NUMBER SYSTEMS AND DATA

REPRESENTATIONS
ENCFAP1L – COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND PROGRAMMING (LAB)
SECTION MEC211
TERM 1, AY 2021-2022
OVERVIEW
• Understanding number systems
• Decimal Numbers
• Binary Numbers
• Octal Numbers
• Hexadecimal Numbers

• Conversion of the Number System

• Exercise

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THE NUMBER SYSTEM
DECIMAL, BINARY, OCTAL, AND HEXADECIMAL

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UNDERSTANDING NUMBER SYSTEM

• The radix, or base, of a number system is the total number of unique symbols
available in that system.

• The largest valued symbol always has a magnitude of one less than the radix.

Radix or base
102
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DECIMAL NUMBERS

• Decimal notation is the writing of numbers in base-10 numeral system which

uses various symbols (called digits) for 10 distinct values (digits 0 to 9) to
represent numbers.

• The digits are often used with a decimal separator which indicates the start of
a fractional part, and with one of the sign symbols plus (+) or minus (-) to
indicate signs.
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DECIMAL NUMBERS

• The decimal system is a positional numeral system; it has positions for units,
tens, hundreds, etc.

• The position of each digit conveys the multiplier (a power of 10) to be used
with that digit – each position has a value ten times that of the position to its
right.

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BINARY NUMBERS

• Binary numbers was studied by Gottfried Leibniz in 1679.

• The binary system works in exactly the same way, except that its place value
is based on the number 2.

• In the binary system, the places are named as: one’s place, two’s place, four’s
place, eight’s place, sixteen’s place, and so on.
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BINARY NUMBERS

• Each place in the number represents two times the place to its right.

• The binary number system has a radix or base of 2, composed of 0 and 1

symbols.

Radix or base
01012
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BINARY NUMBERS
Decimal Binary • Example: digit 10, 1010
0 0000
1 0001
8 + 2 = 10
2 0010
3 0011
8 4 2 1
4 0100 1010
5 0101
6 0110 • Considering the digits that has a
7 0111 value of 1 and adding its number
8 1000 marker on the top of each digit.
9 1001
10 1010

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OCTAL NUMBERS

• The octal number system has a radix or base of 8. Octal numbers are
composed of eight symbols: digits 0 to 7.

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 Decimal Hexadecimal
0 0
1 1
HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS 2 2
3 3
4 4
• The hexadecimal number system has 5 5

a radix or base of 16. 6 6

7 7
8 8
9 9
10 A
11 B
12 C
13 D
14 E
15 F
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CONVERSION OF NUMBER SYSTEMS
BINARY TO DECIMAL, OCTAL, AND HEXADECIMAL

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BINARY TO DECIMAL – CONCEPT

• Remember that binary numbers are based on the radix of 2 while decimal
numbers are based on the radix of 10.

• Remember also that binary numbers are only represented by 1s and 0s.

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BINARY TO DECIMAL – STEPS

1. Place a number marker on top of the given digits, starting from 0 up to the
last given digits – starting from the right to determine the exponent to use.
2. Consider all 1s in the given digits and multiply it with the base number (2
for binary) and raise it to the exponent of the number which corresponds to
its number marker.

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BINARY TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 1
Place the number
• Convert 1010102 to decimal10. marker on the top of
the given digits,
starting from the right,
1010102 = ? 10 starting from 0 up to
543210 the last given digit on
= 101010 the left.

= (1*25)+(1*23)+(1*21)
1010102 = 4210

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BINARY TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 2
Place the number
• Convert 1001102 to decimal10. marker on the top of
the given digits,
starting from the right,
1001102 = ? 10 starting from 0 up to
543210 the last given digit on
= 100110 the left.

= (1*25)+(1*22)+(1*21)
1001102 = 3810

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BINARY TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 3
Place the number
• Convert 0110012 to decimal10. marker on the top of
the given digits,
starting from the right,
0110012 = ? 10 starting from 0 up to
543210 the last given digit on
= 011001 the left.

= (1*24)+(1*23)+(1*20)
0110012 = 2510

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 Negative signs for
numbers represent that
BINARY TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 4 the number is placed as
a decimal value. After
the decimal point, the
symbols will start from
• Convert 101.012 to decimal10 -1 and so on.

101.012 = ? 10
2 1 0 -1 -2
= 101.01
= (1*22)+(1*20)+(1*2-2)
101.012 = 5.2510

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 Negative signs for
numbers represent that
BINARY TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 5 the number is placed as
a decimal value. After
the decimal point, the
symbols will start from
• Convert 110.102 to decimal10 -1 and so on.

110.102 = ? 10
2 1 0 -1 -2
= 110.10
= (1*22)+(1*21)+(1*2-1)
110.102 = 6.5010

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 Negative signs for
numbers represent that
BINARY TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 6 the number is placed as
a decimal value. After
the decimal point, the
symbols will start from
• Convert 011.012 to decimal10 -1 and so on.

