures.
 Centralized logging through the ELK stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) enables logs to be
captured from every service, providing detailed insights into the state of the application.
 Alerting mechanisms notify administrators about issues like high latency, high error rates, or
resource exhaustion.

Key Technologies Involved:

 Prometheus for metrics collection.

  Grafana for real-time monitoring dashboards.
 ELK Stack for log aggregation and analysis.
 Alerting using tools like Prometheus Alert manager or Slack integrations.

12.7 Integration
Flow:

 The Integration Department ensures data exchange between internal and external systems
(e.g., SEBI, MCA, Digi Locker). It relies on the API Department to facilitate communication
and ensure secure data transfer between various entities.
 Data is exchanged through API calls that are routed through the API services and backend
systems to ensure accurate and timely updates.

Key Technologies Involved:

 API Gateway for secure routing of requests.

 Internal and External APIs for data exchange.
 Secure integration protocols like OAuth for authentication and authorization.

13. Conclusion
This deployment architecture is designed to ensure a robust, scalable, secure, and high-performance
system. By leveraging modular layers, containerization, and dynamic scaling, the architecture
ensures that all components function together seamlessly. Continuous observability, automated
monitoring, and comprehensive logging ensure that system reliability and performance remain
optimal at all times.