COLLEGE AND

ADVANCE ALGEBRA
Real Number System
 Number System
◦ Number system is used to represent information in
quantitative form.
◦ A numeral system or a number system is a writing system
for expressing numbers; that is, a mathematical notation
for representing numbers of a given set, using digits or
other symbols in a consistent manner that allow us to
operate arithmetic operations..
◦ Digital Electronics – Binary (base of 2), Octal (base of 8),
Decimal (base of 10) and Hexadecimal number system
(base of 16)
◦ Arabic numerals are the number system in used today

Originated in India and spread west

through middles East and into Europe.

Base - ten (decimal) number system.

In Algebra, real number system consists of all rational
and irrational numbers.
This system includes:
 real numbers,
natural numbers,
whole numbers,
integers,
rational numbers,
irrational numbers,
even numbers; and
odd numbers.
Symbols Name Description Examples
Natural Numbers counting numbers greater than 0 1,2,3,…
ℕ
Integers whole numbers and their opposites …-3,-2,-
ℤ 1,0,1,2,3…
Rational Numbers can be represented by a/b, where a and -4, 0, 1, 25,- 3 5 ,
ℚ b are integers and b ≠ 0 ; Decimal 2 3 ,3.67, -
numbers are repeating or terminating 0.3333̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

Irrational Numbers Numbers that can be represented as † 3

√2, 7, 𝜋
𝕀 nonrepeating and nonterminating decimal
numbers
Real Numbers comprise the full spectrum of numbers
ℝ
Even Numbers One that divides evenly with 2 2,4,6,8,…
Odd Numbers One that doesn’t divides evenly with 2 1,3,9,11,…

Prime Numbers Numbers that have only 2 factors; 1 and 2,3,5,7,11,…

themselves.
 REAL NUMBERS

RATIONAL NUMBERS IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

INTEGERS NON - INTEGERS

WHOLE
NEGATIVE
NUMBERS

NATURAL
ZERO
NUMBERS
 Properties of Real Numbers
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
CLOSURE A set of numbers is closed under an 7+3=9
operation if performing the operation
on numbers of the set always produces 7 x 3 = 21
another number in the set. For
example, If you are going to add or
multiply two real numbers, the sum or
the product will also be a real number.
Commutative The change in the order of the a+b=b+a
numbers in an addition or axb=bxa
multiplication operation does not 3+2=2+3
change the sum or the product. 3x2=2x3
 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Associative The sum or the product or three or more • a+(b+c)=(a+b)+c
numbers will not change in whatever • 10+(7+8)=(10+7)+8
sequence numbers are grouped • ax(bxc)=(axb)xc
• 9 (7x11) = (9x7) 11
Identity Any number multiplied by 1 keeps its 1 x 99 = 99
identity 0 + 99 = 99
Any number added to zero (0) keeps its
identity.
Distributive Multiplying the sum of two or more (2+3)x4=2(3)+2(4)
addends by a number will give the same
result as multiplying each addend
individually by the number and then
adding the products together.
 Properties of Real Numbers
PROPERTY OPERATIONS
Name Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Closure a+b∈ℤ a+b∈ℤ a+b∈ℤ a+b∈ℤ