011.102 = ? 10
2 1 0 -1 -2
= 011.10
= (1*21)+(1*20)+(1*2-1)
011.102 = 3.5010

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BINARY TO OCTAL – CONCEPT

• Since 1 octal digit is equivalent to 3 binary digits, just group 3 binary digits
from the least significant bit (right side).
• Append 0 to the most significant bit (left side) if the grouping does not have
enough to form 3 binary digits. You must complete the 3-group digit.
• If you will be having a fraction (decimal point), append 0 to the least
significant bit (right side) of the given digits to complete the grouping of 3
bits.
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BINARY TO OCTAL – STEPS

1. Group the given digits into 3 starting from the right side.
2. If the grouping is not complete, place 0 to complete the grouping.
3. Once you have grouped it into 3 digits, convert the binary digits into
decimal values following the concepts on converting binary to decimal. Start
converting from the right side.

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BINARY TO OCTAL – EXAMPLE 7
Add 0 to the left, to
complete the grouping.

• Convert 11010102 to octal8. Simply add the number

markers considering the
11010102 = ?8 binary digits that has 1 on it.
3rd group 2nd group 1st group
= 001 101 010
421 421 421
= 001 101 010
= 1 5 28
11010102 = 1528

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BINARY TO OCTAL – EXAMPLE 8
Add 0 to the left, to
complete the grouping.

• Convert 1101.012 to octal8. Simply add the number

markers considering the
1101.012 = ?8 binary digits that has 1 on it.
3rd group 2nd group 1st group
= 001 101 . 010
421 421 421
= 001 101 . 010
= 1 5 . 28
1101.012 = 15.28

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BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL – CONCEPT

• Since 1 hexadecimal digit is equivalent to 4 binary digits, just group 4

binary digits starting from the least significant bit (right side).
• Append 0 to the most significant bit (left side) to complete the grouping of 4
digits.
• If you will be having a fraction (decimal point), append 0 to the least
significant bit (right side) of the given digits to complete the grouping of 4
bits.
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BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL – STEPS

1. Group the given digits into 4 starting from the right side.
2. If the grouping is not complete, place 0 to complete the grouping.
3. Once you have grouped it into 4 digits, convert the binary digits into
decimal values following the concepts on converting binary to decimal. Start
converting from the right side.

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BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL – EXAMPLE 9
Add 0 to the left, to
complete the grouping.

• Convert 11010102 to hexadecimal16. Simply add the number

markers considering the
11010102 = ?16 binary digits that has 1 on it.
2nd group 1st group
= 0110 1010
8421 8421
= 0110 1010
= 6 1016
11010102 = 6A16

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BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL– EXAMPLE 10
Add 0 to the left, to
complete the grouping.

• Convert 1101.012 to hexadecimal16.

1101.012 = ?16
3rd group 2nd group 1st group
= 1101 . 0100
8421 8421
Simply add the number
= 1101 . 0100 markers considering the
binary digits that has 1 on it.
= 13 . 48
1101.012 = D.416

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BINARY TO DECIMAL, OCTAL, HEXADECIMAL
TRY THIS “DO IT YOURSELF” EXERCISES! ☺

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EXERCISE – DO IT YOURSELVES!
1. Convert the following binary numbers 3. Convert the following binary
to octal.
numbers to decimal.
• 111110110
• 1000001 • 111110110
• 10000010 • 1000001
• 1100010 • 10000010
• 10011001.0101010111
• 1100010
2. Convert the following binary numbers • 10011001.0101010111
to hex.
• 10101001
• 11100111 • Write your answers in a yellow or A4
• 01101110 sheet of paper. You may open your notes
• 01121111
but you should work individually.
• 10011001.0101010111

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CONVERSION OF NUMBER SYSTEMS
DECIMAL TO BINARY, OCTAL, AND HEXADECIMAL

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DECIMAL TO BINARY – STEPS

1. Divide the given decimal number with the base number you are converting it
to. In this case, by 2.
2. Whatever the answer you will get in the division will be divided again with
the base 2 until you cannot be divided anymore.
3. The remainder that you will get for each division will be considered as your
final converted answer.

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DECIMAL TO BINARY – EXAMPLE 11 Remainder of the division will
only have 2 values since it is in
base 2, meaning you can only
have 1 or 0 as remainder.
• Convert 610 to binary2.
610 = ?2 = 1102
remainder
= 6/2 0
remainder In reading, the
= 3/2 1 answer, you
remainder read it upward.
= 1/2 1
= 0/2 (cannot be!)