Commutativ a+b=b+ a-b≠b-a axb=bxa a÷b≠b÷a

e a
Associative (a + b) + c (a - b) - c ≠ a – (a x b) x c = (a ÷ b) ÷ c ≠
= a + (b + (b - c) a x (b x c) a ÷ (b ÷ c)
c)
Identity a+0=a ax1=a
0+a=a 1xa=a
Distributive (a + b) x c (a - b) x c = ac – bc
= ac + bc (a,b,c ∈ ℤ and B is none zero integer)
Other Properties of Real Numbers
NAME DESCRIPTION Example
Reflexive For every real number x, a+b=a+b
x=x
Symmetric For all real numbers x and If a = 3, then 3 = a
y , x = y then y = x
Transitive If A = B , and B = C then A If a + 3 = b and b = 5,
=C then a + 3 = 5
Substitution If x = y, then x can be If a=2, and a + b = 6,
substituted in for y in any then 2 + b = 6
equation.
 NAME DESCRIPTION Example
Addition Property If two expression are equal to If a=b,then a + c = b + c
of Equality each other, and you add the (let a = 5, b =5 and c=7)
same value to both sides of the
equation, the equation will If 5 = 5, then 5+7 = 5+7
remain equal.
Multiplication When we multiply both sides of If a = b, then ac = bc
Property of the equation with the same (let a = 5, b =5 and c=7)
Equality number the two sides remains
equal. If 5 = 5, then 5(7) = 5(7)
|𝑎| - The absolute value or The absolute value of 3 is
modulus of a real number x, 3, and the absolute
denoted |x|, is the non - value of -3 is still 3.
negative value of x without |-3| = 3
regard to its sign. |3| = 3
- Is always non negative
Writing proofs:
Statements Reason
1. a and b are real numbers hypothesis
2. a + b is a real number closure property
3. -a is a real number Additive inverse
4. (a + b) – a is a real number closure
5. (a + b) + ( – a)= a + [ b+( – a)] associative
6. a + (-a) = 0 additive
7. (a + b) + (-a) = b + 0 substitution
8. b + 0 = b identity
9. (a + b) + (-a) = b transitive
 Set Operations
◦Set is a collection of objects or numbers. The
object in these sets are called the elements of the
set.
◦Infinite set is a set of numbers which has no
bounds or ends like set of natural numbers.
◦Finite set is a set of numbers which can be
counted, has bound or limit, and has end. Like B =
{2,3,4,5} is a finite set.
◦ A set can be described by listing all of its element.
For example S= {1,3,5,7,9} which we read as ‘S’ is
the set whose elements are 1,3,5,7 and 9. The five
elements of the set are separated by commas,
and the list is enclosed between curly brackets.
◦ A set can also be described by writing a
description of its elements between curly brackets.
Thus the set S above can also be written as S=
{odd whole numbers less than 10} which we read
as ‘S is the set of odd whole numbers less than 10’.
 Venn Diagram
◦ A Venn Diagram is pictorial representation of the relationships between sets. Below are
examples of set operations illustrated in Venn diagrams.
 Set Operations
Union A U B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B }
◦ 1.

- union A and B is the set of elements that are

members of set A or of both sets.
EXAMPLE 1: A = {1,2,3,4,5}
B = {5,6,7,8,9} AUB ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}

EXAMPLE 2: : A = {1,B,2,C,3}
AUB ={1,2,3,B,C,D}
B = {C,D,1,2,3}
Example of set Operations and Venn
Diagram
◦ 1.A = {7,8,9,10,11} B = {6,8,10,12} Find A U B.

Solution:
{6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
U A B ◦ A ={1,5,7,8,9,11}
7 8 2 ◦ B ={2,3,4,8,11}
5 3
9 11
4
1
AUB ={1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11}
U A B ◦ A ={1,A,5,7,B,9,C}

7 2 ◦ B ={A,B,C,2,3,4,8,11}
C
5 3
9 B
4
1 A
AUB ={A,B,C,1,2,3,4,5,7,9}
◦ 2. Intersection A ꓵ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
- Intersection of set A and B is the set of elements common
to both set A and set B.

EXAMPLE 1 : A = {1,2,3,4,5}
B = {2,3,5,7,9} A ꓵ B = {2,3,5}

EXAMPLE 2 : A = {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20}
B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} A ꓵ B = {2,4,6,8,10}

EXAMPLE 3 : A = {3,5,7,9,11,13,15}
B = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} A ꓵ B = {3,5,7,9}
◦ 2.A = {7,8,9,10,11} B = {6,8,10,12} Find A ꓵ B