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DECIMAL TO BINARY – EXAMPLE 12 You will be multiplying only the
decimal numbers with base 2
until you reach 0 in the decimal
place.
• Convert 6.62510 to binary2.
6.62510 = ?2 = 110.1012
= 0.625*2 1
In reading, the
Consider the fractional part = 1.25*2 0 answer, you
only for the next division. The read it
converted answer will be the = 0.50*2 1 downward.
whole value part of the answer.
= 1.0 Stop the process
here, decimal
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DECIMAL TO OCTAL – STEPS

1. Divide the given decimal number with the base number you are converting it
to. In this case, by 8.
2. Whatever the answer you will get in the division will be divided again with
the base 8 until you cannot be divided anymore.
3. The remainder that you will get for each division will be considered as your
final converted answer.

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DECIMAL TO OCTAL – EXAMPLE 13
Remainder of the division will
only have 0-7 values since it is
• Convert 6610 to octal8. in base 8.

6610 = ?8 = 1028
remainder
= 66/8 2
remainder In reading, the
= 8/8 0 answer, you
remainder read it upward.
= 1/8 1
= 0/8 (cannot be!)

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DECIMAL TO OCTAL – EXAMPLE 14 You will be multiplying only the
decimal numbers with base 8
until you reach 0 in the decimal
place.
• Convert 66.62510 to octal8.
66.62510 = ?8 = 102.58
= 0.625*8
In reading, the
= 5.0 Stop the process 5 answer, you
here, decimal read it
place already 0. downward.

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DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL – STEPS

1. Divide the given decimal number with the base number you are converting it
to. In this case, by 16.
2. Whatever the answer you will get in the division will be divided again with
the base 16 until you cannot be divided anymore.
3. The remainder that you will get for each division will be considered as your
final converted answer.

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DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL – EXAMPLE 15
Remainder of the division will
only have 0-9 and A-F values
• Convert 28610 to hexadecimal16. since it is in base 16.

28610 = ?16 = 11E16

remainder In reading, the
= 286/16 14 answer, you
remainder
read it upward.
= 17/16 1 The value 14
remainder should be
= 1/16 1 converted to
hexadecimal
= 0/16 (cannot be!) format.

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DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL – EXAMPLE 16
You will be multiplying only the
decimal numbers with base 16
• Convert 286.62510 to hexadecimal16. until you reach 0 in the decimal
place.
286.62510 = ?16 = 11E.A16
= 0.625*16
In reading, the
= 10.0 Stop the process 10 answer, you
here, decimal read it
place already 0. downward.

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DECIMAL TO BINARY, OCTAL, HEXADECIMAL
TRY THIS “DO IT YOURSELF” EXERCISES! ☺

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EXERCISE – DO IT YOURSELVES!

1. Convert the following

decimal numbers to binary,
• Write your answers in a yellow sheet
octal, and hexadecimal.
of paper, write your name, section,
• 50210 • 32710
and date. Show your complete
• 6510 • 67010
solution and write legibly.
• 13010 • 1347.0610
• 9810 • 202.05910
• 153.34310 • 27.310

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CONVERSION OF NUMBER SYSTEMS
OCTAL TO DECIMAL, BINARY, AND HEXADECIMAL

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OCTAL TO DECIMAL – STEPS

1. Place a number marker on top of the given digits, starting from 0 up to the
last given digit – starting from the right to determine the exponent to use.
2. Consider all the given digits and multiply it with the base number (8 for
octal) and raise it to the exponent of the number which corresponds to its
number marker.

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OCTAL TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 17
Place the number
• Convert 7618 to decimal10. marker on the top of
the given digits,
starting from the right,
7618 = ? 10 starting from 0 up to
2 1 0 the last given digit on
= 761 the left.

= (7*82)+(6*81)+(1*80)
7618 = 49710

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OCTAL TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 18
Place the number
• Convert 761.158 to decimal10. marker on the top of
the given digits,
starting from the right,
761.158 = ? 10 starting from 0 up to
2 1 0 -1 -2 the last given digit on
= 761.15 the left.

= (7*82)+(6*81)+(1*80)+(1*8-1)+(5*8-2)

761.158 = 497.20312510

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OCTAL TO BINARY – STEPS

1. Convert each of the given octal number by simply using the concept of
4,2,1.
2. Place a binary 1 to correspond the given octal number.

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OCTAL TO BINARY – EXAMPLE 19
Simply add the number markers
considering the binary digits
that has 1 on it, to get the octal
• Convert 7618 to binary2. number given.

7618 = ?2
convert 4 2 1
= 7 111
convert 4 2 1
= 6 110
convert 4 2 1
= 1 001
= 111 110 0012

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OCTAL TO BINARY – EXAMPLE 20
Simply add the number markers
considering the binary digits
• Convert 761.258 to binary2. that has 1 on it, to get the octal
number given.
761.258 = ?2

4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1
= 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1. 0 1 0 1 0 1
7 6 1 . 2 5
= 111 110 001.0101012

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OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL – STEPS

1. Convert each of the given octal number in binary by considering each given
digits and represent it in binary using the concept of 4,2,1.
2. Once it is binary, that’s the time you convert the binary to hexadecimal by
grouping it into 4.

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OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL – EXAMPLE 21
Simply add the number markers
considering the binary digits
• Convert 7618 to hexadecimal16. that has 1 on it, to get the octal
number given.
7618 = ?16

4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1
= 111110001
7 6 1
= 0001 1111 0001 = 1F116

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OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL – EXAMPLE 22
Simply add the number markers
considering the binary digits
• Convert 761.758 to hexadecimal16. that has 1 on it, to get the octal
number given.
761.758 = ?16

4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1
= 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1. 1 1 1 1 0 1
7 6 1 . 7 5
= 0001 1111 0001.1111 0100
= 1F1.F416

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CONVERSION OF NUMBER SYSTEM
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY, OCTAL, AND DECIMAL

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HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY – STEPS

• Since 1 hexadecimal digit is equal to 4 binary digits, just convert the

individual hexadecimal digit into 4 binary digit using the concept of 8,4,2,1
number markers.

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HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY – EXAMPLE 23
Simply add the number markers
considering the binary digits
that has 1 on it, to get the octal
• Convert 7AE316 to binary2. number given.

7AE316 = ?2
convert 8 4 2 1
= 7 0111
convert 8 4 2 1
= A 1010
convert 8 4 2 1
= E 1110
convert 8 4 2 1
= 3 0011
= 0111 1010 1110 00112

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HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY – EXAMPLE 24
Simply add the number markers
considering the binary digits
that has 1 on it, to get the octal
• Convert 7AE.316 to binary2. number given.

7AE.316 = ?2
convert 8 4 2 1
= 7 0111
convert 8 4 2 1
= A 1010
convert 8 4 2 1
= E 1110
convert 8 4 2 1
= 3 0011
= 0111 1010 1110 . 00112

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HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL – STEPS

1. Convert the hexadecimal digits in binary by considering each given digits.

2. Once converted to binary, group the binary into 3 using the concept of
4,2,1.

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HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL – EXAMPLE 25
Simply add the number markers
considering the binary digits
that has 1 on it, to get the octal
• Convert 7AE316 to octal8. number given.

7AE316 = ?8
convert 8 4 2 1
= 7 0111
convert 8 4 2 1
= A 1010
convert 8 4 2 1
= E 1110
convert 8 4 2 1
= 3 0011
= 0111 1010 1110 00112

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HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL – EXAMPLE 25

• Convert 7AE316 to octal8.

7AE316 = 0111 1010 1110 0011
= 0 111 101 011 100 011
= 7 5 3 4 3
= 753438

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HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL – EXAMPLE 26
Simply add the number markers
considering the binary digits
that has 1 on it, to get the octal
• Convert 7AE.316 to octal8. number given.

7AE.316 = ?8
convert 8 4 2 1
= 7 0111
convert 8 4 2 1
= A 1010
convert 8 4 2 1
= E 1110
convert 8 4 2 1
= 3 0011
= 0111 1010 1110 . 00112

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HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL – EXAMPLE 26

• Convert 7AE.316 to octal8.

7AE.316 = 0111 1010 1110 . 0011
= 011 110 101 110 . 001 100
= 3 6 5 6 . 1 4
= 3656.148

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HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL – STEPS

1. Place a number marker on top of the given digits, starting from 0 up to the
last given digit – starting from the right to determine the exponent to use.
2. Consider all the given digits and multiply it with the base number (16 for
hexadecimal) and raise it to the exponent of the number which corresponds
to its number marker.

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HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 27
Place the number
• Convert 286A16 to decimal10. marker on the top of
the given digits,
starting from the right,
286A16 = ?10 starting from 0 up to
3 2 1 0 the last given digit on
= 286A the left.

= (2*163)+(8*162)+(6*161)+(A*160)
286A16 = 1034610

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HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL – EXAMPLE 27
Place the number
• Convert 286.A16 to decimal10. marker on the top of
the given digits,
starting from the right,
286.A16 = ?10 starting from 0 up to
2 1 0 . -1 the last given digit on
= 286.A the left.

= (2*162)+(8*161)+(6*160)+(A*16-1)
286.A16 = 646.62510

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OCTAL TO DECIMAL, BINARY, AND HEXADECIMAL
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL, BINARY, AND OCTAL
TRY THIS “DO IT YOURSELF” EXERCISES! ☺

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EXERCISE – DO IT YOURSELVES!

• Complete the table by converting the required number system.

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
ABC
705
10AF
232.2
4D.2

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NUMBER SYSTEMS AND DATA
REPRESENTATIONS
ENGR. EMMANUEL M. MALAAY
CPE DEPARTMENT, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, MANILA