Solution: {8,10}
U A B
◦ A ={1,5,7,8,9,11}
7 8 2 ◦ B ={2,3,4,8,11}
5 3
9 11
4
1
A ꓵ B ={8,11}
U A B ◦ A ={1,A,5,7,B,9,C}
7
C 2
◦ B ={A,B,C,2,3,4,8,11}
5
B 3
9 4
1 A
A ꓵ B ={A,B,C}
 ◦ 3. Complement A’ = {x|x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
- Complement of A, symbolized by A’ are all
the elements in the universal set U that are not in
A.
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20}
A = {1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19}
B = {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20}
C = {1,5,10,15,20}

A’ ={2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20} B’ = {1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19}

C’ = {2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19}
◦ 3.Let U = {1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12} and A = {7,8,9,10,11} Find A’

Solution: A’ = {1,2,3,4,6,12}
 A B
U ◦ U ={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,15}
6 7 2 ◦ A ={1,5,7,8,9,11}
8
10 5 3
15 9 11
4 ◦ B ={2,3,4,8,11}
0 1

A’={0,2,3,4,6,10,11,15}

B’={0,1,5,6,7,9,10,15}
 ◦ U ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14}

◦ A ={1,6,8,10,11,12}
A B
U
6
◦ B ={1,2,3,4,5,6,10}
8 2
7 12 3
9 1
4
◦ C ={1,5,10,11,14}
10
11 5

14 A’={2,3,4,5,7,9,14}
C
B’={7,8,9,11,12,14}

C’={2,3,4,6,7,8,9,12}
 Set Notations
◦ Set notation is used to define the elements and properties of sets
using symbols.
◦ Helps us describe different relationships between two or more sets
using symbols.
◦ This way we can easily perform operations on sets, such as unions
or intersections.

Interval Notations
• A way of writing subsets of the real number line .
• It is a set of real numbers that contains all real numbers lying
between any two numbers of the set.
<
 Set Notations
Number Line Set Notation Interval Notation
{ X: -2 ≤ x ≤ 1 } [ -2, 1 ]
-2≤ x ≤ 1 From 1 to 2.
Read as set of all x
such that x is from -2
to 1.

{ X: -5 ≤ x ≤ 1 } [ -5, 1 ]
-5≤ x ≤ 1
Number Line Set Notation Interval Notation

{ X: -1< x ≤ 4 } ( -1, 4 ]
-1< x ≤ 4

{ X: -3 ≤ x < 2 } [ -3, 2 )
-3≤ x < 2
 Set Notation Interval Notation
{ x: x ≥ 1} [1,+∞)
x≥1 From one to positive infinity
set of all x such that
x is equal to or
greater than 1

{ x: x ≥ 7} [7,+∞)
x≥7
Greater than or equal to 7
 Set Notation Interval Notation

{ x: x ≤ -1} (-∞,-1]
x ≤ -1

{ x: x ≤ 3} (-∞,3]
Less than or equal to 3 x≤3
 Set Notation Interval Notation
{x: x ϵ ℝ} (-∞,+ ∞)
set of all x From negative infinity
such that x to positive infinity.
are all real
numbers

All Real Numbers {x: x ϵ ℝ} (-∞,+ ∞)

 Set Notation Interval Notation
{ X: x > -1 } (-1,+ ∞)
X > -1 From -1to positive infinity.
set of all x such
that x is greater
than -1 (-1,+ ∞)
enclose
parenthesis from
1 to positive
infinity

{ X: x > 3 } (3,+ ∞)
Greater than 3 X>3
 Set Notation Interval Notation

{x: x ϵ ℝ; ≠ 0} (-∞,-1] U [1,+∞)

x ϵ ℝ; ≠ 0

{x: x ϵ ℝ; ≠ 5} (-∞,5) U (5,+∞)

𝒙+𝟑 x ϵ ℝ; ≠ 5
𝒚=
𝒙−𝟓
 Set Notation Interval Notation

{ X: x <1 } (-∞,1)
X <1

{ X: x < -2 } (-∞,-2)
Less than -2 X < -2
 Basic Operations (INTEGERS)
OPERATION EXAMPLE
ADDITION
- To add integers with the same -3 + - 4 = -7
sign, keep the same sign and 3+4=7
add the absolute value of each
number
- To add integers with different -7 + 3 = -4
signs , keep the sign of the -3 + 7 = 4
number with the largest absolute
value and subtract the smallest
absolute value from the largest.
 OPERATION EXAMPLE

SUBTRACTION
- To subtract two integers, rewrite A – B = A + (-B)
the subtraction expression as the 7 – 3 = 7 + (-3) = 4
first number plus the opposite of -7 - - 3 = -7 +(+3) = -4
the second number.
MULTIPLICATION
RULE 1 : the product of a positive a(-b) = -ab
integer and a negative integer is 7(-3) = -21
negative
RULE 2 : the product of two a(b) = ab
positive integers is positive 7(3)= 21
RULE 3 : the product of two -a(-b) = ab
negative integers is positive -7(-3) = 21
 OPERATION EXAMPLE
DIVISION
RULE 1 : the quotient of a 21 ÷ -3 = -7
positive integer and a
negative integer is negative
RULE 2 : the quotient of two 21÷3 = 7
positive integers is positive
RULE 3 : the quotient of two -21 ÷ -3 = 7
negative integers is positive
Basic Operations Examples
◦ 1. -2 (-2) = 4 ◦ 6. -2 – 2 = -4
◦ 2. -2 (2) = -4 ◦ 7. -2 - - 3 = 1
◦ 3. -2 + -3 = -5 ◦ 8. -3 - -2 = -1
◦ 4. -2 + 3 = 1 ◦ 9. -2 ÷ 18 = -1/9
2𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎
◦ 5. 2 + - 3 = -1 ◦ =
8𝑎𝑏 3 4𝑏 2
 DIVISION OF MONOMIALS
EXAMPLE
2
To divide the monomial by a
monomial, divide the coefficients
𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟓 𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝒚𝟓 𝒃𝟐
𝟑
=
(or simplify them as you would a 𝟓𝒚 𝒃 𝒚𝟑 𝒃
fraction)
2 1
Divide the variables with like 𝟐𝒚𝟓 𝒃𝟐
bases by subtracting their = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒃
exponents. 𝒚𝟑 𝒃
 EXAMPLES
𝟒𝟐𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟐 𝟑𝒂𝟕 𝒂𝟑
◦1. = 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝒚 ◦3. = or
𝟏 𝟑
𝒂
𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝒚 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟒 𝟒 𝟒

𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝒚
◦2. 𝟑 = ◦4. =
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 𝒙
 Basic Properties
PROPERTY EXAMPLE
1. – (- a) = a – (- 7) = 7

2. –(a) = - a –(3) = - 3

3. -a(b) = - ab -2(3) = -6
4. -a + -a = - a – a = - 2a -3 + -3 = - 3 – 3 = - 2(3)= -6 (Let a=3)

5. -a + 2a = 2a + -a = 2a – a= a -4 + 2(4) = 2(4) + -4 = 8– 4= 4 (Let a=4)

6. a + -2a = -2a + a = -a 2 + -2(2) = -2(2) + 2 = -2 (Let a=2)

 PROPERTY EXAMPLE
7. -a - - a = - a + a= 0 -5 - - 5 = - 5+ 5= 0
8. -a - +a = - a – a = - 2a -2 - +2 = - 2 – 2= - 2(2) = -4

−𝒂 −𝒂 𝒂 −𝟕 −𝟕 𝟕
9. - = = ;𝒃 ≠ 𝟎 - = =
𝒃 −𝒃 𝒃 𝟖 −𝟖 𝟖
𝒂 −𝒂 𝒂 𝟕 −𝟕 𝟕
10. − = = ; 𝒃≠𝟎 − = = ;
𝒃 𝒃 −𝒃 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟎
𝒂 𝟐
11. a ÷b= = 𝒂𝒃−𝟏 ; 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎 2 ÷ 3 = = 𝟐(𝟑)−𝟏
𝒃 𝟑
12. a(a) =𝒂𝟐 = −𝒂 𝟐 2(2) =𝟐𝟐
= −𝟐 𝟐

13. -𝒂𝟐 = − 𝒂 𝟐 -𝟒𝟐 = − 𝟒 𝟐